单轨火箭橇靴-轨冲击响应传递特性研究

单轨火箭橇靴-轨的冲击响应是影响其运动过程中系统稳定性的主要问题。本文以单轨火箭橇为研究对象,采用有限元结构动力学仿真分析方法建立了非线性火箭橇-轨道耦合动力学模型;对比分析了理想平直轨和不平顺轨两种轨道模型条件下滑靴、卡环、发动机的振动量变化,并进行了火箭橇的试验验证和数据对比。结果表明:不平顺轨道对火箭橇靴-轨冲击响应振动加速度均方根值的影响大于理想平直轨道,滑靴处二者最大偏差为3～5倍,且随机振动特性显著;最大速度时刻的靴-轨冲击预测结果与实测值在侧向和竖向振动趋势上具有很好的一致性。研究结果为火箭橇结构优化设计及稳定性分析提供了理论依据和技术保障。     

考虑轨道非高斯不平顺的车-轨-桥耦合振动分析

通过无记忆非线性平移得到非高斯轨道高低不平顺,并以此为激励作用于列车-轨道-桥梁耦合系统结构,对比分析了高斯和非高斯轨道不平顺对列车、轨道和桥梁动力学性能的影响。结果表明:模拟的非高斯轨道不平顺相关函数和目标相关函数相互吻合;考虑四种高斯轨道不平顺激励下,车体的垂向振动加速度响应出现了紊乱现象,中国干线轨道高斯不平顺对车体的垂向振动加速度响应影响较其他3种不平顺要小,但对钢轨的垂向振动加速度响应影响比其他3种不平顺要大;美国六级轨道、德国高低干扰轨道非高斯不平顺激励下的耦合结构振动加速度响应均在不同程度上要大于其高斯轨道不平顺,但中国干线轨道不平顺对钢轨和桥梁的振动加速度响应却出现相反的影响。     

移动简谐荷载作用下轨道结构动态响应研究

研究了移动简谐荷载作用下轨道结构的动态响应特性,首先,将轨道结构简化为连续离散点支撑的弹性Euler梁模型,并建立了移动荷载作用下轨道系统动力学微分方程,基于无限周期结构在频域内的性质和叠加原理,推导出了移动简谐荷载作用下轨道结构上任意点的动态响应解析表达式;然后,数值分析了激励频率、扣件刚度、扣件阻尼对轨道结构动态响应的影响。研究结果表明:钢轨动态响应共振峰出现在荷载激励频率附近;随着激励频率的增大,钢轨动态响应峰值向高频方向移动;在高频段内,钢轨动态响应随着扣件刚度的增大而增大;扣件阻尼对系统的共振峰值及峰值带宽无显著影响,但在高频段内扣件阻尼具有明显抑制振动的作用,通过增大阻尼可以有效控制轨道的高频振动。     

秦沈客运专线高速列车构架蛇行波标准差的试验研究

国内外大多采用轨道横向不平顺作为列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动的激振源。实际上，引起此系统横向振动的因素很多，诸如轨道横向不平顺、车轮踏面锥度、轮轨缺陷、车轮与钢轨的制造误差、车辆质量及其载重的偏心等。仅仅考虑轨道横向不平顺，会忽略其他很多因素的影响。相反，机车车辆构架蛇行波反映了引起此系统横向振动所有因素的影响，同时还反映了轮轨实际接触状态。研究证明，构架蛇行波标准差是输入此系统横向振动的能量，因此，有关它的研究十分重要。本文根据秦沈客运专线高速列车(中华之星)构架蛇行波现场测试结果，采用工程概率数值分析方法，对高速列车构架蛇行波标准差进行了统计分析，得出具有99％概率水平的高速列车构架蛇行波标准差与车速的关系曲线，为高速列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动随机分析激振源的确定提供了基础资料；同时还列出了具有代表性的高速列车构架蛇行波实测波形图。     

车辆各轮相干桥面不平顺激励的车桥耦合振动

根据车辆左右轮的互功率谱密度和相干函数,推导了左右轮桥面不平顺特性中对应相位角的相干关系,提出了采用相位角相干生成车辆各轮相干桥面不平顺激励的方法,并通过数值算例验证了该生成方法的可靠性.工程应用结果表明,车辆各轮相干桥面不平顺激励增大了桥梁、车辆竖向和车辆俯仰角的振动响应,但降低了车辆侧倾角的振动响应;不同相干函数模型对桥梁振动响应影响较小,但对车辆振动响应影响较大;同一相干函数模型,桥梁振动响应随着相干强度的增大而增大,但车辆振动响应随着相干强度的增大而减小;研究桥面不平顺随机激励对车桥耦合系统振动响应的影响有必要考虑车辆各轮的相干关系.     

纵向力作用下无缝线路动态特性有限元分析

本文通过建立无缝线路有限元动力分析模型,研究了钢轨自振频率和温度力之间的关系.该动力模型包括钢轨模型,钢轨扣件模型,轨枕模型,考虑了钢轨断面特性,钢轨磨耗,轨下刚度以及扣件的弹性刚度和扭转刚度等因素对动力模型计算的影响.分别分析了钢轨磨耗,轨枕支承间距,扣件刚度,钢轨类型以及轨下刚度等参数改变的情况下,钢轨纵向力变化对钢轨振动特性的影响.对部分的计算数据与实际试验测得的数据进行比较分析后,发现通过有限元方法所建立分析模型的计算结果与现场测试结果对比有较好的吻合,采用所建立的计算模型可以更准确地分析无缝线路轨道结构中钢轨纵向力与振动特性的内在联系.     

车-轨-桥耦合动力系统影响参数分析

为了考虑高速列车、板式无砟轨道和桥梁相互作用的特点,需将列车模拟为质量-弹簧-阻尼多刚体相互约束的系统,通过列车车轮与钢轨的接触关系,建立车-轨-桥耦合系统的运动方程。重点分析了双线列车以不同工况通过高速铁路桥梁时,列车行驶状态(速度和加速度)、列车悬挂系数和钢轨-轨道-桥梁连接参数分别对车-轨-桥耦合系统的动力学性能影响。结果表明,(1)列车的加速度和速度的变化对耦合系统有不同程度的影响,随着列车行驶速度与加速度在一定范围内增加,车体自身结构的位移振动响应逐渐减小,而钢轨和桥梁结构的位移振动响应则不断增加;(2)列车悬挂参数的改变对列车自身结构影响较大,而对钢轨和桥梁结构影响很小;(3)车体一系刚度系数增大会引起列车系统结构振动响应变大,但车体二系刚度系数的增加却抑制了车体结构的振动响应;(4)除了钢轨的最大加速度随着连续刚度系数增加呈线性递减外,列车、钢轨和桥梁的振动响应不易受钢轨与桥梁间连接参数的影响。     

轨下支承失效对直线轨道动态响应的影响

建立了基于Timoshenko梁模型的车辆/轨道耦合动力学模型,分析轨下支承失效对直线轨道动态响应的影响. 钢轨被视为连续弹性离散点支承上的无限长Timoshenko梁,通过假设轨道系统刚度沿纵向分布发生突变来模拟轨下支承失效状态. 推导了考虑钢轨横向、垂向和扭转运动的轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率计算公式. 利用Hertz法向接触理论和沈氏蠕滑理论计算轮轨法向力及轮轨滚动接触蠕滑力. 采用移动轨下支承模型的车辆/轨道耦合系统激振模式,考虑轨枕离散支承对系统动力响应的影响. 通过新型显式积分法求解车辆/轨道耦合动力学系统运动方程,由数值分析计算得到不同轨下支承失效状态下直线轨道的动态响应. 结果表明,轨下支承失效对直线轨道变形及加速度有显著的影响,随着失效轨下支承个数的增加,轮轨相互作用力和轨道部件的位移、加速度将会急剧增大,将加速失效区段线路状况的恶化.      

列车诱发环境振动在某古遗址内的应力分布规律研究

以陇海铁路沿线某古遗址为研究对象,采用考虑轨道不平顺、附加动载、轨面波磨效应的列车荷载作为输入,结合有限元软件及外接VDLOAD子程序,建立了轨道、道床、地面、古遗址的三维有限元分析模型。通过进行白噪声激励发现,古遗址竖向振动响应明显,且其主要响应频率集中于16~50Hz之间;另外研究了以120km/h运行的列车诱发振动和多遇地震作用下古遗址内应力的分布规律。结果表明:在列车诱发振动荷载作用下,古遗址内最大应力主要分布于古遗址二层关楼墙角以及门洞拱券处等复合受力位置,易造成应力集中,所得应力分布位置与现场观测所见古遗址裂缝分布位置基本一致;古遗址裂缝的分布大体与列车运行方向垂直,随着列车诱发振动的频繁作用及列车车速不断提高,顺列车运行方向振动效应对关楼现存裂缝的影响将逐渐增强;多遇地震作用下关楼应力主要集中于现有裂缝处,一旦发生小震易造成关楼裂缝继续发展甚至发生坍塌。     

基于虚拟激励法的车-轨-桥耦合系统的随机振动响应分析

轨道随机不平顺作为引起车辆-轨道-桥梁耦合系统振动的最重要的激励源,对列车过桥平稳性有着至关重要的影响．建立车辆-轨道-桥梁耦合垂向振动模型,采用虚拟激励法,计算随机不平顺激励下车辆运行的平稳性以及轨道和桥梁结构的振动特性,避免了繁复的时频转换和复杂的数值积分．数值分析了不同速度下列车过桥的平稳性和列车对不平顺波长的敏感范围．经过分析得到,列车运行速度越大,过桥平稳性指标越大,即舒适性越差;而且影响列车平稳性的不平顺波长越长,其影响范围越大．     

Track dynamic behavior at rail welds at high speed

As a vehicle passing through a track with different weld irregularities, the dynamic performance of track com- ponents is investigated in detail by using a coupled vehi- cle-track model. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom, and a Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are dis- cretely supported by sleepers. In the track model, the sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies accounting for their vertical, lat- eral and rolling motions and assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the study of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the Hertizian contact theory and the theory proposed by Shen-Hedrick-Elkins are, respectively, used to calculate normal and creep forces between the wheel and the rails. In the calculation of the normal forces, the coefficient of the normal contact stiffness is determined by transient contact condition of the wheel and rail surface. In the calcu- lation of the creepages, the lateral, roll-over motions of the rail and the fact that the relative velocity between the wheel and rail in their common normal direction is equal to zero are simultaneously taken into account. The motion equations of the vehicle and track are solved by means of an explicit integration method, in which the rail weld irregularities are modeled as local track vertical deviations described by some ideal cosine functions. The effects of the train speed, the axle load, the wavelength and depth of the irregularities, and the weld center position in a sleeper span on the wheel-rail impact loading are analyzed. The numerical results obtained are greatly useful in the tolerance design of welded rail pro- file irregularity caused by hand-grinding after rail welding and track maintenances.     

A novel method to estimate derailment probability due to track geometric irregularities using reliability techniques and advanced simulation methods

Track irregularities have a dramatic impact on the response and vibration of a railway vehicle and on the interaction between wheel and rail. The random nature of the track structure and constituent materials and the effects of other factors such as maintenance conditions and transit traffic give rise to the random nature of track irregularities. This research provides a method to estimate the derailment probability of a railway vehicle where track irregularities are assumed to be random, and the interaction of the track and the moving train is considered using advanced dynamic analysis. For this purpose, the limit state function of derailment was estimated using the response surface method and advanced simulation. The probability of derailment was then estimated using a Level 3 reliability method.     

车-桥-线竖平面振动及其能量转化机制精细建模

建立了考虑车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制的竖平面内精细耦合运动方程.将车-桥(线)视为一个整体系统,车辆各剐体的纵向运动均作为独立的自由度,考虑到车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制,车辆驱动或制动作用采用轮轨间的纵向相互作用力和轮对作用力矩模拟,桥梁、线路结构采用梁单元离散,线路与桥梁之间的钢轨基础采用竖向和纵向的均布弹簧阻尼连接,建立了竖平面内精细耦合运动方程,它可合理模拟车桥(线)间能量相互转化的过程.简支梁桥算例表明:车辆在桥上无驱动或制动运行过程中,不考虑轨道结构时车速先增加后减小,而考虑轨道结构时车速只有减小的趋势,轮对还发生了高频的纵向振动,且车体和轮对的纵向振动对轨道竖向不平顺较为敏感;此外,考虑轮轨滚动碾压作用和能量转化机制时,钢轨加速度响应略偏大.本文研究可为实际车辆动态变速运行的模拟和更精细空间耦合模型的建立提供研究基础.     

Effects of the dynamic wheel–rail interaction on the ground vibration generated by a moving train

Based on Biot’s fully dynamic poroelastic theory, the dynamic responses of the poroelastic half-space soil medium due to quasi-static and dynamic loads from a moving train are investigated semi-analytically. The dynamic loads are assumed to be generated from the rail surface irregularities. The vehicle dynamics model is used to simulate the axle loads (quasi-static loads) and the dynamic loads from a moving train. The compatibility of the displacements at wheel–rail contact points couple the vehicle and the track–ground subsystem, and yield equations for the dynamic wheel–rail loads. A linearized Hertzian contact spring between the wheel and rail is introduced to calculate the dynamic loads. Using the Fourier transform, the governing equations for the poroelastic half-space are then solved in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The time domain responses are evaluated by the fast inverse Fourier transform. Numerical results show that the dynamic loads can make important contribution to dynamic response of the poroelastic half-space for different train speed, and the dynamically induced responses lie in a higher frequency range. The ground vibrations caused by the moving train can be intensified as the primary suspension stiffness of the vehicle increases.     

The axially stressed LIM reaction rail subjected to a moving load

A recently developed high speed test track for the Linear Induction Motor (LIM) Vehicle at Pueblo, Colorado consists of a welded railroad track supplemented by a continuous reaction rail. Due to constrained thermal expansions, high axial compressive forces may occur in this rail. Since the reaction rail is a relatively slender plate, high axial forces may affect its lateral stability and dynamic characteristics. In this paper the stability of the reaction rail due to axial compressive force is studied first. Following this, the effect of axial forces upon the critical velocity of a moving lateral load is studied.Included in the analysis are representations of the rail, both as an isotropic and orthotropic entity. The moving lateral load applied to the rail is assumed to be a concentrated force, acting first at the top of the reaction rail, and then at two arbitrary points.     

Dynamic response of tank trains to random track irregularities

This paper presents a dynamic analytical model for tank train vibrations. The train is considered as a system of 27 degrees of freedom consisting of lateral, roll, yaw, vertical, and pitch motions for the vehicle body and its two bogies and lateral, roll and vertical motions for the four wheel-sets. Liquid sloshing in the tank is modeled using an equivalent mechanical mass-spring model. Coupling between the vehicle system and the railway track is realized through the interaction forces between the train and the rail, where the vertical and lateral irregularity profiles of the track are regarded as stationary ergodic Gaussian random processes and simulated by polynomial functions. Random vibration theory is used to obtain the response power spectral densities. Finally, numerical results for a typical test case including natural frequencies of a coupled system, frequency response functions, and output power spectral densities are presented.     

基于对称性的三维车辆轨道耦合系统随机振动虚拟激励方法

基于结构的对称性提出了用于三维车辆轨道耦合系统高效随机动力响应分析的虚拟激励方法.车辆采用刚体动力学模型,轨道结构利用三维轨道广义单元建模,车辆与轨道通过线性轮轨关系耦合.采用虚拟激励法将高低、方向和水平三类轨道不平顺转化为一系列筒谐的虚拟不平顺;考虑车辆及轨道结构的对称性,分别推导了耦合系统的对称和反对称凝聚矩阵,提出了用于车辆轨道耦合系统动力响应计算的自由度凝聚方法,将耦合系统的自由度缩减至原来的一半以下,并在此基础上实现了耦合系统随机振动的高效分析.数值算例将本文方法与传统有限元方法进行对比,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

Dynamic Stability and Random Vibrations of Rigid and Elastic Wheelsets

A stability analysis and vibration studies are presented for a passenger coach model which is equipped with rigid or elastic wheels. The elastic components between wheel rim and disc act as third suspension reducing the unsprung mass and isolating the passenger coach from the high frequency motion of the wheel rim. The vertical and lateral motion by such a design requires a thorough analysis of the system dynamics. The excitation of the vertical vibrations by stochastic track irregularities results in acceleration amplitudes of the carbody that may generate droning noise. A parameter study of spring and damper coefficients of the system with radialelastic wheels leads to considerably reduced droning noise and lower force level between wheel and rail. Furthermore, the eigenmotion of a rigid and an elastic wheelset rolling on a track, the so-called hunting, is investigated. The variation of the spring and damper coefficients shows limits to guarantee the stability of the system.     

车轨系统随机响应周期性拟稳态分析

提出用于三维车轨耦合系统随机动力响应高效求解的周期性拟稳态分析方法. 车辆采用三维刚体动力学模型,轨道结构利用三维轨道广义单元建模. 假定轨枕间距均匀,则列车在轨道上行驶过程中,车轨耦合系统动力学方程具有典型周期时变特征. 应用虚拟激励方法将轨道随机不平顺转化为虚拟简谐不平顺,在状态空间下运用周期系数微分方程的性质和Schur分解技巧将上述问题的求解转化为周期性拟稳态响应分析,只需通过求解系数矩阵为上三角的线性方程组即可代替以往时变系统虚拟响应求解过程中的逐步积分过程,计算效率获得较大提高. 采用该方法进行了三维车轨耦合系统的随机动力响应分析,并进行了不平顺随机载荷在车体、转向架、轮对和轨道等部件中传递机理分析,获得了一些有价值结论.      

考虑轨道不平顺的车-桥动力分析

考虑轨道不平顺，采用整体车辆和桥梁组合的计算模型。对高架轨道进行车-桥动力分析。对给定的功率谱密度函数，构造等效的频谱幅值和随机相位后再作Fourier逆变换来模拟轨道不平顺，结果表明新方法比通常的三角级数法更为有效，对于轨道平顺及不平顺两种情况，针对两种车速计算车体和桥梁的动力反应。结果表明，轨道不平顺以及车速提高对桥梁跨中位移的影响较小，但对桥梁跨中加速度的影响较大而且高频反应明显增大。轨道不平顺对车体振动的影响较大，振动的幅值和频率都大大提高，车速增大时，尽管车体加速度反应明显增大，但是其位移则变化不大。同时，采用模拟与实测两种不平顺样本的计算结果表明，本文采用功率谱密度函数的模拟方法可以基本反映轨道的实际不平顺情况。