离子束作用下KDP晶体表面粗糙度研究

为了避免传统加工过程对KDP( Potassium dihydrogen phosphate)晶体表面产生损伤、嵌入杂质等降低晶体抗激光损伤阈值的不利因素,文章探索采用离子束抛光技术实现KDP晶体的加工.本文主要分析了离子束抛光作用下KDP晶体表面粗糙度的演变过程,采用垂直入射和倾斜45°入射两种方式研究KDP晶体表面粗糙度,利用倾斜45°入射的加工方式提高了KDP晶体的表面质量,其表面均方根粗糙度值由初始的3.07 nm减小到了1.95 nm,实验结果验证了离子束抛光加工KDP晶体的可行性.     

抛光加工参数对KDP晶体材料去除和表面质量的影响

针对软脆易潮解KDP功能晶体材料的加工难点,提出了一种基于潮解原理的无磨料化学机械抛光新方法,研制了一种非水基无磨料抛光液,该抛光液结构为油包水型微乳液.通过控制抛光液中的含水量可以方便地控制KDP晶体静态蚀刻率和抛光过程中材料的去除率.实验中还研究了不同加工参数对晶体材料去除率和已加工表面质量的影响.该抛光液的设计为易潮解晶体的超精密抛光加工提供了一条新的技术途径.     

微纳水溶解抛光工艺参数对KDP晶体面粗糙度影响的试验研究

微纳水溶解抛光与计算机控制光学表面成形(CCOS)小工具抛光技术相结合,是针对大尺寸易溶于水的KDP晶体元件的一种有效加工方法.本文针对小工具抛光中行星运动方式及水溶解抛光工艺特点,为揭示各抛光工艺参数对KDP晶体表面粗糙度的影响规律,对晶体进行均匀抛光,并以抛光头转速比和转速、自转和公转方向、抛光载荷、抛光头直径、抛光液含水量为参变量,得到了最优抛光参数:抛光头公转自转反向,转速100r/min;抛光液含水量7.5;(质量分数);使用较大尺寸抛光头(工件尺寸的十分之一至五分之一).     

KDP晶体离子束抛光温度场模拟与工艺参数优化

为解决离子束加工热效应这一棘手问题,必须了解离子束加工过程中光学元件的温度场分布,以期优化工艺参数来降低离子束加工过程中光学元件的温度.本文基于ANSYS参数化设计语言(APDL),建立离子束作用下温度场模型,模拟离子束加工KDP晶体过程,并对不同工艺参数条件下工件的温度场进行仿真.分析了工艺参数对KDP晶体温升的影响规律,并通过正交分析方法优化了工艺参数.优化结果表明:从影响工件温度变化程度的角度,离子入射角度θ＞入射离子能量ε＞峰值束流密度J＞扫描行间距系数μ＞束流分布参数σ;从降低工件温升角度,应选取较小的入射离子能量和峰值束流密度以及较大的离子束径、扫描行间距系数和入射角度,减小离子束加工对工件性能的影响,同时加工时间增加不明显.     

SiC籽晶表面状态对晶体质量的影响

为了研究表面状态对晶体质量的影响,本文分别采用腐蚀后抛光与未抛光的晶片作为籽晶,利用金相显微镜对所得晶体进行了显微观察,结果表明:经过腐蚀后抛光的籽晶生长出的晶体质量高于未抛光籽晶所得晶体;生长前端的位错尺寸以及数量小于未抛光籽晶,说明抛光去除了部分表面浅的缺陷腐蚀坑,同时减小深腐蚀坑的尺寸,使得籽晶生长表面的缺陷密度和尺寸大大降低,有助于减少后期生长的晶体中的缺陷密度,提高结晶质量.     

LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光机理

胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体获得无损伤的超光滑表面,结合前人对抛光机理的认识,探讨了超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理,分析了化学机械抛光中的原子级材料去除机理.在此基础上,对胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体表面材料去除机理和超光滑表面的形成进行了详细的描述,研究抛光液的pH值与材料去除率和表面粗糙度的关系.LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理是抛光液与晶体表面的活泼原子层发生化学反应形成过渡的软质层,软质层在磨料和抛光盘的作用下很容易被无损伤的去除.酸性条件下,随抛光液pH值的减小抛光材料的去除率增大;抛光液pH值为4时,获得最好的表面粗糙度.     

KDP晶体金刚石线锯切割表面缺陷分析

采用树脂金刚石线锯对KDP晶体进行了锯切实验,使用扫描电子显微镜对KDP晶体锯切的表面缺陷进行了分析,分析了走丝速度和工件进给速度对KDP晶体表面缺陷特征的影响.分析发现线锯锯切的晶片表面缺陷主要有呈锯齿状形态的沟槽、表面破碎、划痕、橘皮状的外观、凹坑、以及锯切表面嵌入脱落磨粒和切屑.走丝速度增大,工件进给速度降低,锯切材料的表面缺陷逐渐由以脆性破碎凹坑为主转变为以材料微切削去除留下的沟痕为主.锯丝表面脱落的金刚石磨粒在锯切过程中在锯丝压力作用下挤压嵌入或冲击加工表面造成凹坑,对材料表面和亚表面质量的损害严重.其分析结果为获得高质量的锯切表面,进一步优化工艺参数提供了实验参考依据.     

离子束刻蚀处理CLBO晶体抛光表面的研究

本文研究了在不同作用时间、不同工件转速、不同入射角度等条件下离子束对CLBO晶体抛光表面的处理效果.用原子力显微镜来观察和比较了CLBO晶体抛光表面处理前后的形貌和粗糙度.试验结果显示,离子束刻蚀的时间并非越长越好;较大的工件转速使晶体表面粗糙度变大;当离子束入射角度在30～60°之间时,处理后晶体表面粗糙度均变小,90°入射时,粗糙度明显增大.试验证明,离子束处理对晶体抛光表面粗糙度Rz值影响较之Ra值更大.     

用于GaN薄膜生长的γ-LiAlO2晶体基片制备工艺研究

研究了铝酸锂晶体的化学机械抛光工艺.自制了SiO2悬浮液作为抛光剂,主要研究抛光过程中抛盘转速、抛光时间以及抛光压力等系列抛光工艺参数对抛光晶片表面质量的影响规律.通过优化抛光工艺参数获得了适宜制备氮化镓薄膜的铝酸锂晶体基片,最小的表面粗糙度为2.695 nm.结合氮化镓薄膜的制备条件,对抛光好的铝酸锂晶体基片采用退火的方法去除生长态晶体的热应力和机械应力.利用扫描电子显微镜研究了退火后晶片的表面质量,同时用激光共聚焦技术研究了晶体表面腐蚀坑的三维形貌.退火处理导致了铝酸锂晶体表面腐蚀坑的数目和深度增加.随着退火温度的升高和退火的保温时间的增加,铝酸锂晶体中锂元素挥发,晶体表面质量下降.但是适当的保温时间能够改善铝酸锂晶体的完整性,释放在晶体生长和试样制备过程中存在的热应力和机械应力,改善了晶体质量.     

KDP晶体各向异性对划痕特性影响的实验研究

对KDP晶体二倍频晶面样品进行金刚石球形压头纳米划痕实验,划痕方向为0°、45°和90°,划痕长度为420μm,恒斜率载荷变化范围为0～150 mN,并利用扫描电子显微镜对划痕形貌进行观察.通过对划痕深度-距离曲线及划痕形貌进行分析,获取各划痕方向脆塑去除比例和脆塑转换位置.实验结果表明:0°、45°和90°方向脆塑转变位置分别为209.0μm、158.5 μm和112.6 μm,从而可知沿0°方向划痕的样品脆塑转变最晚,临界载荷最大,划痕脆性去除最少,是样品的最优加工方向.磨削加工验证实验结果显示,0°方向平均切削力及加工后表面粗糙度均最小,进一步证实其为KDP晶体二倍频表面最优加工方向.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.