不同对比度下自适应的自动调焦新算法

针对大多数自动调焦函数不能克服对比度变化引起的调焦曲线失去理想特性、陷入局部极小值甚至失去单峰性等问题,介绍了Zernike正交矩,分析了各阶Zernike矩的调焦函数曲线并且提出了一种新的基于Zernike正交矩的自动调焦算法,定义了此算法的公式.与几种常用自动调焦函数在不同对比度条件下进行了调焦效果的比较分析,验证了通过调整各阶Zernike矩的权重系数、可以灵活变换调焦公式,能够适应不同对比度下的调焦过程.实验比较了基于Zernike正交矩的自动调焦算法应用于完全对称型物体和非对称型物体时焦效果的差别,证明了该算法应用于圆形或球状等完全对称型的物体时调焦效果较好.     

伪Zernike矩在低信噪比红外目标检测中的应用

由于探测器本身固有的特性以及军事上的极限使用要求,红外图像普遍存在目标-背景间对比度较差、目标边缘模糊和噪声较大等特点,采用常规模板匹配、Hu矩方法难以取得理想的检测效果。针对低信噪比红外目标图像,分析了伪Zernike矩的基本原理、不变性和计算方法,提出了低信噪比红外目标检测的伪Zernike矩方法,并比较了模板匹配、Hu矩、伪Zernike矩方法的目标检测效果。理论分析和实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

功率谱在高分辨率遥感相机检调焦中的应用

检调焦是高分辨力遥感相机得到高质量图像的关键技术之一。线阵CCD遥感相机在推扫过程中地面景物不断变化,而一般的图像清晰度评价函数只能在相同的图像内容下作比较来判断系统是否合焦。在介绍了遥感相机离焦原因及常用检调焦方法的基础上,用遥感图像验证了图像的功率谱对自然景物具有一定的不变性,分析了将其用于相机检调焦的可行性。实验表明,在系统合焦时,不同图像的功率谱值基本相同;而系统离焦时,功率谱值随着离焦程度的增加而逐渐减小,以此提出了以两幅不同图像功率谱的比值作为CCD遥感相机调焦的评价函数。     

一种可用于人眼像差哈特曼-夏克测量仪的自动离焦补偿方法

针对目前人眼像差哈特曼-夏克测量仪不能自动补偿人眼离焦的不足,通过分析不同调焦状态下连续采集的哈特曼-夏克光斑图像序列,构造了离焦补偿评价函数,在现有像差测量仪平台上实现了人眼像差自动离焦补偿。算法根据调焦过程中哈特曼-夏克光斑的形态变化,定义了通过光斑图像评估离焦补偿结果的评价标准,并依据评价函数确定最佳光斑图像对应的离焦补偿量,从而确保哈特曼-夏克波前传感器能准确测得离焦补偿后剩余的人眼像差。实验结果表明,本方法对杂散光噪声具有较强的稳健性,可以准确实现调焦系统的自动离焦补偿,为后续像差测量仪精密测量人眼高阶像差提供了十分重要的方法。     

基于饱和像素剔除的自动对焦评价函数

对含光源等过亮区域场景的自动对焦较为常见,这些区域导致了图像像素的饱和,然而所提出的现有的评价函数适用于一般场景,无法适用于像夜景光源的场景。针对这一问题,通过分析饱和像素在离焦过程中的特性,提出了一种去除饱和像素的图像清晰度评价方法,且其可以用于评估包含光源或者过亮区域场景的图像质量。通过对大津法进行修改得到对焦窗口二值图,并利用形态学膨胀手段扩展饱和像素区域,以防止其在离焦过程中产生弥散,得到去除饱和像素区域的模板,将其作用于梯度信息矩阵,计算得到去除饱和像素影响的平均梯度值作为自动对焦评价函数。通过多组离焦序列图测试了所提出的评价函数,并与其他4种常用的评价函数进行比较,结果表明,此自动对焦评价函数适用于含有光源等过亮区域场景的拍摄,具有良好的无偏性、单峰性、稳定性且覆盖范围较广。     

基于哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的模糊图像复原方法

离焦模糊图像的清晰度较低,因此必须对其进行复原。传统方法通常采用圆盘或高斯函数来近似离焦造成的点扩散函数,复原效果不够理想。为此,提出利用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器探测离焦波前,根据所得波前计算光学系统的点扩散函数,并采用Richardson-Lucy算法对模糊图像进行复原。搭建了实验用的光学系统,采集了离焦模糊图像以及相应的波前信息,获得了清晰的复原图像,并利用客观图像评价方法对退化图像和复原图像进行了评价,同时与传统方法得到的复原图像进行了比较。实验结果表明,该方法能精确重建点扩散函数,有效提高图像的质量。     

可见光与红外彩色融合图像感知清晰度评价模型

提出了感知清晰度评价模型,来评价人眼对红外与可见光彩色融合图像细节和边缘的可辨识度。首先,利用人眼对比度敏感函数模型,抑制在特定观察条件下图像中人眼不敏感的频率成分。之后,在局部频带对比度模型基础上,结合人眼亮度掩模特性构造了感知对比度模型。最后,计算融合图像人眼兴趣区域(细节和边缘区域)的感知对比度,进而评价融合图像的感知清晰度。实验结果表明,与现有的五种彩色图像清晰(模糊)度的客观评价模型相比,考虑人眼视觉特性感知清晰度模型的计算结果与人眼主观感受具有较好的一致性,可以有效地对彩色融合图像清晰度进行客观评价。     

眼底照相机自动调焦算法

基于眼底图像成像原理及特征,提出一种结合自动调焦窗口选择的眼底照相机自动调焦方法.根据改进阈值的局部信息熵调焦窗口选择算法实现调焦窗口的初步定位,按照多方向步进算法实现调焦窗口的最终定位.针对眼底图像对比度低的问题,结合区域对比度的清晰度评价函数与梯度向量平方函数的特点提出眼底图像清晰度评价函数.实验结果显示,提出的自动调焦窗口选择算法可以保证调焦窗口的稳定性及准确性,针对低对比度眼底图像的清晰度评价函数具有更好的灵敏度.     

基于区域对比度的图像清晰度评价算法

高效、准确的图像清晰度评价是实现自动调焦的关键。在分析了现有图像清晰度评价方法优缺点的基础上,提出了一种基于图像区域对比度的清晰度评价新方法,建立和分析了评价函数的数学模型,并对航空摄像机采集的系列图像进行实验和仿真。与其他算法比较的结果表明:该方法具有精确度高、对比度明显等优点,能够应用于实际的图像清晰度评价和自动对焦中,克服了单纯依靠计算灰度差带来的不足,具有较高的实用性和可靠性。     

望远镜扩展成像像质方法研究

现有评价方法单独针对噪声或模糊全景图像,不能满足望远镜扩展成像评价需求,为此,结合望远镜成像机理特性,设计并提出了一种对比度与结构相似度下的无参考成像像质评价方法.给出了该方法的基本原理、具体实现流程以及数学模型,并结合仿真图像与实测图像对所提方法进行有效性验证,结果表明:所提出的评价方法可以给出序列离焦图像、噪声图像以及离焦噪声图像的有效定量评价值,评价结果接近于人眼的视觉特性.该方法实现了对同时受到噪声与模糊影响扩展望远镜成像像质的有效定量评价,评价结果具有高的准确性、单调性以及一致性.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.