高效液相色谱联合红外光谱剖析医药-护肤液成分

采用溶剂抽提和几种仪器联合分析的方法剖析了医药－护肤－化妆液的成分。通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）、红外光谱（IR）、元素分析等仪器对药－液抽提浓缩段的联合分析，准确地确定药液中主要有效成分为甲基脱氢皮质甾醇醋酸酯，还以HPLC定性、定量检测了药液中其它成分。     

膜富集吸光光度法测定痕量铜

将痕量成分富集在特定的滤膜上 ,再选用合适的溶剂 ,溶解后测定的方法称为滤膜溶解方法[1 ] 。本文以 PAN为显色剂 ,以 2 5mm的 WX型混合纤维作富集的滤膜 (孔径为 0 .65μm)。研究表明 ,在硼砂-盐酸缓冲液 ( p H8.5)中 ,Cu( ) - PAN能被完全络合和被纤维素滤膜完全捕集。然后用无水乙醇溶解捕集物 ,建立了液 -膜富集分离并测量痕量铜的吸光光度法。该法富集倍数高 ,测定结果满意。1　试验部分1 .1　仪器与试剂7550型紫外 -可见分光光度计p HS- 4型智能酸度计YBD×L3D型电动吸引器Cu( )标准溶液 :1 0 0 ,1 0 ,2μg· ml- 1PAN…     

准液膜-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铬

用选择性好,富集倍数高的液膜法处理含铬废水已有报道[1]。本文在文献[2,3]的基础上,进一步探讨了准液膜的富集行为,确立了以液膜体系富集铬的最佳试验条件,并用于废水中铬的测定,得到了满意的结果。1　试验部分1.1　主要仪器与试剂WYX 402A型原子吸收分光光度计(沈阳分析仪器厂),准液膜体系富集装置(自制,见图1)。　　　　图1　准液膜体系富集装置Fig.1　Preconcentrationinstallationofthequasi 　　　　　　liquid membrane　　1.料液池(Cellforsamplesolution)　　2.分离柱(Separationcolumn)　　3.解吸剂池(Cellforabsorbent)…     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析电子烟烟液中的香味成分

为了检测电子烟烟液中的香味成分,建立了固相萃取-气相色谱质谱检测方法。利用Li Chrolut EN固相萃取柱富集香味成分,以二氯甲烷为洗脱剂,洗脱液用气相色谱串联质谱分析。方法能有效富集烟液中的香味物质,排除雾化剂(甘油、丙二醇)对香味成分的干扰;重复性较好,大部分化合物峰面积相对标准偏差小于10%。利用该方法分析了4种烟液样品,结果不同口味电子烟所含香味成分差别较大。     

间接顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法对红花香雪兰天然花香成分的分析

建立了间接顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱对红花香雪兰天然花香成分的分析方法。首先利用气体采样装置对花香成分进行固相富集,富集后的花香成分在浸提液中解析,之后利用顶空固相微萃取方法对浸提液中的花香成分进行分析。红花香雪兰花香中主要成分(沉香醇、松油醇、紫罗兰酮和二氢紫罗兰酮)定量分析优化实验条件：Florisil(弗罗里硅土)作为吸附剂,水-甲醇混合液(9∶1, V/V)和0.6 mol/L HCl作为浸提液,萃取温度70℃,平衡时间为25 min。实验结果表明,沉香醇和松油醇在1~100μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.981),检出限分别为0.05和0.10μg;二氢紫罗兰酮和紫罗兰酮在0.5~50μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.988),检出限为0.02μg。     

液膜法分离钴和镍

钻、镍的分离一直受到关注，人们先后利用离子交换法［’‘、色谱法［’‘、苹取法「’‘等方法对它们在水溶液中共存时进行了分离．本文利用液膜法将共存的微量钻、镍一步分离开，同时富集了钻离子．利用液膜富集和分离钻、镍，大量工作是针对它们的富集；对其实施分离，报道甚少［‘·’‘，且分离效果不够满意．将EDTA作为掩蔽剂应用于钻、镍的分离，尚未见报道·仪器为721型分光光度计（上海第三分析仪器厂），PHS－ZC精密酸度计（上海雷磁仪器厂）．试剂为2一乙基已基单2一乙基己基磷酸酯（P507，中国科学院上海有机化学研究所），…     

香米特征香味成分2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉提取及检测方法研究进展

2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉（2-AP）是目前已经探明的香米特征性香味成分，其含量的高低直接影响香米的品质与价格，但由于该成分在天然香米中的含量通常低至微克每千克，在采用现代分析检测方法测定时，还可能受到样品基质干扰、色谱分离共流出等问题的影响，因此，如何从稻米样品中高效提取该化合物并结合适当的检测方法进行精确测定具有一定的挑战性。该文综述了对稻米中2-AP进行测定时常用的样品前处理方法及仪器分析方法。样品前处理方法主要有蒸馏法、萃取法及顶空富集法等；仪器分析方法主要包括气相色谱及气相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-嗅觉测试法，以及最新被开发出来的衍生化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。该综述将为食品贸易领域香米中2-AP的测定、农业领域香米的遗传育种及水肥管理、食品加工领域米香类稳定风味成分的开发等提供参考依据。     

低温富集-GC-MS结合保留指数分析赣南脐橙果肉成分

应用低温富集液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定了赣南脐橙果肉的成分。通过NIST库检索结合保留指数对赣南脐橙成分进行了定性分析,共鉴定出60种组分,主要包括萜烯类、酯类、醇类、烷烃类。与常温液液萃取提取的组分相比较,低温富集提取出两种新成分,亚油酸和亚麻酸;与常温液液萃取的富集倍数相比较,在常温液液萃取和低温富集萃取两种方法均提取出的共有成分中,其低温富集倍数基于高于常温富集倍数,最高达11.2。     

低温富集/GC-MS分析南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法研究

建立了低温富集/气相色谱-质谱测定南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法。对样品前处理中的溶剂种类、冷冻温度以及冷冻时间进行了优化,最终确定低温富集的前处理条件：正己烷为萃取溶剂;冷冻温度为-40 ℃;冷冻时间选择1 h。结果表明,采用低温富集/GC-MS结合保留指数定性对南丰蜜桔果肉进行成分分析,共鉴别出64种主要成分,主要包括酯类、萜烯类、醇类以及烷烃类。将低温富集所得结果分别与常温液液萃取结果及文献结果进行比较,所建立的方法可选择性富集一些极性大、热稳定性较差、难挥发性的物质。     

低温富集/GC-MS分析南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法研究

建立了低温富集/气相色谱-质谱测定南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法。对样品前处理中的溶剂种类、冷冻温度以及冷冻时间进行了优化,最终确定低温富集的前处理条件:正己烷为萃取溶剂;冷冻温度为-40℃;冷冻时间选择1 h。结果表明,采用低温富集/GC-MS结合保留指数定性对南丰蜜桔果肉进行成分分析,共鉴别出64种主要成分,主要包括酯类、萜烯类、醇类以及烷烃类。将低温富集所得结果分别与常温液液萃取结果及文献结果进行比较,所建立的方法可选择性富集一些极性大、热稳定性较差、难挥发性的物质。     

Determination of berberine and strychnine in medicinal plants and herbal preparations by pressurized liquid extraction with capillary zone electrophoresis.

A simple and rapid method for the determination of berberine and strychnine in medicinal plants and herbal preparations for regulatory purposes using a home-made pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) system with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using ultraviolet detection at 254 nm was developed. The effects of pH, concentration of buffer, and organic modifiers in the electrophoretic separation were investigated. The buffer used for CZE contained 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 3.1. The effect of temperature on the extraction efficiency of strychnine in medicinal plants by PLE was demonstrated. Comparable or higher extraction efficiency was achieved with PLE for strychnine in medicinal plants and berberine in herbal preparations compared to soxhlet extraction. The effect of matrix interference in medicinal plants and herbal preparations containing a number of medicinal plants samples using CZE was investigated by standard additional experiments. The reproducibility of the method using PLE with CZE was found to vary between 2.4 and 10.7% (n = 5/6) for different types of samples on different days.     

Pressurized liquid extraction of berberine and aristolochic acids in medicinal plants

Berberine and aristolochic acids I and II present naturally in medicinal plants were extracted using a laboratory-made pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) system in the dynamic mode. As the target analytes were present naturally in the medicinal plants, spiking was not done and comparison with ultrasonic extraction and Soxhlet extraction was performed to assess the method accuracy. The effect of temperature, volume of solvent required and particle size were investigated. Method precision (RSD, n=5) between 1.98 and 3.4% was achieved for the extraction of berberine and aristolochic acids I and II in medicinal plants and lower than 8% for lower levels of aristolochic acid II in medicinal plants.     

Separation of aromatic solvents from oil refinery reformates by a newly designed ionic liquid using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

The aim of this study was to determine whether the new ionic liquid, N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐oxopyrrolidonium iodide, synthesized in our laboratory is a suitable solvent for the separation of aromatic components benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes from petroleum mixtures (reformates) in liquid–liquid extraction. In pursuance of the above aim, a method to extract all components of a mixture, containing four aromatic components simultaneously, was developed. A new ionic liquid and a previously used liquid were compared for their extraction abilities. These ionic liquids were, respectively, N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐oxopyrrolidinium iodide and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium ethyl sulfate. The concentrations of each benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes component in the extract and raffinate phases were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection as volume percent to determine the extraction ability of the ionic liquids. The results obtained for both the reformate samples and model mixtures indicated that the new ionic liquid was effective as an extracting solvent for the recovery of aromatic components from reformates. Also the analysis results, using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, for the reformate samples were as good as the results obtained by a local oil refinery. The extraction results also show that the developed method is very suitable for the separation and analysis of aromatic components in reformates.     

Determination of volatile components in peptic powder by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with chemometric resolution upon two-dimensional data was proposed as a method for the analysis of volatile components in a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation peptic powder which contains Rhizoma Atractylodis, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis and Radix Glycyrrhizae. Ninety-three components were separated and 65 of them were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed which represented about 90.28% of the total content. With the help of chemometric resolution, the data were resolved into a pure chromatogram and a mass spectrum of each chemical component. The accuracy of qualitative and quantitative results was greatly improved by using the two-dimensional comprehensive information of chromatograms and mass spectra. The example showed that chemometric resolution could greatly enhance separation ability. This makes it possible to analyze complicated practical systems like traditional Chinese medicinal preparations with the help of coupled instruments and chemometric resolution methods.     

Application of ionic liquids based enzyme-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaves

A new approach for ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction (ILEAE) of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides is presented in which enzyme pretreatment was used in ionic liquids aqueous media to enhance extraction yield. For this purpose, the solubility of CGA and the activity of cellulase were investigated in eight 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Cellulase in 0.5 M [C6mim]Br aqueous solution was found to provide better performance in extraction. The factors of ILEAE procedures including extraction time, extraction phase pH, extraction temperatures and enzyme concentrations were investigated. Moreover, the novel developed approach offered advantages in term of yield and efficiency compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Scanning electronic microscopy of plant samples indicated that cellulase treated cell wall in ionic liquid solution was subjected to extract, which led to more efficient extraction by reducing mass transfer barrier. The proposed ILEAE method would develope a continuous process for enzyme-assisted extraction including enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process. In this research, we propose a novel view for enzyme-assisted extraction of plant active component, besides concentrating on enzyme facilitated cell wall degradation, focusing on improvement of bad permeability of ionic liquids solutions.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitors screening from Cyclocarya paliurus based on spectrum–effect relationship and UPLC–MS/MS

Cyclocarya paliurus is an edible and medicinal plant exhibiting significant hypoglycemic effect. However, its active components are still unclear and need further elucidation. In this research, the active components of the leaves of C. paliurus responsible for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were screened and identified based on a spectrum–effect relationship study in combination with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis. The 70% ethanol eluate fraction of the leaves of C. paliurus with the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was obtained after extraction and purification with macroporous resin. Their chromatographic fingerprints (15 batches) were established by UPLC analysis and 32 common peaks were specified by similarity analysis. Their IC₅₀ values for α-glucosidase inhibition were measured by an enzymatic reaction. Several multivariate statistical analysis methods including hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, partial least square analysis and gray relational analysis were applied to explore the spectrum–effect relationship between common peaks and IC₅₀ values, and the chromatographic peaks making a large contribution to efficacy were screened out. To further elucidate the active components of leaves of C. paliurus, the 70% ethanol eluate fraction was characterized by UPLC–MS/MS analysis, and 10 compounds were identified. This study provides a valuable reference for further research and development of hypoglycemic active components of C. paliurus.     

Identification of volatile components in Angelica species using supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

As a part of our search for environmentally friendly solvents to extract the active components of medicinal plants, two sampling techniques, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO(2) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) were compared for their efficacy in the analysis of volatiles rhizome components emitted from the medicinal herbs Angelica gigas NAKAI (Korean danggui), Angelica sinensis (Chinese danggui), and Angelica acutiloba (Japanese danggui). A total of 54 compounds released from all of these varieties of Angelica rhizomes were separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The composition of supercritical extracts from these plants was very different from the solid-phase microextraction products. More compounds were detected by SPME-GC-MS (41) than by SFE-GC-MS (17). The results of these analyses suggest that SFE may be useful for detecting the main components, decursinol angelate and decursin in Korean danggui, and butylidene dihydro-phthalide in both Chinese and Japanese danggui, whereas the results for SPME did not. The SFE method required specialized instrumentation, required little time to prepare the sample, and had a small sample size and no organic solvent. In sum, these results suggest that SFE is useful for extracting the volatile main components of danggui cultivars. Its simplicity, low cost and speed may allow SPME to increase the recovery of volatile components in general without disturbing the main components of the plant.     

Ionic liquid‐based microwave‐assisted extraction for the determination of flavonoid glycosides in pigeon pea leaves by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector with pentafluorophenyl column

In this study, an ionic liquid‐based microwave‐assisted extraction (ILMAE) followed by high‐performance liquid chromatograph y ‐diode array detector with a pentafluorophenyl column for the extraction and quantification of eight flavonoid glycosides in pigeon pea leaves is described. Compared with conventional extraction methods, ILMAE is a more effective and environment friendly method for the extraction of nature compounds from herbal plants. Nine different types of ionic liquids with different cations and anions were investigated. The results suggested that varying the anion and cation had significant effects on the extraction of flavonoid glycosides, and 1.0 M 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C4MIM]Br) solution was selected as solvent. In addition, the extraction procedures were also optimized using a series of single‐factor experiments. The optimum parameters were obtained as follows: extraction temperature 60°C, liquid–solid ratio 20:1 mL/g and extraction time 13 min. Moreover, an HPLC method using pentafluorophenyl column was established and validated. Good linearity was observed with the regression coefficients (r²) more than 0.999. The limit of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) and limit of quantification (LOQs) (S/N = 10) for the components were less than 0.41 and 1.47 μg/mL, respectively. The inter‐ and intraday precisions that were used to evaluate the reproducibility and relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 4.57%. The recoveries were between 97.26 and 102.69%. The method was successfully used for the analysis of samples of pigeon pea leaves. In conclusion, the developed ILMAE‐HPLC‐diode array detector using pentafluorophenyl column method can be applied for quality control of pigeon pea leaves and related medicinal products.     

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of rutin from Chinese medicinal plants

An ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE) method has been developed for the effective extraction of rutin from Chinese medicinal plants including Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Bail. (S. chinensis) and Flos Sophorae. A series of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anions were investigated. The results indicated that the characteristics of anions have remarkable effects on the extraction efficiency of rutin and among the investigated ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br) aqueous solution was the best. In addition, the ILMAE procedures for the two kinds of medicinal herbs were also optimized by means of a series of single factor experiments and an L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal design. Compared with the optimal ionic liquid-based heating extraction (ILHE), marinated extraction (ILME), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE), the optimized approach of ILMAE gained higher extraction efficiency which is 4.879 mg/g in S. chinensis with RSD 1.33% and 171.82 mg/g in Flos Sophorae with RSD 1.47% within the shortest extraction time. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet detection was employed for the analysis of rutin in Chinese medicinal plants. Under the optimum conditions, the average recoveries of rutin from S. chinensis and Flos Sophorae were 101.23% and 99.62% with RSD lower than 3%, respectively. The developed approach is linear at concentrations from 42 to 252 mg L⁻¹ of rutin solution, with the regression coefficient (r) at 0.99917. Moreover, the extraction mechanism of ILMAE and the microstructures and chemical structures of the two researched samples before and after extraction were also investigated. With the help of LC-MS, it was future demonstrated that the two researched herbs do contain active ingredient of rutin and ionic liquids would not influence the structure of rutin.