不同铝硅比对莫来石材料显微结构及性能的影响

选用铝矾土作为铝源,煤矸石为硅源,氟化铝和五氧化二钒为添加剂,通过固相反应原位制备了主晶相为莫来石相的晶体.利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜以及相应的EDS等手段对莫来石进行了表征分析,并考察了在不同铝硅比的条件下对所制试样的显气孔率、吸水率、体积密度、抗折强度以及显微结构的变化特征.结果表明:当铝矾土与煤矸石的铝硅摩尔比为3.05:2时,显气孔率为23.6;、吸水率为10.55;、体积密度为2.3 g/cm3、抗折强度为114 MPa,试样的综合性能最优.     

磷酸盐低温烧结高强度SiC泡沫陶瓷及性能研究

通过有机模板复制法,以磷酸二氢铝为粘结剂,950 ℃烧成制备了高强度SiC泡沫陶瓷.研究了浆料中SiC含量和磷酸二氢铝含量对SiC泡沫陶瓷微观结构与性能的影响.结果表明:SiC微粉由A型Al(PO3)3粘结起来,烧成泡沫陶瓷通孔结构良好,开气孔率介于75;~91;之间.随着磷酸二氢铝含量的增加,烧成泡沫陶瓷的线收缩率、体积密度和抗折强度均逐渐增加,而开气孔率则逐渐减小;随着SiC含量的增加,烧成泡沫陶瓷的线收缩率和开气孔率均逐渐减小,而体积密度和抗折强度则逐渐增加.磷酸二氢铝含量为40;、SiC含量为60;时,泡沫陶瓷的抗折强度达(2.22±0.26) MPa.     

Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响

以Al粉为烧结助剂,采用无压烧结工艺于1600℃下保温3 h烧制SiC陶瓷材料,研究了不同Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:Al粉可促进SiC陶瓷材料的烧结和力学性能的提高,同时起抗氧化的作用,且粒度较小的Al粉对其性能提升的幅度较大.当添加4wt;粒度为48μm的Al粉时,SiC陶瓷材料的性能较佳,体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.69 g/cm3和5.8;,显微硬度和抗折强度分别为2790 HV和189 MPa.SiC陶瓷材料烧结性能和力学性能的提高可归因于Al粉的促烧结作用,及其氧化产物Al2 O3和原位生成的少量莫来石分布在SiC颗粒间所起的强化作用.     

助熔剂法合成α-Al2O3片晶及其多孔陶瓷的制备及表征

实验首先以γ-AlOOH粉体为原料,KCl-Na2SO4复合盐为熔剂,采用助熔剂法合成了α-Al2O3片晶,通过对合成片晶成型烧成,制备具有片状晶体支撑的氧化铝多孔陶瓷材料.并对α-Al2O3片晶形成过程,多孔陶瓷显气孔率、抗折强度、微观结构以及孔径分布进行了研究.研究结果表明,在KCl与Na2SO4复合盐存在情况下,可在900℃条件下合成分散性好,颗粒大小均匀的六方形α-Al2O3片晶,片晶的直径大约在10μm,厚度为0.3～0.5 μm.合成的α-Al2O3片晶具有非常好的烧结活性,在无添加烧结助剂的情况下,1600℃保温2h得到了显气孔率为41.74;,抗折强度为115.34MPa,孔径分布范围窄的氧化铝多孔陶瓷.窄的孔径分布以及优异的机械性能使其成为一种很有前途的膜支撑体和精确过滤材料.     

铝钛渣固相反应合成六铝酸钙材料的研究

以铁合金厂铝钛渣为主要原料,通过高温固相反应制备六铝酸钙材料,研究不同煅烧温度对六铝酸钙材料相组成、微观结构、致密度以及主晶相六铝酸钙的晶胞常数的影响.用XRD分析法和SEM法对烧后试样的相组成和显微结构进行研究,利用X pert plus软件对试样中六铝酸钙的晶格常数、晶胞体积及相对结晶度进行计算.结果表明,随着煅烧温度的增高,六铝酸钙材料结构中的热缺陷浓度增大,六铝酸钙晶格常数和晶胞体积逐渐增大,六铝酸钙材料的体积密度及微观结构致密性逐渐增大,微观结构中液相量逐渐增多,六铝酸钙材料的相对结晶度降低.     

不同硅源原位合成莫来石及其性能

分别选用煤矸石、粉煤灰、黄沙、苏州土为硅源,工业氢氧化铝为铝源,氟化铝和五氧化二钒为添加剂,通过固相反应法原位合成了具有莫来石晶相的样品.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对试样的物相结构和微观形貌进行了分析,研究了在不同的硅源下制备的试样性能及其结构的特征变化.结果表明:利用苏州土作为硅源能够合成具有针状形貌的莫来石晶相,分别以煤矸石和黄沙作为硅源合成了具有柱状形貌的莫来石和片状形貌的氧化铝晶相,而以粉煤灰作为硅源合成的主晶相为柱状的莫来石;并分别对不同硅源制备的试样的体积密度、显气孔率以及抗折强度进行了分析,探讨了莫来石的形成机理.     

熔融石英坩埚在烧结和铸锭过程中的结构及性质

通过X射线衍射测试、薄片观察、SEM形貌分析、显气孔率和体积密度测量等方法,对熔融石英坩埚在烧结和铸锭过程中的物相、结构和性质变化进行了表征;为提高坩埚的强度和致密性,分别进行了烧结实验和硅溶胶浸渍实验.在本实验条件下,α-方石英的(101)衍射峰强度与坩埚结晶度呈线性相关(相关系数r=0.9999),可应用于坩埚结晶度的检测;保温时间为6h时,坩埚烧结的上限温度为1170℃,此时其结晶度为0.6;;比较了不同的硅溶胶浸渍方式对于坩埚致密度的影响,其中真空浸渍效果较明显,使得坩埚的显气孔率下降13;,体积密度上升7;.     

透辉石改性粉煤灰基莫来石的性能和微观结构

为提高粉煤灰基莫来石的力学性能,以透辉石为烧结助剂,低温条件下采用无压烧结法制得了致密高强的莫来石.通过对莫来石线收缩率、体积密度、抗折强度、孔结构的测试,并借助X射线衍射、显微镜观察、扫描电镜微观分析等方法,研究了不同烧结温度时透辉石掺量对莫来石性能和结构的影响.结果表明:烧结温度为1400℃、透辉石掺量为8;时制得的莫来石性能最佳.此时,莫来石试样的线收缩率、体积密度和抗折强度最大,分别为13.3; 、2.88 g/cm3和160.6 MPa;试样的显气孔率仅为2.5;,莫来石试样致密程度高.透辉石在高温(≥1250℃)下熔融成液相,不但可填补莫来石烧结形成的孔洞,提高了试样结构的致密性,且有利于莫来石液相烧结,促进莫来石晶相的形成,莫来石晶相由细针状发育成短柱状,晶粒交叉生长,形成致密高强的粉煤灰基莫来石.     

AlN-Y2O3配比对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响

在AlN-Y2O3添加量为6wt;的前提下,将摩尔比分别为10∶90、20∶80、30∶70和40∶60的AlN、Y2O3引入SiC耐磨材料中,于氧化气氛下经1600℃保温3h烧成,研究了AlN、Y2O3配比对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:AlN、Y2O3配比对SiC耐磨材料的性能影响较大,当其为30∶70时,SiC耐磨材料的性能较优,其体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.66 g/cm3和3.95;,磨损量为0.11 g/min,硬度和抗折强度分别为2774 HV和185 MPa.SiC耐磨材料较优异的烧结性能和力学性能可归因于新生成的Y2Si2O7和3Al2O3·2SiO2充填于SiC颗粒间所起的强化作用.     

SiC微粉添加量对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响

以紧密堆积的三级配SiC颗粒(粒径为325 μm、212 μm、80 μm,质量比为17∶7∶1)为基础配方,将Owt;、1wt;、2wt;、3wt;和4wt;且粒径为5μm的SiC微粉添加到SiC耐磨材料中,经1600℃保温3h烧制,研究了SiC微粉添加量对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:SiC微粉可促进SiC耐磨材料的烧结致密化,并改善其力学性能,当其添加量为3wt;时,试样的综合性能较优,其体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.63 g/cm3和7.62;,硬度、抗折强度和磨损量分别为2458 HV、183 Mpa和0.26 g/min.SiC耐磨材料烧结性能和力学性能的提高可归因子SiC微粉充填在SiC颗粒间,缩短了扩散传质路径,且较小粒径的SiC微粉具有较大的表面能,烧结时易于晶粒重排,保证了烧结网络的连续性,增大了颗粒间的结合程度.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.