用非极性固定相分离不同极性化合物时色谱峰峰形的EMG参数及计算机拟合

对用非极性固定相分离不同极性的化合物时色谱峰的峰形与保留值的关系进行了研究使用非极性固定相分离不同极性的化合物时,不同极性化合物的色谱峰的EMG参数σ、τ与组分的保留值不存在线性关系：建立了使用非极性固定相分离极性化合物时色谱峰峰形的计算机模拟方法该法作为《开放式气相色谱仿真软件》中的模拟方法之一,效果较好。     

色谱累加进样分离实验条件的研究

在采用反相液相色谱或亲和色谱完成蛋白质等大分子分离时,根据溶质保留值随溶剂梯度变化曲线上突变点的差别,可以通过累加进样分离法进行样品制备或直接柱内富集分析,但这一方法并非在任意条件下、对任何样品都适用。该文根据不同形式的保留值方程从理论上探讨了样品保留值与进样时间差、梯度洗脱速率等实验条件之间的关系;结果表明：两次进样的出峰时间差与进样时间间隔成正比关系,也与其在等度情况下的容量因子有关。样品中的两种组分在间隔进样时的流出时间差主要由两组分的容量因子决定,当样品中存在两种以上保留性能相近组分时,若保证指定的分离度,进样时间间隔存在一极大值,超出该范围,分离条件将不能满足     

氨基苯磺酸和氨基萘磺酸在反相色谱中的保留行为

本文考察了冲洗剂中强组分浓度、无机盐浓度和酸度对保留值的影响,结果表明在溶质的 lnk 与 C_b 间线性关系中不能包括 C_b=0时的实验点。同时还观察到线性回归的 a 值与C_b=0时实测的 lnk′值存在较好的线性关系,酸度对 k′值的影响较复杂;溶质的保留值随无机盐浓度的增加而增大。     

半峰宽规律的新探讨

〕本文在建立整个液相色谱系统质量平衡模型的基础上,求得了柱内的柱末端色谱谱带的虚拟一级矩和二级中心矩,进而利用计算机技术详细考察了色谱参数对柱末端色谱谱带半宽度的影响。结果表明不同k'的组分在k'>0.5左右时的色谱谱带半宽度基本一致;但当k'<0.5左右时,随着k'的下降,柱末端谱带半宽度也下降。如有适当的柱外效应存在,则能有效地改变这一现象。本文还详细讨论了使得色谱流出曲线的半宽度不同的作为色谱基本分离过程之一的柱末端过程,从而推测半峰宽规律可用于不同等度和梯度条件下的色谱峰半宽度的预测。     

高效液相色谱用线性梯度洗脱求保留值方程

〕提出了采用线性梯度洗脱求取未知样品中溶质保留值方程的原理及其计算方法,用光二极管阵列扫描检测器解决了梯度洗脱条件下色谱峰的归宿。实验证明：用所得的保留值方程预测等度洗脱下容量因子k'的相对误差不大于3%,而用梯度洗脱下的半峰宽规律可以估算未知样品容量因子k的分布范围,以解决对未知样品是采用等度或梯度洗脱方式。最后,借助计算机仿真方法用于样品的优化,获得了满意的结果。     

反相液相色谱中动力学因素对肽谱影响规律研究

研究了用反相色谱模式, 在不同流动相流速条件下所得到的细胞色素C的肽谱图. 发现在低流速时, 保留弱的肽谱峰增多, 而在高流速时保留强的肽谱峰增多, 未发现溶质分子质量与溶质相对保留值(RRT)之间存在有特定的变化关系. 然而却发现了两种变化规律, 即溶质相对保留值(RRT)与流动相流速之间的双对数线性关系(1) log RRT＝a＋blog ν, 及所得该二线性参数, a与b之间的线性关系(2) a＝c＋db. 预计该结果可能会在液相色谱指纹图谱研究和蛋白质组学中分离低丰度蛋白时有潜在的应用价值.     

由液相色谱保留值变化规律式进行固定相、流动相推荐和色谱峰定性

本文应用统计热力学导出的保留值变化规律式以及式中参数与溶质分子结构参数的关系,建立了反相色谱流动相和固定相的选择规则,并应用文献中的结果对这些规则进行了初步验证。本文还从分子结构和分子作用力出发,研究了各类组分用保留值变比规律式中参数与分子结构参数的定量关系进行色谱峰保留值定性的可行性。     

由液相色谱保留值变化规律式进行固定相、流动相推荐和色谱峰定性

 本文应用统计热力学导出的保留值变化规律式以及式中参数与溶质分子结构参数的关系，建立了反相色谱流动相和固定相的选择规则，并应用文献中的结果对这些规则进行了初步验证。本文还从分子结构和分子作用力出发，研究了各类组分用保留值变化规律式中参数与分子结构参数的定量关系进行色谱峰保留值定性的可行性。     

液相色谱动力学过程的研究——色谱参数对σ、τ与保留值间的线性关系的考察

本文在C、Horvath建立的液相色谱柱内质量平衡的基础上考虑到柱外效应的影响,建立起整个色谱系统的质量平衡模型、并求得了色谱系统的一阶距,二、三阶中心距的表达式。同时,通过指数修正的高斯模型中描述色谱峰展宽的参数σ和拖尾因子τ与二、三阶中心距的关系,详细地考察了色谱参数D_m,k_d,d_p和检测池体积对我们以所报导的c、 与保留值之间线性关系的影响。结果表明在一般高效柱液相色谱系统中,σ、τ与保留值间线性关系是成立的,但在K′值小于0.5时与线性关系有一定的偏差;柱外效应对τ的影响比对σ的影响大得多。     

反相液相色谱保留值的预测模式

液相色谱保留值的预测一直是色谱领域里研究最为活跃的领域之一,寻找一种以最少系数求算和预测色谱保留值是色谱工作者的长期研究的目标,但目前,仍没有真正的预测方法。我们在液相色谱保留值基本方程的基础上,曾对不同C_(18)的担体上的保留规律进行过研究,并从中引入了溶质lnk′=A C·C_B BlnC_B (1)作用指数的概念,作用指数即为方程(1)中的参数C(参数B在反相色谱中忽略),CB为二元冲洗剂中强冲洗组分的浓度。本文从溶质的作用指数出发来探讨反相液相色谱保留值的预测模式。     

The prediction of the peak width at half height in HPLC

The prediction of the peak width at half height is an important aspect in the optimization of the chromatographic operating conditions. In this paper, a linear relationship, between the peak widths at half height and the retention values with various isocratic elution is observed. In gradient elution, however, the relationship between the peak widths at half height and the so-called invented retention values that correspond to the mobile phase composition by eluting the solute from the column end is developed. We believe that there is almost the same band width at half height inside the column (in unit of length) for different solutes. The peak width at half height in the chromatogram (in unit of time) is mainly determined by the capacity factor of the solute when it is eluted from the column end. The larger the capacity factor of a solute eluted from the column end, the more slowly will be the solute eluted from the column end and the wider will be the peak width at half height. It is possible to predict the peak width at half height in various isocratic and gradient elutions by using this linear relationship.     

Automated off-line optimisation of programmed elutions in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using ternary solvent mixtures

A new system for the unattended optimisation of gradient elutions in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The system is based on the simulation of retention times under conditions of ternary solvent mixtures and ternary gradient programmes. This model is constructed departing from a few experimental data obtained in isocratic elutions and validated against experimental gradient elutions. Once validated, this retention model can be used for the unattended search of an optimum separation. The optimisation process is driven by an evolutionary algorithm (EA), specially developed to map the ternary gradient elutions problem. The development and characteristics of the retention modelling as well as those of the EA and its particularities are discussed and some real world examples of separation presented.     

Modeling of salt and pH gradient elution in ion‐exchange chromatography

The separation of proteins by internally and externally generated pH gradients in chromatofocusing on ion‐exchange columns is a well‐established analytical method with a large number of applications. In this work, a stoichiometric displacement model was used to describe the retention behavior of lysozyme on SP Sepharose FF and a monoclonal antibody on Fractogel SO₃ (S) in linear salt and pH gradient elution. The pH dependence of the binding charge B in the linear gradient elution model is introduced using a protein net charge model, while the pH dependence of the equilibrium constant is based on a thermodynamic approach. The model parameter and pH dependences are calculated from linear salt gradient elutions at different pH values as well as from linear pH gradient elutions at different fixed salt concentrations. The application of the model for the well‐characterized protein lysozyme resulted in almost identical model parameters based on either linear salt or pH gradient elution data. For the antibody, only the approach based on linear pH gradients is feasible because of the limited pH range useful for salt gradient elution. The application of the model for the separation of an acid variant of the antibody from the major monomeric form is discussed.     

黄芪中黄酮类组分的高效液相色谱分离条件的快速优化

以黄芪为研究对象,对黄芪中乙酸乙酯部位的化学成分进行了高效液相色谱分析并对其色谱操作条件进行了快速优化。根据几个线性梯度下的保留时间来计算各组分的保留参数,然后利用重叠分辨图法确定其最佳分析条件。在选定的最佳条件下各组分分离情况良好。利用梯度保留时间计算保留参数比较方便快速,并可以有效地避免以往等度线性回归法遇到的峰识别问题。该方法更适用于实际复杂样品色谱分析条件的优化。     

反相高效液相色谱中复杂体系二元多台阶梯度分离条件快速优化方法

提出了一种反相高效液相色谱中二元多台阶梯度分离条件快速优化方法。通过数次线性梯度初始实验，求得溶质的保留方程。在此基础上，利用重叠分离区域图（OSRM）方法，快速求得复杂样品的最佳多台阶梯度分离条件。该方法只需要几个小时就可以完成对复杂样品分离条件的优化，并通过对中药川芎提取物的分离加以验证，获得了较好的预测精度和分离效果。     

Prediction of elution bandwidth for purine compounds by a retention model in reversed-phase HPLC with linear-gradient elution

In reversed-phase liquid chromatography, the retention mechanism of solute has been studied under linearly programmed gradient mobile-phase conditions. The separation of a mixture of four purine compounds (purine, theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine) was considered as a practical case in two binary mobile phase systems, water/methanol and water/acetonitrile. The retention model which describes how the retention factor is related to the mobile-phase composition has been developed in various mathematical forms to predict the retention time in both linear and gradient elutions. For a pulse injection of sample, two important factors, the retention time and the bandwidth of solute, might be computable to predict the elution profiles estimated by the distribution function, such as the Gaussian distribution function. In this work, a prediction method based on the analogue of the retention model was proposed to calculate the bandwidth in linear gradient elutions. Band broadening was caused by the different migration velocities of the front and rear ends of the solute band in a chromatographic column. Therefore, the migration behaviors of the front and rear ends of the solute band were explained with the same retention model which had been used to predict the retention time of solute. For the well retained solutes, theophylline and caffeine, the predicted bandwidth and experimentally obtained bandwidth showed good agreement in both isocratic and gradient elutions.     

Peak compression in reversed-phase gradient elution

Previous reports suggest that peak widths in linear gradient elution are consistently larger than predicted by theory; however, if gradient compression is ignored, experiment and theory are in reasonable agreement. This suggests that gradient compression might represent an incorrect or poorly understood concept. In the present study, an experimental program was carried out to better understand the role of gradient compression and the reason for past differences between experiment and theory. It is concluded that the concept of gradient compression is correct.     

Influence of temperature in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with gradient elution

The influence of temperature on the retention of several species separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography by gradient elution is shown to be of enough importance to warrant careful control of temperature if reproducible results are to be obtained. The smaller the particle size in the column, the greater the effect of temperature, and therefore the control should be greater. Likewise, it has been verified that for a given solvent gradient, independent of its complexity, there is a linear relation between ln k′ and 1/T, which also occurs in separations by isocratic elution. Dufek's equation can be adjusted perfectly to the experimental data obtained from gradient elutions, and may be used in the simulation and optimization of gradient chromatographic processes.     

Incorporating high-pressure electroosmotic pump and a nano-flow gradient generator into a miniaturized liquid chromatographic system for peptide analysis

We integrate a high-pressure electroosmotic pump (EOP), a nanoflow gradient generator, and a capillary column into a miniaturized liquid chromatographic system that can be directly coupled with a mass spectrometer for proteomic analysis. We have recently developed a low-cost high-pressure EOP capable of generating pressure of tens of thousands psi, ideal for uses in miniaturized HPLC. The pump worked smoothly when it was used for isocratic elutions. When it was used for gradient elutions, generating reproducible gradient profiles was challenging; because the pump rate fluctuated when the pump was used to pump high-content organic solvents. This presents an issue for separating proteins/peptides since high-content organic solvents are often utilized. In this work, we solve this problem by incorporating our high-pressure EOP with a nano-flow gradient generator so that the EOP needs only to pump an aqueous solution. With this combination, we develop a capillary-based nano-HPLC system capable of performing nano-flow gradient elution; the pump rate is stable, and the gradient profiles are reproducible and can be conveniently tuned. To demonstrate its utility, we couple it with either a UV absorbance detector or a mass spectrometer for peptide separations.