Investigation of the low temperature effect in normal phase micro high performance liquid chromatography

The low temperature effect has been investigated on a set of three different silica-gel micro columns with FC-78 as eluent. An open tubular micro glass capillary, a packed micro glass capillary, and a packed micro teflon column were examined. Temperature dependences of separation factors and theoretical plate numbers were determined. It appears that a decrease in column temperature improves chromatographic selectivity while column efficiency decreases. The compensation temperatures were determined for these systems. The results suggest that the retention mechanism operative in the low temperature range is almost the same as that in the normal temperature range. However, the mechanism differs from that of reversed phase systems.     

硅胶色谱柱的亲水作用保留机理及其影响因素

亲水作用色谱（HILIC）是替代反相色谱（RPLC）分离强极性及亲水性化合物的另一色谱模式,其分离机理与RPLC有很大不同,具有和RPLC互补的选择性。在HILIC模式中,采用正相色谱（NPLC）中的极性固定相及含高浓度有机溶剂（通常为乙腈）的水溶液为流动相。硅胶是开发最早、研究最为深入及应用最为广泛的HILIC固定相,本文介绍了硅胶色谱柱的HILIC保留机理,详细概述了操作条件如硅胶柱类型、流动相组成及柱温对HILIC分离的影响,并对硅胶填料色谱柱的HILIC模式的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。     

Comprehensive two‐dimensional monolithic liquid chromatography of polar compounds

Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography largely increases the number of separated compounds in a single run, theoretically up to the product of the peaks separated in each dimension on the columns with different selectivities. On‐line coupling of a reversed‐phase column with an aqueous normal‐phase (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column yields orthogonal systems with high peak capacities. Fast on‐line two‐dimensional liquid chromatography needs a capillary or micro‐bore column providing low‐volume effluent fractions transferred to a short efficient second‐dimension column for separation at a high mobile phase flow rate. We prepared polymethacrylate zwitterionic monolithic micro‐columns in fused silica capillaries with structurally different dimethacrylate cross‐linkers. The columns provide dual retention mechanism (hydrophilic interaction and reversed‐phase). Setting the mobile phase composition allows adjusting the separation selectivity for various polar substance classes. Coupling on‐line an organic polymer monolithic capillary column in the first dimension with a short silica‐based monolithic column in the second dimension provides two‐dimensional liquid chromatography systems with high peak capacities. The silica monolithic C₁₈ columns provide higher separation efficiency than the particle‐packed columns at the flow rates as high as 5 mL/min used in the second dimension. Decreasing the diameter of the silica monolithic columns allows using a higher flow rate at the maximum operation pressure and lower fraction volumes transferred from the first, hydrophilic interaction dimension, into the second, reversed‐phase mode, avoiding the mobile phase compatibility issues, improving the resolution, increasing the peak capacity, and the peak production rate.     

Dual‐mode hydrophilic interaction normal phase and reversed phase liquid chromatography of polar compounds on a single column

Adopting a stationary phase convention circumvents problematic definition of the boundary between the stationary and the mobile phase in the liquid chromatography, resulting in thermodynamically consistent and reproducible chromatographic data. Three stationary phase definition conventions provide different retention data, but equal selectivity: (i) the complete solid phase moiety; (ii) the solid porous part carrying the active interaction centers; (iii) the volume of the inner column pores. The selective uptake of water from the bulk aqueous‐organic mobile phase significantly affects the volume and the properties of polar stationary phases. Some polar stationary phases provide dual‐mode retention mechanism in aqueous‐organic mobile phases, reversed‐phase in the water‐rich range, and normal‐phase at high concentrations of the organic solvent in water. The linear solvation energy relationship model characterizes the structural contributions of the non‐selective and selective polar interactions both in the water‐rich and organic solvent‐rich mobile phases. The inner‐pore convention provides a single hold‐up volume value for the retention prediction on the dual‐mode columns over the full mobile phase range. Using the dual‐mode monolithic polymethacrylate zwitterionic micro‐columns alternatively in each mode in the first dimension of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography, in combination with a short reversed‐phase column in the second dimension, provides enhanced sample information.     

Chromatographic behavior of small organic compounds in low‐temperature high‐performance liquid chromatography using liquid carbon dioxide as the mobile phase

Low‐temperature high‐performance liquid chromatography, in which a loop injector, column, and detection cell were refrigerated at –35ºC, using liquid carbon dioxide as the mobile phase was developed. Small organic compounds (polyaromatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes, and quinones) were separated by low‐temperature high‐performance liquid chromatography at temperatures from –35 to –5ºC. The combination of liquid carbon dioxide mobile phase with an octadecyl‐silica (C₁₈) column provided reversed phase mode separation, and a bare silica‐gel column resulted in normal phase mode separation. In both the cases, nonlinear behavior at approximately –15ºC was found in the relationship between the temperature and the retention factors of the analytes (van't Hoff plots). In contrast to general trends in high‐performance liquid chromatography, the decrease in temperature enhanced the separation efficiency of both the columns.     

高温二维液相色谱系统的构建及其评价

在二维液相色谱中, 第二维的分离速度是制约其发展的重要因素. 升高色谱柱温度可以有效降低流动相粘度, 加快溶质在两相间的传质速率, 有效加快分析速度. 以离子交换色谱法(WAX)为第一维分离模式和反相色谱法(RP)为第二维分离模式, 十通阀和两个捕集柱为接口, 通过将第二维色谱柱温度升高到80 ℃和提高流量到3 mL/min, 构建了高温WAX/RP二维液相色谱系统. 以4种标准蛋白的酶解物为样品评价系统的分离性能, 第一维共有33个馏分被捕集并导入到第二维分析, 高温二维液相色谱系统识别出187个色谱峰.     

A Study of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons on an Amino Bonded Phase Liquid Chromatographic Column in the Normal and Reversed Phase

Abstract

Experiments were run using an n-propyl amine polar bonded phase (Chromosorb LC-9) liquid chromatographic column in both the normal and reversed phase mode. Results confirm that the mechanism of separation in the normal phase is due mainly to a charge transfer interaction between the lone pair electrons on the stationary phase nitrogen and the π electron cloud of the solute PNAs. Elution order seems to depend upon a combination of π energy, and type of ring condensation of the solute. Plots of log I versus number of aromatic carbons for catacondensed PNAs suggest that while the specific interaction is different than that seen in silica chromatography, the overall adsorption effect is comparable. In the reversed phase there may be two types of separation mechanisms: 1) a pure partitioning effect in highly polar mobile phases (methanol/water), or 2) a mixture of liquid-solid adsorption and liquid-liquid partition in less polar solvent systems (acetonitrile/water).     

Green high‐performance liquid chromatography enantioseparation of lansoprazole using a cellulose‐based chiral stationary phase under ethanol/water mode

A simple and environmentally friendly reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the separation of the enantiomers of lansoprazole has been developed. The chromatographic resolution was carried out on the cellulose‐based Chiralpak IC‐3 chiral stationary phase using a green and low‐toxicity ethanol‐aqueous mode. The effects of water content in the mobile phase and column temperature on the retention of the enantiomers of lansoprazole and its chiral and achiral related substances have been carefully investigated. A mixed‐mode hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and reversed‐phase retention mechanism operating on the IC‐3 chiral stationary phase allowed us to achieve simultaneous enantioselective and chemoselective separations in water‐rich conditions. The enantiomers of lansoprazole were baseline resolved with a mobile phase consisting of ethanol/water 50:50 without any interference coming from chiral and achiral impurities within 10 min.     

乙醇-水作为反相高效液相色谱流动相的研究

测定了乙醇在不同温度下的粘度,比较了乙醇与甲醇的理化性质和作反相高效液相色谱（ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ）溶剂的特点。用乙醇 水作ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ流动相测定中药有效成分,并将测定结果与甲醇 水或乙腈 水作流动相的测定结果进行比较。研究结果表明,选择合适的柱温等色谱条件,乙醇一般可以代替甲醇或乙腈用作ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ流动相。     

Effect of water on the retention on diol and amide columns in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

The amount of water adsorbed on polar columns plays important role in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. It may strongly differ for the individual types of polar columns used in this separation mode. We measured adsorption isotherms of water on an amide and three diol‐bonded stationary phases that differ in the chemistry of the bonded ligands and properties of the silica gel support. We studied the effects of the adsorbed water on the retention of aromatic carboxylic acids, flavonoids, benzoic acid derivatives, nucleic bases, and nucleosides in aqueous‐acetonitrile mobile phases over the full composition range. The graphs of the retention factors versus the volume fraction of water in mobile phase show “U‐profile” characteristic of a dual hydrophilic interaction–reversed phase retention mechanism. The minimum on the graph that marks the changing retention mechanism depends on the amount of adsorbed water. The linear solvation energy relationship model suggests that the retention in the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode is controlled mainly by proton–donor interactions in the stationary phase, depending on the column type. Finally, the accuracy of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gradient prediction improves for columns that show a high water adsorption.     

Axial temperature gradient and mobile phase gradient in microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography

The effect of axial temperature gradient (ATG) along a microcolumn on the separation performance at both isocratic and gradient elution mode was investigated. A thermostat system was designed to form an ATG along the packed column. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were separated on a 0.53 mm  × 150 mm i.d. 5 μm C₁₈ microcolumn, with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The separation results obtained at mobile phase gradient (MPG) and ATG in microcolumn HPLC were compared with the results performed at ambient conditions. Extrapolated curves of peak width at half height (wh)versus lnk showed that wh is narrower at the same retention time when ATG was applied in addition to MPG. The column efficiency was enhanced 20-30% and the resolution was slightly reduced because of reduction of selectivity at elevated temperature at ATG condition. The RSD of retention time in ATG mode was less than 2.5%.     

Direction of temperature gradient for normal-phase temperature gradient interaction chromatography in polystyrene fractionation

Temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) is a powerful technique for molecular weight fractionation of polymers, in which the interaction strength is controlled by varying the column temperature. In the present paper, the effects of the sign of the temperature dependence of the retention and the direction of the temperature gradient (raising or lowering) on TGIC in the normal-phase mode were studied for the molecular weight fractionation of polystyrene samples in organic mobile phases. It was found that a positive temperature gradient was effective in the system consisting of amino-modified silica (NH(2)) column and the eluent mixture of tetrahydrofuran and n-hexane where retention decreased with increasing temperature. A negative temperature gradient was effective for the systems consisting of a bare-silica column//chloroform/n-hexane and NH(2)-column//chloroform/n-hexane, where retention increased with increasing temperature. Increasing retention with increasing temperature has been found, so far, only for a water-soluble polymer (PEO) in an aqueous mobile phase in RP-TGIC.     

Chiral discrimination of phenoxypropionic acid herbicides on teicoplanin phase: Effect of mobile phase modifier

Summary The chiral recgonition mechanism for a series of phenoxypropionic acid herbicides was investigated in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) on a teicoplanin stationary phase over a wide range of column temperatures. Thermodynamic constants, of the transfer of an enantiomer from the mobile to the teicoplanin stationary phases were determined. The van't Hoff plots for all solutes had a break at a critical temperature T^* showing a variation in the enantiomer retention mechanism due to a change in the conformational state of the teicoplanin, structure. Additionally, enthalpy-entropy compensation confirmed both the change in enantiomer interaction mechanism observed for regions T<T^* and T>T^* and the independence of this mechanism from (i) herbicide molecular structure,s i.e. the position of the chloro group on the phenol ring and (ii) the carbon absolute configuration. Moreover, the increasing enantioselectivity with increasing methanol fraction in the mobile phase was attributed to restriction of the solute association in the teicoplain, stationary phase, leading to favorable stereoselective interactions. This behavior was used to optimize chromatographic conditions for separation of herbicide enantiomers on teicoplanin.     

High temperature liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of octylphenol ethoxylates on different stationary phases

Temperature was investigated as active parameter in the liquid chromatography (LC) analysis of octylphenol ethoxylates. Significant differences in selectivity were observed when the oligomers were analyzed by reversed phase LC (RPLC) on silica-, zirconia- and polystyrene/divinylbenzene based stationary phases at low (ambient), medium and elevated temperature with acetonitrile/water as mobile phase. As ascertained by LC-mass spectroscopy (MS), in most cases the elution order of the oligomers was completely reversed comparing ambient and high temperature separations. On a graphitized carbon type column, the selectivity remained unchanged, regardless the analysis temperature. Also in normal phase LC, the elution order remained unaffected by temperature variations both for acetonitrile/water and methanol/water mixtures as mobile phase. Surprisingly, when reversed phase LC on a octadecylsilicagel column at different temperatures was repeated with methanol instead of acetonitrile as mobile phase ingredient, the reversal of elution order did not take place. Results are evaluated in terms of thermodynamic parameters.     

Temperature and enantioseparation by macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases

Seventy-one chiral compounds were separated on four macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selectors: teicoplanin, its aglycone, ristocetin A and vancomycin, using three possible separation modes: reversed phase with methanol/buffer mobile phases, normal phase with hexane/ethanol mobile phases and polar ionic mode (PIM) with 100% methanol mobile phase with trace amounts of acid and/or base. These 148 separations were studied in a 5-45 degrees C temperature range. Peak efficiencies always increased with temperature, but in only 17% of the separations studied a small increase of the enantioresolution factor was observed. In the majority (83%) of the cases, the enantioresolution decreased or even vanished when temperature increased. All 148 Van't Hoff plots were linear showing that the selector did not change in the temperature range studied. The calculated enthalpy and entropy variations showed that the interaction of the solute with the stationary phase was always enthalpy driven with normal and reversed mobile phases. It could be enthalpy as well as entropy driven with PIM mobile phases strongly dependent on the solute. The plots of delta(deltaH) versus delta(deltaS) were linear in most cases (enthalpy entropy compensation). This observation cannot be used to give clear information on chiral recognition mechanisms, but it allowed identifying specific stationary phase-solute interactions because the points corresponding to the respective thermodynamic parameters were clearly delineated from the general compensation lines.     

强极性中药组分的亲水作用色谱保留行为

采用亲水作用色谱模式,以二醇基硅胶为固定相,水-有机溶剂为流动相,通过改变流动相中有机溶剂种类及浓度、缓冲盐、有机酸种类及其浓度、柱温等条件,研究了强极性中药组分在亲水作用色谱中的保留行为。结果表明:流动相中水的比例在0～100%(V/V)变化时,溶质保留呈U型曲线,属于亲水色谱和反相色谱的混合保留机理。水含量在0～50%(V/V)范围时,亲水作用控制溶质的保留。溶质保留随流动相中缓冲盐浓度的增大而增强。对于酸性溶质,其保留随有机酸三氟乙酸、甲酸、乙酸的酸性降低而增大。     

Retention Mechanism of Phenolic Compounds in Subcritical Water Chromatography

The transfer enthalpies and entropies of hydroxyl and nitryl in different mobile phase systems were compared by van't Hoff curve. Results suggest that the presence of acetonitrile and methanol in the mobile phase may decrease the interaction of solute and stationary phase with respect to subcritical water, thereby reducing the contribution of enthalpy to the retention. Retention mechanisms of phenolic compound appear to be more similar in subcritical water and water/methanol systems on the PRP-1 column. Hydrogen bond in subcritical water system plays a very important role in the retention of the phenols.     

Diastereo-enantioseparation of novel γ-lactamic derivatives on cellulose chiral stationary phases

Summary This paper describes the enantiorecognition of 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-aryl-2-pyrrolidinonic systems by high-performance liquid chromatography using two chiral derivatized cellulose stationary phases (CSPs) operated in the normal phase mode. According our results, the tris-(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) cellulose, Chiralcel^? OD, is more suitable than the tris-(4-methyl-phenylbenzoate), Chiralcel^? OJ. On the first column, the resolution of the pyrrolidinonic compounds depends on the alcoholic modifier percentage. A possible solute-stationary phase recognition mechanism is discussed. The temperature and mobile phase composition have been considered to explain the different contribution for the enantiomeric resolution.     

Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation of Octylsilica Stationary Phase in Reversed-Phase HPLC

Abstract

Enthalpy-entropy compensation has been investigated in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with octylsilica stationary phase. The compensation temperatures were determined for this system, and the results show that their change with the composition of the mobile phase was almost similar to that with octadecylsilica stationary phase. It is concluded that the retention mechanism of the separation of alkylbenzenes in both systems with the mobile phase exceed 20% water content is the same.     

Capillary liquid chromatography as a tool for separation of hydrophobic basic drugs. Relation between tests for column characterization and real analysis

Two capillary columns for reversed phase (RP) capillary liquid chromatography (CLC), viz. Nucleosil 100‐5 C18 and LiChrosorb RP‐select B, were characterized by the Walters test, i.e. the chromatographic test proposed for RP stationary phases. Hydrophobicity indices were determined not only in acetonitrile/water mobile phase, as proposed in the test, but they were also measured in buffered systems. This approach was used to quantify the influence of mobile phase composition on the modification of the surface of the stationary phases. In the next step, small basic compounds differing in their hydrophobicity and basicity were selected and their retention on the stationary phases in mobile phases of the same composition as used for column testing was examined. Furthermore, the retention of newly synthesized drugs, chemotherapeutics derived from thioacridine and pyridoquinoline, differing in their structures, basicity, and hydrophobicity, was also studied. The composition of the mobile phases had to be shifted to higher contents of organic modifiers – acetonitrile or methanol – in order to elute these hydrophobic compounds from the columns. The question we wanted to answer was: How is the method for testing of reversed phases related to retention, separation efficiency, and peak symmetry of various analytes?