Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn and corn flakes by liquid chromatography with immunoaffinity column cleanup: collaborative study.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the determination of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in corn and corn flakes was collaboratively studied by 23 laboratories, which analyzed 5 blind duplicate pairs of each matrix to establish the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility characteristics of the method. Fumonisin levels in the corn ranged from <0.05 (blank) to 1.41 microg/g for FB1 and from <0.05 to 0.56 microg/g for FB2, whereas in the corn flakes they ranged from <0.05 to 1.05 microg/g for FB1 and from <0.05 to 0.46 microg/g for FB2. The method involved double extraction with acetonitrile-methanol-water (25 + 25 + 50), cleanup through an immunoaffinity column, and LC determination of the fumonisins after derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Relative standard deviations for the within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) of the corn analyses ranged from 19 to 24% for FB1 and from 19 to 27% for FB2; for the corn flakes analyses, RSDr ranged from 9 to 21 % for FB1 and from 8 to 22% for FB2. Relative standard deviations for the between-laboratories reproducibility (RSDR) of the corn analyses ranged from 22 to 28% for FB1 and from 22 to 30% for the FB2; for corn flakes analyses, RSDR ranged from 27 to 32% for FB1 and from 26 to 35% for FB2. Mean recoveries of FB1 and FB2 from corn spiked with FB1 at 0.80 microg/g and with FB2 at 0.40 microg/g were 76 and 72%, respectively; for corn flakes spiked at the same levels recoveries were 110 and 97% for FB1 and FB2, respectively. HORRAT ratios for the analyses of corn ranged from 1.44 to 1.53 for FB1 and from 0.96 to 1.48 for FB2, whereas for corn flakes they ranged from 1.60 to 1.82 for FB1 and from 1.39 to 1.68 for FB2.     

Determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry in foods after pressure digestion: NMKL interlaboratory study

Thirteen laboratories participated in an interlaboratory method performance (collaborative) study on a method for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) after pressure digestion including the microwave heating technique. Prior to the study, the laboratories were able to practice on samples with defined element levels (pretrial test). The method was tested on a total of 7 foodstuffs: carrot puree, fish muscle, mushroom, graham flour, simulated diet, scampi, and mussel powder. The elemental concentrations in mg/kg dry matter (dm) ranged from 0.06-21.4 for As, 0.03-28.3 for Cd, 0.04-0.6 for Hg, and 0.01-2.4 for Pb. The materials used in the study were presented to the participants as blind duplicates, and the participants were asked to perform single determinations on each sample. The repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) for As ranged from 3.8 to 24%, for Cd from 2.6 to 6.9%, for Hg from 4.8 to 8.3%, and for Pb from 2.9 to 27%. The reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) for As ranged from 9.0 to 28%, for Cd from 2.8 to 18%, for Hg from 9.9 to 24%, and for Pb from 8.0 to 50%. The HorRat values were less than 1.5 for all test samples, except for the determination of Pb in wheat flour at a level close to the limit of quantitation (0.01 mg/kg dm). The study showed that the ICP/MS method is satisfactory as a standard method for elemental determinations in foodstuffs.     

Lower body anatomical distribution of solar ultraviolet radiation on the human form in standing and sitting postures

Humans undertake their daily activities in a number of different postures. This paper aims to compare the anatomical distribution of the solar erythemal UV to human legs for standing and sitting postures. The exposure ratios to the legs (ratio of the UV exposure to a particular anatomical site compared to the ambient) have been measured with UV dosimeters for standing and sitting postures of a manikin. The exposure ratios for the legs ranged from 0 to 0.75 for the different anatomical sites for the sitting posture in summer (December through February) compared to 0.14 to 0.39 for the standing posture. In winter (June through August) the exposure ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.91 for sitting to 0.17 to 0.81 for standing. For the anterior thigh and shin, the erythemal UV exposures increased by a factor of approximately 3 for sitting compared to standing postures. The exposure ratios to specific anatomical sites have been multiplied by the ambient erythemal UV exposures for each day to calculate the annual exposures. The annual erythemal exposures to the anterior thigh and ankle were predicted to be higher than 800 MED for humans sitting outdoors each day between noon and 13:00 h Australian Eastern Standard Time (EST). For humans standing outdoors during this time, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each leg site was 436 MED, whereas, the averaged annual erythemal UV exposure was 512 MED for the sitting posture. Similarly, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each of the sites was 173 MED for humans standing outdoors between 09:00 h EST and noon each Saturday morning and 205 MED for humans sitting outdoors during this time. These results show that there is increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and malignant melanoma to the lower body if no UV preventative strategies are employed while in a sitting posture compared to a standing posture.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析纺织品中挥发性有机物

建立了顶空固相微萃取（HSSPME）-气相色谱（GC）-质谱（MS）联用测定纺织品中甲苯、4-乙烯基环己烯、苯乙烯、萘和1-苯基环己烯5种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的分析方法。选择聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）作为萃取涂层，优化了SPME的萃取条件，包括平衡时间、萃取时间、萃取温度、顶空体积、离子强度、搅拌速度、解吸温度和时间以及GC—MS仪器条件。对于甲苯、4-乙烯基环己烯、苯乙烯、萘和1-苯基环己烯方法线性范围分别为0．087～870、3．32～3320、2．28～2280、0．015～150和0．050～50．0ng／g；检出限分别为0．005、0．042、0．670、0．008和0．011ng／g。实际样品加标回收率在80．1％～122％之间，RSD在0．8％～8．6％之间。方法符合纺织品中痕量VOCs的快速分析要求。     

A strategy for high-throughput analysis of levosimendan and its metabolites in human plasma samples using sequential negative and positive ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric detection

Levosimendan (Simdax) is an approved drug in approximately 40 countries and currently in phase III clinical studies in the USA and Europe. An accurate, high-throughput and rugged assay is critical to support these clinical trials. Due to the mechanism of drug metabolism, the drug and its active metabolites often have significant differences in their chemical properties. In order to achieve high assay throughput and low sample volumes, a single bioanalytical assay for the drug and its metabolites is preferred. However, this need may prevent the optimization of both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometric ionization conditions. The chemical properties of levosimendan are significantly different from those of its two active metabolites, OR-1855 and OR-1896. Here, we present a novel strategy for high-throughput analysis of levosimendan and its metabolites. A 96-well liquid/liquid extraction procedure was developed for sample preparation. A single liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system with two separate mobile phases, shared backwash solvent and conditioning solvent, was developed to perform sequential LC separation for levosimendan and the metabolites. Levosimendan was eluted by 5 mM ammonium acetate in 33.3% acetonitrile and detected using negative ionization mode MS/MS monitoring. The metabolites were eluted by 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.2% acetic acid in 20% acetonitrile and detected with positive ionization mode MS/MS monitoring. The method has been demonstrated to have excellent precision and accuracy, with high assay ruggedness during method validation and clinical sample analysis. The linear dynamic ranges were approximately 200-50,000 pg/mL for levosimendan and approximately 500-130,000 pg/mL for both metabolites. The coefficient of determination (r2) for all analytes was greater than 0.9985. The intra-assay %CVs for QC samples were from 0.9% to 2.0% for levosimendan, 0.9% to 3.2% for OR-1855, and 0.4% to 4.9% for OR-1896. The inter-assay %CVs for QC samples were from 1.2% to 1.8% for levosimendan, 1.3% to 2.7% for OR-1855, and 1.4% to 3.4% for OR-1896. The mean % biases for QC samples were from 1.5% to 5.5% for levosimendan, -1.4% to 2.6% for OR-1855, and -0.3% to 4.5% for OR-1896. By using a single extraction approach coupled with sequential LC/MS/MS analysis for levosimendan and its metabolites, the assay maintained high throughput and low sample volume usage.     

Determination of campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in saw palmetto raw materials and dietary supplements by gas chromatography: single-laboratory validation

In conjunction with an AOAC Presidential Task Force on Dietary Supplements, a method was validated for measurement of 3 plant sterols (phytosterols) in saw palmetto raw materials, extracts, and dietary supplements. AOAC Official Method 994.10, "Cholesterol in Foods," was modified for purposes of this validation. Test samples were saponified at high temperature with ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. The unsaponifiable fraction containing phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol) was extracted with toluene. Phytosterols were derivatized to trimethylsilyl ethers and then quantified by gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. The presence of the phytosterols was detected at concentrations greater than or equal to 1.00 mg/100 g based on 2-3 g of sample. The standard curve range for this assay was 0.00250 to 0.200 mg/mL. The calibration curves for all phytosterols had correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.995. Precision studies produced relative standard deviation values of 1.52 to 7.27% for campesterol, 1.62 to 6.48% for stigmasterol, and 1.39 to 10.5% for beta-sitosterol. Recoveries for samples fortified at 100% of the inherent values averaged 98.5 to 105% for campesterol, 95.0 to 108% for stigmasterol, and 85.0 to 103% for beta-sitosterol.     

Molecular Thermodynamics for Chemical Process Design

Thermodynamic properties are essential for quantitative process design to produce chemical products. Caloric properties are required for heat balances, but these properties are usually available or estimated easily. More important—and often much more difficult to estimate—are the chemical potentials of components in mixtures; it is these potentials which determine phase equilibria, as required for separation operations, and chemical equilibria, as required for chemical reactors and for separation operations based on chemical reactions. Molecular thermodynamics is an engineering-oriented science for calculating the desired chemical potentials from a minimum of experimental data. This applied science, based on classical and statistical thermodynamics, yields chemical potentials through models that are based on molecular physics and physical chemistry. Selected examples are cited to illustrate the applicability of molecular thermodynamics: group-contribution methods for obtaining chemical potentials in highly nonideal mixtures as required for distillation-column and process-safety design; equation of state for precipitation of uniform-sized crystals from supercritical fluids; molecular-orbital calculations to guide process development for alternatives to environmentally dangerous chlorofluorohydrocarbons; molecular-simulation calculations for separation of gas mixtures with porous adsorbents; equilibria in two-phase aqueous systems for separation of protein mixtures; and, finally, extended polymer-solution thermodynamics to guide synthesis of hydrogels suitable for protein recovery from soybeans and for novel drug-delivery devices.     

Analytic potential energy functions for simulating aluminum nanoparticles

Potential energy functions (PEFs) parametrized to bulk data are shown to perform poorly for small aluminum nanoparticles and clusters. In contrast, PEFs parametrized to a limited set of cluster and bulk data, but no nanoparticle data, perform well for nanoparticles. This validates a practical scheme for developing PEFs for nanoscale systems. Building on these findings, we optimized five PEFs by minimizing the error in the fit over a broad data set. Two of these PEFs have errors of less than or equal to 0.08 eV/atom for each of three categories of system sizes, i.e., for small clusters, for nanoparticles, and for bulk potential energies.     

Modeling thermodynamic properties of natural gas mixtures using perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory

Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) was employed for predicting thermodynamic properties of natural gas mixture. Thermodynamic properties like density, isobaric and isochoric heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy were calculated with the PC-SAFT. Results are validated against experimental data for natural gas and mixtures similar to natural gas. The validation show that the Average Absolute Deviation (AAD) for density is 1.10% for binary mixture and 1.08% for mixtures similar to natural gas. Also AAD value for enthalpy is 1.42%, for internal energy, 0.77, for entropy, 0.43, for isochoric heat capacity, 1.26%, and for isobaric heat capacity, 2.66%. Results show PC-SAFT to be able to predict all the thermodynamics properties of natural gas and mixtures similar to natural gas with high accuracy in a wide range of temperature and pressure.     

Simultaneous determination of rhenium,osmium and iridium in meteoritic samples by neutron activation analysis using simple and effective radiochemical procedures

Simple and effective procedures for the determination of Re, Os and Ir by radiochemical neutron activation analysis are presented. Those elements are separated individually by distillation (for Os) and anion exchange techniques (for Re and Ir) for a single specimen. Reproducibilities of the data obtained by the present procedures are evaluated by replicate analyses of the Allende meteorite sample, and are deduced to be 3% for Re, 6% for Os and 4% for Ir (1). Detection limits for the present procedures are calculated to be 1 ppb for Re, 20 ppb for Os and 5 ppb for Ir. These procedures were applied to Antarctic meteorites and proved to work very effectively for the determination of trace Re, Os and Ir in chondrite meteorites.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic stability of acenes: Theoretical study of nucleophilic and electrophilic addition

To understand the reactivity of acenes, particularly pentacene, the addition of HCl and water to acenes was studied for the benzene-nonacene series at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. Surprisingly, the reactivity of the acenes increases along the series up to hexacene and remains constant from hexacene and above due to the biradical character of the ground state of higher acenes. While the exothermicity of HCl and water additions are very similar, the activation barriers for HCl and water additions differ by a constant factor of ca. 27 kcal/mol. The barrier for the addition of HCl varies from 44 kcal/mol for benzene to 16-18 kcal/mol for pentacene-nonacene, whereas the barrier for the addition of water varies from 71 kcal/mol for benzene to 43-46 kcal/mol for pentacene-nonacene. The transition states (TSs) for the addition of water to acenes are relatively "late" on the reaction coordinate, compared to the "earlier" TSs for the addition of HCl. There is a substantial substituent effect on the energy barriers for these reactions. HCl behaves as an electrophile, with rhoHCl (vs rho p) = -4.48 and -3.39 for anthracenes and pentacenes, respectively, while water behaves as a nucleophile, with rhoHCl (vs rho p) = 2.35 and 1.39 for anthracenes and pentacenes, respectively.     

Serum Proteomics in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review

Proteins that are important indicators of physiological or pathological states may contribute to the early diagnosis of disease, which may provide a basis for identifying the underlying mechanism of disease development. Serum, contains an abundance of proteins, offers an easy and inexpensive approach for disease detection and possesses a high potential to revolutionize the diagnostics. These differentially expressed proteins in serum have become an important role to monitoring the state for disease. Availability of emerging proteomic techniques gives optimism that serum can eventually be placed as a biomedium for clinical diagnostics. Advancements have benefited biomarker research to the point where serum is now recognized as an excellent diagnostic medium for the detection of disease. Comprehensive proteome of human serum fluid with high accuracy and availability has the potential to open new doors for disease biomarker discovery and for disease diagnostics, providing insights useful for future study. Thus, this review presents an overview of the value of serum as a credible diagnostic tool, and we aim to summarize the proteomic technologies currently used for global analysis of serum proteins and to elaborate on the application of serum proteomics to the discovery of disease biomarkers, and discuss some of the critical challenges and perspectives for this emerging field.     

Optimization of enzymatic biochemical logic for noise reduction and scalability: how many biocomputing gates can be interconnected in a circuit?

We report an experimental evaluation of the "input-output surface" for a biochemical AND gate. The obtained data are modeled within the rate-equation approach, with the aim to map out the gate function and cast it in the language of logic variables appropriate for analysis of Boolean logic for scalability. In order to minimize "analog" noise, we consider a theoretical approach for determining an optimal set for the process parameters to minimize "analog" noise amplification for gate concatenation. We establish that under optimized conditions, presently studied biochemical gates can be concatenated for up to order 10 processing steps. Beyond that, new paradigms for avoiding noise buildup will have to be developed. We offer a general discussion of the ideas and possible future challenges for both experimental and theoretical research for advancing scalable biochemical computing.     

Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn-based foods for infants and young children by LC with immunoaffinity column cleanup: interlaboratory validation study

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in corn-based foods for infants and young children was subjected to an interlaboratory validation study involving 11 laboratories. Five blind duplicate sample pairs of each matrix were analyzed to establish the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of the method. Mass fractions in the baby food samples ranged from 89.1 to 384.4 microg/kg FB1 and from 22.5 to 73.6 microg/kg FB2. The method involved a warm extraction with citrate phosphate buffer-methanol-acetonitrile (50 + 25 + 25, v/v/v), a cleanup through an immunoaffinity column, and an end-determination of fumonisins by LC after automated precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde reagent. RSDs for within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 6.8 to 23.5% for FB1 and 7.6 to 22.9% for FB2. RSDs for between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 15.4 to 26.2% for FB1 and 21.6 to 36.3% for FB2. Mean FB1 recoveries from baby foods spiked at 100.0 and 250.0 microg/kg were 89 and 96%, respectively; for FB2 spiked foods at 25.0 and 62.5 microg/kg recoveries were 90 and 85%, respectively. HorRat values ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 for FB1, whereas for FB2 they ranged from 0.9 to 1.4 when calculated according to Horwitz, and from 1.0 to 1.7 when calculated according to Thompson, indicating an acceptable among-laboratory precision for all matrixes (HorRat values <2).     

Two-color excitation system for fluorescence detection in DNA sequencing by capillary array electrophoresis

Two computer-controlled galvanometer scanners are adapted for two-dimensional step scanning across a 96-capillary array for laser-induced fluorescence detection. 488 nm and 514 nm laser lines from the same Ar(+) laser were alternately coupled for two-color excitation in each capillary. The signal at a single photomultiplier tube is temporally sorted to distinguish among the capillaries and the excitation wavelengths. Based on the differences in absorption spectra for the dyes, the peak-height ratios in the 488 nm and 514 nm excitation electropherograms were used for peak identification for multiplexed capillary electrophoresis. Successful base calling for 24-capillary DNA sequencing was achieved to 450 bp with 99% accuracy. Advantages include the efficient utilization of light due to the high duty-cycle of step scan, good detection performance due to the reduction of stray light, ruggedness due to the small mass of the galvanometer mirror, low cost due to the simplicity of components and flexibility due to the independent paths for excitation and emission.     

Simple and rapid analysis for quantitation of the most important volatile flavor compounds in yogurt by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The aim of this experiment is to develop a rapid, simplified, direct gas chromatographic (GC) method for the analysis of volatile flavor compounds in yogurt combining a headspace with constant heating temperature and GC with a mass spectrometric detect ion. Repeatability of the method is assessed. The relative standard deviation for individual flavor compounds range from 3.5% for acetaldehyde to 8.4% for acetone, with a total mean value of 52.4 +/- 2.2 mg/kg for all of the studied aroma components. Recovery for individual flavor compounds range from 63.7% for acetone to 82.4% for acetic acid.     

Liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of patulin at 10 ng/mL in apple-based products intended for infants: interlaboratory study

An interlaboratory trial for the determination of patulin in apple juice and fruit puree was conducted, involving 17 participants representing a cross section of industry, official food control, and research facilities. Mean recoveries reported ranged from 74 (10 ng/g) to 62% (25 ng/g) for apple juice and from 72 (25 ng/g) to 74% (10 ng/g) for fruit puree. Based on results for spiked samples (blind pairs at 2 levels), as well as naturally contaminated samples (blind pairs at 3 levels), the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) in juice ranged from 8.0 to 14.3% and in puree from 3.5 to 9.3%. The relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSD(R)) in juice ranged from 19.8 to 39.5% and in puree from 12.5 to 35.2%, reflecting HORRAT values from 0.6 to 1.0 for juice and 0.4 to 0.9 for puree. The method showed acceptable within-laboratory and between-laboratory precision for each matrix, as required by current European legislation.     

Dibenzomethanopentacene-Based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Use in Gas-Separation Membranes

Dibenzomethanopentacene (DBMP) is shown to be a useful structural component for making Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) with promise for making efficient membranes for gas separations. DBMP-based monomers for PIMs are readily prepared using a Diels–Alder reaction between 2,3-dimethoxyanthracene and norbornadiene as the key synthetic step. Compared to date for the archetypal PIM-1, the incorporation of DBMP simultaneously enhances both gas permeability and the ideal selectivity for one gas over another. Hence, both ideal and mixed gas permeability data for DBMP-rich co-polymers and an amidoxime modified PIM are close to the current Robeson upper bounds, which define the state-of-the-art for the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, for several important gas pairs. Furthermore, long-term studies (over ≈3 years) reveal that the reduction in gas permeabilities on ageing is less for DBMP-containing PIMs relative to that for other high performing PIMs, which is an attractive property for the fabrication of membranes for efficient gas separations.     

Determination of fat, moisture, and protein in meat and meat products by using the FOSS FoodScan Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer with FOSS Artificial Neural Network Calibration Model and Associated Database: collaborative study

A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the FOSS FoodScan near-infrared spectrophotometer with artificial neural network calibration model and database for the determination of fat, moisture, and protein in meat and meat products. Representative samples were homogenized by grinding according to AOAC Official Method 983.18. Approximately 180 g ground sample was placed in a 140 mm round sample dish, and the dish was placed in the FoodScan. The operator ID was entered, the meat product profile within the software was selected, and the scanning process was initiated by pressing the "start" button. Results were displayed for percent (g/100 g) fat, moisture, and protein. Ten blind duplicate samples were sent to 15 collaborators in the United States. The within-laboratory (repeatability) relative standard deviation (RSD(r)) ranged from 0.22 to 2.67% for fat, 0.23 to 0.92% for moisture, and 0.35 to 2.13% for protein. The between-laboratories (reproducibility) relative standard deviation (RSD(R)) ranged from 0.52 to 6.89% for fat, 0.39 to 1.55% for moisture, and 0.54 to 5.23% for protein. The method is recommended for Official First Action.     

Spent Grain from Malt Whisky: Assessment of the Phenolic Compounds

In order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent grain (SG) two extraction methods were studied: the ultrasound-assisted method (US) and the Ultra-Turrax method (high stirring rate) (UT). Liquid to solid ratios, solvent concentration, time, and temperature/stirring rate were optimized. Spent grain extracts were analyzed for their total phenol content (TPC) (0.62 to 1.76 mg GAE/g SG DW for Ultra-Turrax pretreatment, and 0.57 to 2.11 mg GAE/g SG DW for ultrasound-assisted pretreatment), total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.6 to 1.67 mg QE/g SG DW for UT, and 0.5 to 1.63 mg QE/g SG DW for US), and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (25.88% to 79.58% for UT, and 27.49% to 78.30% for UT). TPC was greater at a high stirring rate and high exposure time up to a certain extent for the Ultra-Turrax method, and at a high temperature for the ultrasound-assisted method. P-coumaric acid (20.4 ± 1.72 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 14.0 ± 1.14 mg/100 SG DW for US) accounted for the majority of the phenolic found compounds, followed by rosmarinic (6.5 ± 0.96 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 4.0 ± 0.76 mg/100 SG DW for US), chlorogenic (5.4 ± 1.1 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and vanillic acids (3.1 ± 0.8 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 10.0 ± 1.03 mg/100 SG DW for US) were found in lower quantities. Protocatechuic (0.7 ± 0.05 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), 4-hydroxy benzoic (1.1 ± 0.06 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and caffeic acids (0.7 ± 0.03 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US) were present in very small amounts. Ultrasound-assisted and Ultra-Turrax pretreatments were demonstrated to be efficient methods to recover these value-added compounds.