Amberlite XAD-7 impregnated with Xylenol Orange: a chelating collector for preconcentration of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) ions prior to their determination by flame AAS

A new chelating resin, Xylenol Orange coated Amberlite XAD-7, was prepared and used for preconcentration of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The optimum pH values for quantitative sorption of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) are 4.5–5.0, 4.5, 4.0–5.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 5.0–7.0, respectively, and their desorptions by 2 mol L^–1 HCl are instantaneous. The sorption capacity of the resin has been found to be 2.0, 2.6, 1.6, 1.6, 2.6 and 1.8 mg g^–1 of resin for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn, respectively. The tolerance limits of electrolytes, NaCl, NaF, NaI, NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄ and of cations, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the sorption of the six metal ions are reported. The preconcentration factor was between 50 and 200. The t_1/2 values for sorption are found to be 5.3, 2.9, 3.2, 3.3, 2.5 and 2.6 min for the six metals, respectively. The recoveries are between 96.0 and 100.0% for the different metals at preconcentration limits between 10 to 40 ng mL^–1. The preconcentration method has been applied to determine the six metal ions in river water samples after destroying the organic matter (if present in very large amount) with concentrated nitric acid (RSD ≤ 8%, except for Cd for which it is upto 12.6%) and cobalt content of vitamin tablets with RSD of ～ 3.0%.     

Removal of Trace Contaminants from Water Using New Chelating Resins

Abstract

The modification of cross‐linked polyacrylamide (CPAAm) and incorporation of methyl thiourea (MeTU) or phenyl thiourea (PhTU) group were utilized in the preparation of two new chelating resins CPAAm‐EDA‐MeTU (resin I) and CPAAM‐EDA‐PhTU (resin II), [EDA=ethylenediamine]. The prepared resins were characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The sorption behaviors of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) ions on the prepared resins were studied and the optimum sorption conditions for the tested metal ions were determined. The optimum pH value for the sorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions on both resins I and II was ranged between 7–8. The prepared new resins show very little affinity towards Pb(II) ion. The maximum experimental sorption capacities of resin I towards Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions were 3.2 and 0.6 mmol g^?1, respectively, and that of resin II were and 0.6 mmol g^?1 in the same prescribed order. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm constants and correlation coefficients for the present system were calculated and compared. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) for cadmium and zinc sorption on the prepared resins were also determined from the temperature dependence.     

Factors affecting the sorption of Eu(III) on modified silica gel</p> </p>

Summary 8-Hydroxyquinoline in benzene, xylene, chloroform and toluene diluents was used to modify silica gel as a solid phase extractant (SPE) for the sorption of Eu(III) in batch extraction techniques. Influences of solid/liquid ratio, pH, metal ion concentration, particle size and temperature were studied. The optimum initial pH is 4.2, while the maximum sorption capacities for the prepared impregnated resins in benzene, xylene, chloroform and toluene diluents are 18.52, 14.98, 14.79 and 5.94 mg ^. g^-1, respectively. The sorption process is found to be affected by both metal ion concentration and particle size of the impregnated resin. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption of Eu(III) were determined and the reaction is found to be exothermic and spontaneous with enthalpy-14.23 and-23.71 kJ ^. mol^-1 for benzene and xylene as diluents. Release of the element from the loaded solid particles into 0.01M HNO₃ is@85% and@53% from 8-HQ/benzene/silica gel and 8-HQ/xylene/silica gel.</p> </p>     

Characterization of Co(II) removal from aqueous solution using bentonite/iron oxide magnetic composites

The bentonite/iron oxide magnetic composites were prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The prepared bentonite/iron oxide magnetic composites were used as a sorbent for the removal of Co(II) ions from radioactive wastewater. The results demonstrated that the sorption of Co(II) was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength at low pH values. The sorption of Co(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation or ion exchange at low pH whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH. The presence of iron oxide in the composites also contributes to the sorption of Co(II) ions on the magnetic composites. The experimental data were well described by Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G ^°, ∆S ^°, ∆H ^°) calculated from the temperature-dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of Co(II) on bentonite/iron oxide magnetic composites was an endothermic and spontaneous processes.     

Competitive sorption of Cu(II), Eu(III) and U(VI) ions on TiO2 in aqueous solutions—A potentiometric study

The competitive sorption of Cu(II), Eu(III) and U(VI) ions in aqueous solutions by TiO₂, has been investigated by potentiometry at I = 0.1 M NaClO₄, 25 °C and under atmospheric conditions. For Cu(II) ions the investigation was performed directly by means of a Cu²⁺ ion selective electrode, whereas for the Eu(III) and U(VI) ions indirectly based on competition reactions between the Cu(II) ion and the Eu(III) and U(VI) ions. Numerical analysis of the experimental data supports the formation of inner-sphere surface complexes and allows the evaluation of the formation constant of the (TiO)₂Cu, which is found to amount to log β* = 4.3 ± 0.4. Addition of competing Eu(III) and U(VI) ions in the aqueous system leads to replacement of the Cu(II) by the competitor metal ion. Evaluation of the potentiometric data obtained from competition experiments indicates on an ion exchange mechanism. The formation constant of the Eu(III) and U(VI) species adsorbed on TiO₂ is found to be log β* = 4.4 ± 0.7 and 4.8 ± 0.8, respectively. The relative affinity of the TiO₂ surface for the metal ions under investigation is U(VI) > Eu(III) > Cu(II).     

Impact of environmental conditions on the sorption behavior of radionuclide <Superscript>60</Superscript>Co(II) on MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The fate and transport of toxic metal ions and radionuclides in the environment is generally controlled by sorption reactions. The removal of ⁶⁰Co(II) from wastewaters by MnO₂ was studied as a function of various environmental parameters such as shaking time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, and humic substances under ambient conditions. The results indicated that the sorption of ⁶⁰Co(II) on MnO₂ was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. At low pH, the sorption of ⁶⁰Co(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation and ion exchange with Na⁺/H⁺ on MnO₂ surfaces, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH. The presence of HA/FA enhances ⁶⁰Co(II) sorption at low pH values, whereas reduces ⁶⁰Co(II) sorption at high pH values. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to simulate the sorption isotherms of ⁶⁰Co(II) at three different temperatures of 298.15, 318.15 and 338.15 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ⁰, ΔS ⁰ and ΔG ⁰) calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption process of ⁶⁰Co(II) on MnO₂ was endothermic and spontaneous.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic sorption study of radiocobalt by magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

A novel composite adsorbent, magnetite/hydroxyapatite (Fe₃O₄/HAP) composites, was prepared by biowaste chicken eggshell for the purpose of removing radiocobalt from aqueous solutions. It highlighted that more than 92% Co(II) could be removed by using the developed composites under the experimental conditions. The maximum sorption capacity of Co(II) on Fe₃O₄/HAP composites was 6.9 × 10⁻⁴ mol/g. The coexisted foreign ions, e.g., ClO₄ ⁻, NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺ and K⁺, did not interfere the elimination of Co(II) from aqueous solutions, while Mg²⁺ did. The sorption process was found to be controlled well by pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models, and the equilibrium data were simulated by Langmuir model very well with high correlation coefficients. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed the spontaneity and endothermic nature of Co(II) sorption processes. After sorption, the Fe₃O₄/HAP composites could be effectively and fleetly separated from aqueous solutions by magnetic separation technique in large scale. The Fe₃O₄/HAP composites are suitable materials in the preconcentration of Co(II) from large volumes of aqueous solutions.     

Impact of environmental conditions on the sorption behavior of radiocobalt in TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/eggshell suspensions

A novel adsorbent, TiO₂/eggshell composite, was synthesized by sol–gel method, and characterized by XRD and FTIR. The removal of ⁶⁰Co(II) from aqueous solution by TiO₂/eggshell was studied as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances and temperature. The results indicated that the sorption of ⁶⁰Co(II) on TiO₂/eggshell was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were applied to simulate the sorption of ⁶⁰Co(II) at temperatures of 303.15, 323.15 and 343.15 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ⁰, ΔS ⁰, ΔG ⁰) calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption process of ⁶⁰Co(II) on TiO₂/eggshell was endothermic and spontaneous. At low pH, the sorption of ⁶⁰Co(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation or ion exchange, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH. TiO₂/eggshell composites have good potentialities for cost-effective disposal of ⁶⁰Co(II) bearing wastewaters.     

Uptake properties of Eu(III) on Na-attapulgite as a function of pH, ionic strength and temperature

Herein, the sorption properties of Eu(III) on Na-attapulgite were performed by using batch sorption experiments under different experimental conditions, such as contact time, pH, ionic strength, humic acid and temperatures. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) on Na-attapulgite was strongly dependent on pH and temperature. At low pH values, the sorption of Eu(III) was influenced by ionic strength, whereas the sorption was not affected by ionic strength at high pH values. The sorption of Eu(III) was mainly dominated by ion exchange or outer-sphere surface complexation at low pH values, and by inner-sphere surface complexation or surface precipitation at high pH values. The sorption of Eu(III) onto Na-attapulgite increased with increasing temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to simulate the sorption isotherms, and the results indicated that the Langmuir model simulated the sorption isotherms better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G ^o, ∆S ^o, ∆H ^o) were calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms at 293, 313 and 333 K, respectively, and the results indicated that the uptake of Eu(III) on Na-attapulgite was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The results of high Eu(III) sorption capacity on Na-attapulgite suggest that the attapulgite is a suitable material for the preconcentration and immobilization of Eu(III) ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions.     

Separation of europium, cobalt and zinc on zirconium tungstate ion exchanger

Summary Amorphous zirconium tungstate inorganic ion-exchanger has been prepared under optimum conditions and characterized by IR, X-ray and thermal analysis. Surface area and capacity are determined. It has characteristic IR absorption peaks at 3242, 1628, 955, 868 and 432 cm^-1 and is thermally stable up to 450 °C. Its surface area was 16 m²/g with an exchange capacity of 0.541 meq/g. The sorption of radioactive europium from different media at ambient temperature by the zirconium tungstate (ZW) exchanger has been studied. The aim was to optimize the conditions for sorbing Eu from radioactive waste and cleaned the ZW from for recycling. The effect of contact time, metal concentration, pH and temperature has been measured. Percentual uptake of Eu(III) reaches 95% for HCl at pH 4 and increases with temperature indicating an endothermic sorption process. Uptake of Zn(II) and Co(II) on ZW from acetic acid was found to be 42% and 24% for cobalt and zinc, respectively. Desorption after saturation and the effect of other radioactive ions on the percentual uptake of Eu on ZW were investigated. A solution of 3M HCl releases 90%, 25% and 13% of the loaded Eu(III), Co(II) and Zn(II), respectively.     

Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pd(II) with Sulfametrole-Cyclodiphosph(V)azane Derivatives

Novel [1,3-di-[N ₁ -4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-yl-sulfanilamide(sulfametrole)]-2″4-bis-[1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate]-2′,4′-dichl-orocyclodiphosph(V)azane] (III) , was prepared and their coordinating behavior towards the metal ions Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pd(II) was studied. The structures of the isolated products are proposed based on elemental analyses, IR, UV, ¹ H, and ³¹ P NMR, ESR, magnetic susceptibility, molar ratio, conductometric titration and electrical conductivity measurements. The prepared complexes showed high to moderate bactericidal activity compared with the ligand.     

Effect of pH, ionic strength, foreign ions and temperatures on the sorption of Eu(III) on attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites

In this paper, the attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites were synthesized by coprecipitation method and were characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR in detail. The characterization results indicated that the iron oxide was successfully formed on the surface of attapulgite. The prepared attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites were applied as adsorbents to remove Eu(III) from aqueous solutions by using batch sorption experiments under different experimental conditions. The sorption properties of Eu(III) on bare attapulgite were also performed as comparison. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) on attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites was strongly dependent on pH and temperature. The attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites can be separated from aqueous solutions using magnetic separation method in large scale. At low pH values, the sorption of Eu(III) was influenced by ionic strength and pH obviously, while the sorption of Eu(III) was not affected by ionic strength at high pH values. The sorption of Eu(III) was dominated by ion exchange or outer-sphere surface complexation at low pH values, and mainly by inner-sphere surface complexation at high pH values. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ?G ^°, ?S ^°, ?H ^°) calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) on attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites was an endothermic and spontaneous process. Although the sorption capacities of Eu(III) on attapulgite-iron oxide magnetic composites were a little lower than those of Eu(III) on bare attapulgite, the magnetic separation in large scale is suitable for the application of the magnetic composites in the preconcentration of Eu(III) from large volumes of aqueous solutions in possible real applications.     

The mass spectra of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,4-pentanedione and its Al(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes

The compounds 1,1,1-trichloro-2,4-pentanedione, Cu(II)tca₂, Co(II)tca₂, Mn(II)tca₂, Al(III)tca₃, Cr(III)tca₃ and Fe(III)tca₃ (tca?1,1,1-trichloro-2,4-pentanedionato, [CCl₃COCHCOCH₃]^?) have been prepared and their mass spectra have been obtained. The mass spectral results have been compared with findings for comparable fluorinated and nonhalogenated compounds. Comparisons are made in terms of internal redox reactions and hard and soft acid base theory. Rearrangement of chloride from ligand to metal accompanied by the elimination of CO or other neutral even electron fragments emerges as an important reaction for the ions of these compounds. While the internal redox reactions characteristic of all previous β-diketonate complex mass spectra still occur, their importance appears reduced to some degree by the facility of the chlorine rearrangement.     

Chemically modified silica gel with aminothioamidoanthraquinone for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cd(II)

Silica gel chemically bonded with aminothioamidoanthraquinone was synthesized and characterized. The metal sorption properties of modified silica were studied towards Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cd(II). The determination of metal ions was carried out on FAAS. For batch method, the optimum pH ranges for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) extraction were ≥3 but for Ni(II) and Co(II) extraction were ≥4. The contact times to reach the equilibrium were less than 10 min. The adsorption isotherm fitted the Langmuir's model showed the maximum sorption capacities of 0.56, 0.30, 0.15, 0.12 and 0.067 mmol/g for Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cd(II), respectively. In the flow system, a column packed modified silica at 20 mg for Pb(II) and Cu(II), 50 mg for Cd(II), 60 mg for Co(II), Ni(II) was studied at a flow rate of 4 and 2.5 mL/min for Ni(II). The sorbed metals were quantitatively eluted by 1% HNO₃. No interference from Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ at 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L was observed. The application of this modified silica gel to preconcentration of pond water, tap water and drinking water gave high accuracy and precision (%R.S.D. ≤ 9). The method detection limits were 22.5, 1.0, 2.9, 0.95, 1.1 μg/L for Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cd(II), respectively.     

Sorption and desorption of Eu(III) on alumina

Summary Effects of ionic strength and of fulvic acid on the sorption of Eu(III) on alumina were investigated by using a batch technique. The experiments were carried out at T=25±1 °C, pH 4-6 and in the presence of 1M NaCl. The results indicate that sorption isotherms of Eu(III) are linear at low pH values. The sorption-desorption of Eu(III) on alumina at pH 4.4 is reversible, but a sorption-desorption hysteresis is found at pH 5.0. Fulvic acid has an obvious positive effect on the sorption of Eu(III) on alumina at low pH values. The migration of Eu(III) in alumina was studied by using column experiments and ^152+154Eu(III) radiotracer at pH 3.8. For column experiments, Eu(III) sorbed on alumina can be desorbed completely from the solid surface at low pH values. The findings are relevant to the evaluation of lanthanide and actinide ions in the environment.     

Thermal Stability of Some Polynuclear Coordination Compounds in the Systems Ln(III)—Co(II)—Oxalate

This paper reports an investigation of the thermal stabilities of the class of coordination compounds containing lanthanide ions Ln(III) (Ln=La, Sm, Eu, Dy, Er), Co(II) ions and oxalate anions C₂O ₄ ^2– . The thermal decomposition steps were identified, and in some cases the values of the non-isothermal kinetic parameters were determined.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Removal of Zn(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using BPHA‐Impregnated Polyurethane Foam

Zn(II) ions sorption onto N‐Benzoyl‐N‐Phenylhydroxylamine (BPHA) impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) has been studied extensively using radiotracer and batch techniques. Maximum sorption (～98%) of Zn(II) ions (8.9 × 10^?6 M) onto sorbent surface is achieved from a buffer of pH 8 solution in 30 minutes using 7.5 mg/mL of BPHA‐impregnated polyurethane foam at 283 K. The sorption data follow Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin‐Radushkevich (D‐R) isotherms. The Langmuir constants Q = 18.01 ± 0.38 μ mole g^?1 and b = (5.39 ± 0.98) × 10³ L mole^?1 have been computed. Freundlich constants 1/n = 0.29 ± 0.01 and C_m = 111.22 ± 12.3 μ mole g^?1 have been estimated. Sorption capacity 31.42 ± 1.62 μ mole g^?1, β = ?0.00269 ± 0.00012 kJ² mole^?2 and energy 13.34 ± 0.03 kJ mole^?1 have been evaluated using D‐R isotherm. The variation of sorption with temperature yields ΔH = ?77.7 ± 2.8 k J mole^?1, ΔS = ?237.7 ± 9.3 J mole^?1 K^?1 and ΔG = ?661.8 ± 117.5 k J mol^?1 at 298 K reflecting the exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption. Cations like Fe(III), Ce(III), Al(III), Pb(II) and Hg(II) and anions, i.e., oxalate, EDTA and tartrate, reduce the sorption significantly, while iodide and thiocyanate enhanced the sorption of Zn(II) ions onto BPHA‐impregnated polyurethane foam.     

Sorption of radioeuropium onto attapulgite: effect of experimental conditions

Batch sorption experiments were performed to remove Eu(III) ions from aqueous solutions by using attapulgite under ambient conditions. Different experimental conditions, such as contact time, solid content, foreign ions, pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid and temperature, have been investigated to study their effect on the sorption property. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) onto attapulgite was strongly dependent on pH, ionic strength and temperature. The sorption increased from about 8.9 to 90% at pH ranging from 2 to 6 in 0.01 mol/L NaNO₃ solution. The Eu(III) kinetic sorption on attapulgite was fitted by the pseudo-second-order model better than by the pseudo-first-order model. The sorption of Eu(III) onto attapulgite increased with increasing temperature and decreasing ionic strength. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to simulate the sorption isotherms, and the results indicated that the Freundlich model simulated the data better than the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G ^o, ∆S ^o, ∆H ^o) were determined from the temperature dependent isotherms at 298.15, 318.15 and 338.15 K, and the results indicated that the sorption reaction was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The results suggest that the attapulgite is a suitable material as an adsorbent for preconcentration and immobilization of Eu(III) from aqueous solutions.     

Sorption of Eu(III) by amorphous titania, anatase and rutile

Sorption of Eu(III), an analogue of trivalent actinides (Am, Cm), by amorphous titania as well as different crystalline phases of titania, namely anatase and rutile, have been studied as a function of pH, using ¹⁵⁴Eu (half life?=?8.8 yrs, E_???=?123,247?keV) as a radiotracer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the crystalline phase of the titania on their sorption behaviour towards the metal ion. Amorphous titania was prepared by organic route and was converted into anatase and rutile by heating at elevated temperatures based on the differential thermal analysis studies. Eu(III) sorption by all forms of titania rises sharply with the pH of the suspension, with the sorption edge shifting to higher value in the order; amorphous?<?anatase?<?rutile. However, the normalization of the sorption data to the surface area of the sorbents resulted in the overlapping of the sorption curves for amorphous and anatase phases, with the data being higher for rutle in the lower pH region, indicating the effect of the crystal phase on sorption behaviour of Eu(III).     

The sorption of Eu(III) on calcareous soil: effects of pH,ionic strength,temperature, foreign ions and humic acid

The sorption of Eu(III) on calcareous soil as a function of pH, humic acid (HA), temperature and foreign ions was investigated under ambient conditions. Eu(III) sorption on soil was strongly pH dependent in the observed pH range. The effect of ionic strength was significant at pH < 7, and not obvious at pH > 8. The type of salt cation used had no visible influence on Eu(III) uptake on soil, however at low pH values, the influence of anions was following the order: Cl⁻ ≈ NO₃ ⁻ > ClO₄ ⁻. In the presence of HA, the sorption edge obviously shifted about two pH units to the lower pH, whilst in range of pH 6–7, the sorption of Eu(III) decreased with increasing pH because a considerable amount of Eu(III) was present as humate complexes in aqueous phase, then increased again at pH > 11. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) on soil mainly formed outer-sphere complexes and/or ion exchange below pH ~7; whereas inner-sphere complexes and precipitation of Eu(OH)₃(s) may play main role above pH ~8.