烟煤与生物质快速共热解产物特性分析

研究了烟煤(YL)分别与富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)快速共热解产物产率和气体组成的变化规律。结果表明,烟煤与生物质共热解组分互相作用,造成共热解气、液、固相产率和气体组成的明显变化,且与生物质种类有关。相对于独立热解过程,玉米芯丰富的半纤维素造成热解水蒸气和CO₂浓度较高,且玉米芯中富含的K元素挥发迁移至煤焦表面,对热解半焦与水蒸气、CO₂的气化反应起到催化作用,反应生成的H₂和富氢组分易与热解生成的自由基结合,抑制自由基之间的缩聚反应,使得共热解气体和液体产率增加,而半焦产率减小。烟煤/松木屑共热解过程中,松木屑中富含的Ca元素在煤焦表面迁移,促进了松木屑热解液体在半焦表面裂解反应,生成CO₂、CO和富氢自由基等轻质组分,造成共热解半焦和液体产率降低而气体产率增加。热解产物半焦、焦油、水蒸气、CO₂之间的气化和裂解反应均产生富氢的次生组分,从而提高了共热解气体中CO和烃类气体产率,降低了H₂产率。     

煤与生物质热重分析及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪对稻秆、麦秆、木屑和煤单独及混合热解特性进行了研究。通过对不同混合比例热解与单独热解对比表明,混合热解中不同生物质起始热解温度、生物质挥发分最大析出温度、煤挥发分最大析出温度随着煤混合比例的变化呈规律性变化。对混合热解实验数据与单独热解参数按混合比例后特性参数分析表明,混合热解导致固体产物产率提高。实验通过对稻秆两种方式的脱灰及脱挥发分处理后混合热解分析,脱挥发分稻秆与脱灰分稻秆对煤的热解都起到了促进作用,证明了生物质中的碱/碱土金属能促进煤在较低温度下热解,硅元素对热解速率起抑制作用。推测生物质与褐煤的共热解中存在协同作用。     

含油污泥的热解特性研究

利用热重 傅里叶变换红外光谱联用仪与管式电阻炉对含油污泥热解特性进行了研究,分析了热解过程及影响因素（污泥性质与升温速率）,并由气体析出特性研究了热解机理。结果表明,热解过程包括水分挥发、轻质油挥发、重质油热解、半焦炭化与矿物质分解五种反应,矿物油反应集中发生在220℃～480℃。污泥性质影响因素中,产生环节最为显著,罐底泥、污水污泥失重明显而落地油泥失重不明显,矿物质组分含量越高,挥发分转化率越低;而污泥的油源基属影响较小。升温速率越大,反应进行的越快,挥发分转化率降低。热解机理包括矿物油含氧官能团裂解,链烃及侧链上的断链,环化、芳构化以及缩合脱氢。     

农业废弃物水洗前后热解特性的变化

首先对花生秸秆、高粱秸秆和芦苇三种农业废弃物进行了水洗预处理,再利用固定床反应器进行了热解实验,借此考察水洗前后碱金属和碱土金属(AAEMs)和纤维组成的变化及其对农业废弃物热解特性的影响。研究发现,水洗可脱除52.7%-92.6%的钾和一半左右的中性溶解物(NDS)。AAEMs和NDS的脱除对热解农业废弃物热解产生综合影响,含AAEMs和NDS较多的花生秸秆影响尤为明显。AAEMs的脱除遏制脱羧基、脱羰基、脱氢及挥发分二次缩聚反应,而NDS的脱除直接影响气体和液体的产率和组成。对于所有三种农业废弃物,水洗后均有利于提高生物油和生物炭产率,但气体产率降低;水洗后生物油中含氧化合物增多,其中,糖类和呋喃类增幅最大,而烃类、含氮化合物减少。水洗后,花生秸秆的CO_2、CO和CH_4产率均明显降低,而生物油中长链脂肪酸的占比增大。     

钾元素对生物质主要组分热解特性的影响

采用热重-红外联用仪对松木及生物质主要化学组分半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的热解特性及钾元素对其热解特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,半纤维素、纤维素、木质素发生热解的主要温度分别为200~350 ℃、300~365 ℃和200~600 ℃;半纤维热解产物中CO、CO₂较多;纤维素热解产物中LG和醛酮类化合物最多;木质素热解主要形成固体产物,气体中CH₄相对含量较高.三种组分共热解过程中发生相互作用使热解温度提高、固体产物增加,气体中CO增加而CH₄减少.添加K₂CO₃后半纤维素和纤维素热解温度区间向低温方向移动,固体产率提高.K对纤维素作用最明显,CO、CO₂气体与固体产物产率明显增加,醛酮类和酸类物质的产率降低;木质素受K影响相对较小,热解固体产物略有增加,挥发分中H₂O和羰基物质增加;三组分共热解减弱了钾元素的催化作用.     

纤维素与草酸的慢速和快速共热解反应特性研究

本研究利用热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱和卧式固定床热解反应装置，探究了纤维素与草酸的慢速和快速共热解反应特性。慢速共热解的失重曲线包括草酸分解和纤维素分解两个阶段，由于草酸与纤维素分解不同步，草酸主要通过其分解形成的挥发分影响纤维素的分解，且影响并不明显。而在快速共热解中，草酸与纤维素同步热解，原料及挥发分之间有着充分的交互反应，因此，草酸对纤维素的三相热解产物具有显著影响。相比于纤维素单独快速热解，快速共热解形成的生物油中左旋葡聚糖、左旋葡萄糖酮含量减少，1,4∶3,6-二脱水-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖含量显著提高；热解气中CO减少，CO₂增多；此外，纤维素分解更为彻底，热解炭具有更高的芳香化程度。     

预脱氯处理PVC残渣和平朔煤共热解的协同效应研究

热解是煤炭清洁高效利用的有效途径,也是处理废旧塑料高效转化的重要方式。本文针对无害化处理困难的含氯塑料,以聚氯乙烯(PVC)和平朔煤为研究对象,提出将PVC先经预热处理脱除大部分氯,然后将预处理后的PVC残渣与煤进行共热解,并利用气相色谱(GC)、模拟蒸馏、GC-MS、元素分析、红外光谱及拉曼光谱等对热解产生的气体、焦油以及半焦的组成和性质进行分析表征。结果表明,预脱氯处理后的PVC和平朔煤的共热解过程存在协同效应,共热解对半焦和焦油的形成具有明显的正协同作用,焦油产率实验值比理论计算值最大高3.35%;而对热解水和气体的形成产生负协同作用,其中,CH_4产率下降最多,即出现最强的负协同效应;共热解使焦油中轻质焦油含量提高,其中,萘类物质含量显著增加,沥青减少,当预脱氯处理PVC添加量为10%时,轻质焦油含量比理论计算值提高5个百分点。此外,共热解半焦表面更为光滑,结构变得更加有序,石墨化度提高。     

煤与稻杆共液化性能研究

通过与神府煤和稻杆单独热解和液化的对比,研究了神府煤与生物质稻杆的共热解和共液化行为,考察和揭示了两者之间的协同作用。热重分析表明,稻杆的热解温度较低,在与神府煤共热解时,由于在较低温度下稻杆热解形成的自由基对煤热解的促进作用,使得混合物实际的热解失重高于对应的加权平均计算结果。共液化结果表明,神府煤与稻杆之间存在着明显的协同效应,并因液化反应条件的不同而不同。在较高的液化反应温度和较长的反应时间,由于煤本身的热解速率增加,系统内供氢能力的不足导致逆向缩合反应速率增加,减弱了两者的协同效应。在实验条件范围内,当稻杆配入量为50%,在400℃,60min的反应条件下,神府煤与稻杆共液化时产生的协同效应最大。此时,共液化转化率和正己烷可溶物分别高于对应加权平均计算值的14.8%和9.7%,气体产率也同时降低了2.6%。     

熔融盐对重质生物油再热解影响的研究

研究了KCl-ZnCl₂熔融盐在400、500、600℃下对重质生物油再热解特性及产物分布的影响。结果表明,熔融盐提高了重质生物油热解的固体产率,同时使气体产率下降;对苯酚、甲基苯酚、乙基苯酚、对丙基苯酚等部分化合物具有较好的富集效果,尤其在400℃下甲基苯酚的相对含量从8.82%提升到了20.85%,而苯酚在600℃下相对含量从2.18%提升到了8.62%;在炭形成过程中,熔融盐使C元素含量降低,O元素含量提高,增大了孔隙的BET比表面积和总孔容积,促进了固体产物孔隙结构的形成,增大了孔隙的平均孔径。     

污泥与煤共热解过程中磷元素的挥发规律研究

污泥灰分中磷元素含量明显高于煤,其中主要的晶体态含磷化合物为磷酸铁钙和少量的磷酸铝。利用高频加热反应装置考察了污泥-神府煤混合物快速热解过程中磷元素挥发规律。结果表明,污泥-神府煤混合物热解后磷元素主要存在于热解焦中。磷元素挥发比例随污泥添加比例的增加先升高后降低,随热解温度的升高而增加。热解温度不高于1 100 ℃时,混合物中以有机磷的挥发为主,磷元素挥发比例不高于3.2%。热解温度高于1 200 ℃后无机磷中磷元素挥发明显,1 300 ℃下最高有33.0%的磷元素随热解气体挥发出。     

重油残渣与不同煤阶煤共热解/气化实验研究

采用快速热解固定床在恒温热解条件下研究了不同混合比例不同煤阶煤与重油残渣共热解焦的形貌和焦产率的规律,进而在热重分析仪上采用非等温气化方法研究了煤焦、重油残渣焦及混合焦的气化反应性。结果表明,煤与重油残渣共热解焦有明显的结块现象,但焦产率与理论值一致,表明共热解过程中两者没有相互作用。重油残渣焦的气化反应性较褐煤和烟煤的低,比无烟煤活性略高,重油残渣与褐煤和烟煤混合焦气化反应速率比计算值高,表明气化过程有促进作用存在,进一步分析表明,煤中的矿物质如Ca、Fe,对重油残渣气化有一定的催化作用。     

The kinetics of gasification of char derived from sewage sludge

Gasification of char derived from sewage sludge was studied under different oxidizing atmospheres containing CO₂, O₂ or H₂O. The gasification tests were carried out in thermobalance at different temperatures and oxidizing reagent concentrations. The most efficient were the gaseous mixtures containing oxygen. The reaction took place at temperature 400–500 °C, whilst in the case of CO₂ and steam much higher temperatures (700–900 °C) were necessary to complete the conversion. Two rate models for gas–solid reaction were applied to describe the effect of char conversion on reaction rate. The shrinking core model for reaction-controlled regime was found to be the best for predicting the rate of char gasification in CO₂ and O₂ atmosphere. The experimental data for steam gasification of the char were fitted best by the first-order kinetics. The kinetic parameters estimated from the experimental data are in accordance with the literature for lignocellulosic char gasification and are the first published for sewage sludge char gasification.     

Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of sewage sludge for different sizes and heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of sewage sludge for different sizes (d < 0.25 mm, 0.25 mm < d < 0.83 mm, and d > 0.83 mm) and heating rates (5, 20, and 35 °C/min) were investigated in this article. The STA 409 was utilized for the sewage sludge thermogravimetric analysis. FTIR analysis was employed to study the functional groups and intermediates during the process of pyrolysis. Meanwhile, a new method was developed to calculate pyrolysis kinetic parameters (activated energy E, the frequency factor A, and reaction order n) with surface fitting tool in software MATLAB. The results show that all the TG curves are divided into three stages: evaporation temperature range (180–220 °C), main decomposition temperature range (220–650 °C), and final decomposition temperature range (650–780 °C). The sewage sludge of d < 0.25 mm obtains the largest total mass loss, especially at the heating rate of 5 °C/min. By FTIR analysis, the functional groups including NH, C–H, C=C, etc., are all found in the sewage sludge. There is a comparison between the FTIR spectra of sludge heated to 350 °C (temperature associated to maximum devolatilization rate in the second stage) and the FTIR spectra of sludge heated to 730 °C (temperature associated to maximum devolatilization rate in the third stage). In the second stage, the alcohols, ammonia, and carboxylic acid in the sludge have been mostly decomposed into gases, and only a little bit of compounds containing CH and OH of COOH exist. The pyrolysis kinetic parameters of second stage are as follows: the reaction orders are in the range of 1.6–1.8 and the activation energy is about 45 kJ/mol. The frequency factor increases with the increase of heating rate and sewage sludge size.     

共热解过程对褐煤焦和生物质焦氧化特性的影响

以锡盟褐煤和玉米秸秆为原料,利用固定床程序升温热解的方法制备了褐煤焦、生物质焦以及褐煤和生物质不同混合比例的共热解焦样,并进行了孔结构和化学结构的表征以及其灰成分分析。采用等温热重法在450 ℃下考察褐煤焦和生物质焦的混合样与其相同比例的共热解焦样的氧化活性,对比分析共热解过程对焦样反应活性的影响。实验结果表明,共热解过程中的二次反应对焦样结构有着明显的影响,进一步导致其反应活性下降。尤其是生物质添加量低于50%时,由于共热解过程生物质中大量挥发分的释放增强了其与半焦的二次反应,促使新生焦中部分小于五环的有机结构向更大的结构转化。但生物质添加量大于50%时,生物质焦的反应活性起主导作用,焦样中碱金属和碱土金属催化作用较明显,特别是钾的影响,使得共热解过程中挥发分与半焦的二次反应对其结构及反应性的影响减弱。     

Cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar obtained by co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge with tea waste

Resource utilization is a critical pathway for sustainable solid waste treatment. Biochar was prepared from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and tea waste. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis were employed to characterize the biochar. Then, the interface behavior between biochar and Cd from aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of adsorbent dose and pH on Cd adsorption was evaluated. Adsorption kinetics and the adsorption isotherm were studied, and the adsorption mechanism was explored. The results showed that the suitable adsorbent dose was 4 g L^?1 and the optimal pH of the Cd solution remained at 6.0. Cadmium sorption on the biochar could be well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R ² > 0.98). The adsorption process was described using the Langmuir (R ² > 0.86), Freundlich (R ² > 0.86), Temkin (R ² > 0.84) and Dubinin–Radushkevich (R ² > 0.86) isotherm models. The proportion of organic constituents in biochar was 69.2–72.4%. Minerals that originated in biochar played an important role during the Cd adsorption process, and the contribution of minerals accounted for 27.6–30.8% of the total adsorption. The main mechanism of the Cd adsorption process by biochar involved ion exchange, surface complexation, electrostatic interaction, surface co-precipitation, and other mechanisms. Therefore, biochar created by the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and tea waste could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from contaminated water.     

Simultaneous thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric study on the co-combustion of coal and sewage sludges

To combust coal together with a small percentage (<10%) of sewage sludge may be an option for the management of these wastes. Combustion of two different sewage sludge, one semianthracite coal and several sludges-coal blends (containing different dried mass% of each of the two sewage sludges) were studied by simultaneous TG/MS dynamic runs carried out at 5°C min^–1 in the temperature range 100–800°C. No interactions have been observed between coal and sludge during the blends combustion. Neither the combustion process, neither the studied emissions have changed appreciably for the mass% of sludge in the blends considered in this work.     

Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetic of co-pyrolysis of olive residue with high density polyethylene

The co-pyrolytic behaviour of olive residue/high-desity polyethylene mixture was examined with a thermogravimetric analyser. The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1273 K at various heating rates (2, 10, 20 and 50 K min⁻¹) and in a nitrogen atmosphere. The results indicated that mass loss process of mixture consists of three distinct stages and the increase of the heating rate shifts in the maximum rate loss to higher temperature. The difference of mass loss (Δm) between experimental and theoretical, calculated as algebraic sums of the mixture for different heating rates of 2, 10, 20 and 50 K min⁻¹, is about 7–11% at 740–900 K. These experimental results indicate a significant synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of olive residue with high-density polyethylene. In addition, a kinetic analysis was performed to fit thermogravimetric data, the mixture is considered as multi-stage process. A reasonable fit to the experimental data was obtained for all materials and their mixture by isoconversional Friedman method.     

Determination of pharmaceuticals,steroid hormones,and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in sewage sludge by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive method has been developed and validated for the determination of diverse groups of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and hormone-like personal care products in sewage sludge. Samples were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction followed by solid-phase extraction cleanup. For determination of estrogens and hormone-like phenolic compounds, sample extracts were further derivatized with dansyl chloride and purified with silica gel column chromatography to improve the analytical sensitivity. The chemicals were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Recoveries ranged mostly from 63% to 119% with relative standard deviations within 15%. Method quantification limits were 0.1–3 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) for sewage sludge. The method was applied to a preliminary investigation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge and sediment in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Triclosan, triclocarban, 2-phenylphenol, bisphenol A, and parabens were ubiquitously detected at 3.6–5088.2 ng g⁻¹ dw in sludge and 0.29–113.1 ng g⁻¹ dw in sediment samples, respectively. Estrone, carbamazepine, metoprolol, and propranolol were also frequently quantified in the sludge and sediment samples. The dewatering process caused no significant losses of these PPCPs in sewage sludge.     

Co-pyrolysis behaviors and kinetics of plastics–biomass blends through thermogravimetric analysis

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of plastics–biomass blends were investigated using a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis from room temperature to 873 K with a heating rate of 5–40 K min^?1 in an inert atmosphere. The selected biomass sample was sawdust of pine wood (WS). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) were selected as plastic samples. The difference of mass loss between experimental and theoretical ones (calculated as arithmetic sums of those from each separated component) was used as a criterion of synergetic effect. The experimental results indicated that a significant synergetic effect existed during the high-temperature region of plastics and WS co-pyrolysis process, specially, the dehydrochlorination reaction of PVC and the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose in the WS during the co-pyrolysis process showed synergetic effect, as well as the reaction of plastics (LDPE, HDPE, and PP) and WS. Based on the TG data with different heating rates, the kinetics parameters, especially activation energy, were calculated using the Friedman method. The activation energy of plastics, WS, and their blends were from 92.8 to 359.5 kJ mol^?1. The activation energy of the PVC–WS blends was at a range of 180.2–254.5 kJ mol^?1 in the second stages. The activation energies range of LDPE–WS, HDPE–WS, and PP–WS blends were 164.5–229.6, 213.2–234.3, and 198.4–263.6 kJ mol^?1, respectively.