基于差示扫描量热法的火工品材料选型研究

通过综合分析差示扫描量热法(DSC)图谱及动力学数据,进行火工品中药剂外包覆材料的选型研究。采用DSC测试炸药与不同涂敷层材料在不同升温速率的热性质,利用Ozawa法和DSC曲线对比法,对几种涂敷层材料进行分析。炸药与丙烯酸清漆混合后,DSC曲线表观性征、峰温以及反应的活化能变化最小;炸药与快速固化剂混合后,峰温及活化能变化影响居中,DSC曲线表观性征在升温速率大时有较大变化;炸药与硅橡胶混合后,DSC曲线表观性征、峰温以及反应的活化能变化最大。从而确定丙烯酸清漆为最合适的炸药包覆材料。     

用调制式差示扫描量热法表征尼龙6和聚乳酸升温热行为

用调制式差示扫描量热法(MDSC)表征尼龙6和聚乳酸升温过程热行为，MDSC把总热流分解成可逆热流ΔHrev和不可逆热流ΔHnon;实验结果表明纯尼龙及其共混体系升温熔融过程中包含了可逆放热峰；共混体系不同，可逆热流ΔHrev不同，都比纯尼龙小；纯尼龙可逆热流ΔHrev随调制周期延长而增大；聚乳酸玻璃化转变区，随老化时间的延长和老化温度的提高，玻璃化转变温度Tg提高，松弛热焓增大。     

差示扫描量热法研究丙烯腈-衣康酸共聚物的热稳定化

应用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了衣康酸(IA)、气氛、升温速率对丙烯腈-衣康酸共聚物[P(AN-IA)]热稳定化的影响. IA能够显著降低放热峰起始温度、放热量和放热速率. P(AN-IA)共聚物的放热峰起始温度受气氛影响不大, 却随着IA含量的增加而明显降低, 表明在热稳定化过程中它可能首先以离子机理发生氰基环化反应, 再发生氧化反应. 提高升温速率会导致放热峰向高温偏移和放热速率加快. 采用Kissinger法计算了不同IA含量共聚物的热稳定化活化能, 结果表明IA可以有效降低活化能.     

DSC程序设定升(降)温速率偏离的简易修正方法

通过对程序设定的不同升、降温速率下差示扫描量热法(DSC)图谱的数值分析，发现在试样发生相变时实际过程的升(降)温速率偏离仪器程序设定的线性速率现象；从热流的定义出发，提出了对DSC相变热流数据作升(降)温速率偏离线性的简易修正方法。     

对DSC单峰纯度测定法的评述

指出了当前流行的差示扫描量热法DSC单峰法测样品纯度所基于的假定有一些不确切的地方,并用计算机动态摸拟了DSC实验过程,结果证实了本文的论断。     

差示扫描量热法测定比沙可啶的纯度

建立差示扫描量热法测定比沙可啶原料药样品纯度的方法。考察了炉体气氛、升温速率、称样量3个因素对差示扫描量热法测定结果的影响,确定差示扫描量热法最佳实验条件:升温速率为2.0 K/min,称样量为2.0~4.0 mg,炉内气体为静态空气。差示扫描量热法测定比沙可啶样品纯度为99.86%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.02%(n=6),差示扫描量热法测定比沙可啶样品纯度值与HPLC测定结果具有良好的一致性。该方法可以快速、准确地测定比沙可啶化学纯度,为比沙可啶纯度测定提供了一种新的分析方法。     

DSC测量中校正对热分析结果的影响

介绍了灵敏度及温度校正对基线和实验结果的影响.仪器温度和灵敏度校正可以减小差示扫描量热法(DSC)曲线的漂移,曲线上得到的温度和焓变值更接近理论值,减小了实验误差.所以,定期对仪器进行重新校正是必要的.     

高分子结晶和熔融行为的Flash DSC研究进展

近年来,作为常规示差扫描量热仪(DSC)技术的发展,商业化的快速扫描芯片量热技术(fast-scan chip-calorimeter,FSC)对推动高分子结晶学研究进展发挥了重要的作用.本文首先介绍了闪速示差扫描量热仪Flash DSC的研发历程及其对高分子结晶样品的测试技术,然后举例介绍了其在高分子结晶和熔融行为研究中的一些应用,包括总结晶动力学、晶体成核动力学、成核剂和填料对结晶的影响、共聚单元对结晶的影响、多重熔融峰的鉴定、折叠链片晶的不可逆和可逆熔化、以及极性大分子晶体的熔融等.Flash DSC极大地扩展了扫描温度速率范围,使得其研究的时间窗口能与实际高分子材料加工过程和计算机分子模拟的时间窗口相互匹配,所提供的综合信息有助于我们更好地理解高分子结晶、退火和熔融行为的微观机理.     

差示扫描量热法测定对乙酰氨基酚原料药纯度

建立差示扫描量热(DSC)法测定对乙酰氨基酚原料药纯度的方法。考察升温速率、称样量、坩埚类型对测定结果的影响,确定最佳测定条件:升温速率为1.0℃/min,称样量为2.0~2.2 mg,选用Tzero密封铝坩埚作为样品盘。DSC法测定对乙酰氨基酚原料药纯度为99.91%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.03%(n=6),DSC法测定结果与紫外可见分光光度法测定结果(99.85%)基本一致,且DSC法测定结果的相对标准偏差较小。该方法简便、快速、准确,无需标准品,可用于对乙酰氨基酚原料药纯度的测定。     

聚乳酸-聚乙二醇单甲醚共混体系的调制DSC分析

采用调制差示扫描量热法(MDSC)研究了聚乳酸(PLA)与聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)共混体系的热性能。研究结果表明,MDSC可有效分辨PLA重结晶和熔融的重叠效应,在测试条件下,PLA的α’-α晶型转变与α晶体的熔融几乎同时进行。随着升温速率的加快和调制周期的延长,当增塑剂的质量分数为15%时,PLA-MPEG共混物分割在不可逆曲线的重结晶焓逐渐升高(最高约28J/g),熔融焓逐渐降低(最低约为3.3J/g);分割在可逆曲线的熔融峰逐渐由多重峰变为单峰,且焓变值逐渐升高(最高约66.1J/g),相应的可逆曲线熔融分割比例达到了95.2%。通过提高升温速率和延长调制周期,可使大部分熔融分割在可逆曲线上,但过快的升温速率和过长的调制周期会导致PLA相转变时的周期数过少,DSC调制功能的分辨率下降,设置测试条件时需综合考虑。     

Calorimetric study of the conformational relaxation times in polystyrene

The temperature dependence of the relaxation times of the structural relaxation process of polystyrene is determined by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and by conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the latter by modelling the experimental heat capacity curves measured in heating scans after different thermal histories. The good agreement between both measuring techniques in the temperature interval just above the glass-transition temperature is a guide for the interpretation of the results of the TMDSC technique in the glass-transition region. In addition, the same model applied to DSC scans is used to simulate the TMDSC experiment and the calculated response is compared with the measured scans. Received: 22 February 1999 Accepted in revised form: 11 June 1999     

Some elements in specific heat capacity measurement and numerical simulation of temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) with R/C network

One important application of temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) is the measurement of specific heat of materials. In this paper, a thermal resistance/capacitance (R/C) numerical model is used to analyze the effects of experimental parameters and calibration on the measurement of specific heat in TMDSC under isothermal conditions. The actual TMDSC experiments were conducted with sapphire and pure copper samples, respectively. Both simulation and experiments showed that in TMDSC, the measured sample specific heat is a non-linear function of many factors such as sample mass, the heat transfer properties of the TMDSC instrument, temperature modulation period, the heat capacity difference between calibration material and the test material, but modulation amplitude has very little effect on the results. The typical behavior of a heat flux type TMDSC can be described as a low pass filter in terms of specific heat capacity measurement when the instrument heat transfer properties are taken into account. At least for metallic materials, where the temperature gradient inside the sample can normally be ignored, the sample should be chosen in such a way that its total heat capacity (mass times specific heat) is close to that of the calibration material in order to get a more accurate result. Also, a large modulation period is beneficial to improving the test accuracy.     

Study of temperature profile and specific heat capacity in temperature modulated DSC with a low sample heat diffusivity

One important application of temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) is the measurement of specific heat of materials. When the sample has very good thermal conductivity as in the case of metals, the temperature gradient is not normally an important factor and can be ignored most of the time. However, in the case of materials with poor heat transfer properties, for example, polymers, the thermal conductivity is only in the order of 1/1000 or so of that of metals. This could have a major effect on the test results. In this paper, a round analytical solution is given and a numerical model is used to analyze the effects of thermal diffusivity on temperature distribution inside the test sample and specific heat measurement by TMDSC, PET sample test results are presented to demonstrate the effects of material thermal diffusivity.     

Applications of some thermo-analytical techniques to glasses and polymers

Thermal characterization of materials provides conclusions regarding the identification of materials as well as their purity and composition, polymorphism, and structural changes. Analytical experimental techniques for thermal characterization comprise of a group of techniques, in which physical properties of materials are ascertained through controlled temperature program. Among these techniques, traditional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a well-accepted technique for analyzing thermal transitions in condensed systems. Modulated DSC (MDSC) is used to study the same material properties as conventional DSC including: transition temperatures, melting and crystallization, and heat capacity. Further, MDSC also provides unique feature of increased resolution and increased sensitivity in the same measurement. “Hot disk thermal constant analyzer”, based on Transient Plane Source (TPS) technique, offers simultaneous measurement of thermal transport properties of specimen, which are directly related to heat conduction such as thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (χ). This method enables the thermal analysis on large number of materials from building materials to materials with high thermal conductivity like iron. The temperature range covered so far extends from the liquid nitrogen point to 1000 K and should be possible to extend further. This review also presents some interesting results of phase transition temperature of miscible (CPI/TPI) and immiscible (PS/PMMA) polymeric systems carried out through dynamic mechanical analyzer along with the thermal transport properties obtained for cis-polyisoprene (CPI), trans-polyisoprene (TPI), and their blends determined by TPS technique.     

Matching Cure Characteristics of Automotive Rubber Compound and Polyurethane Coating

The present investigation focuses on matching cure characteristics of EPDM rubber compound and polyurethane (PU) coating using temperature modulated and pressure differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC, PDSC). TMDSC provides a detailed and better understanding of the curing process of model rubber system as well as complex automotive rubber compounds. The low level of unsaturation present in EPDM, results in the small heat of vulcanization (2–5 J g^–1), which is difficult to accurately measure using conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thus, curing of highly filled EPDM compound was investigated using TMDSC. The kinetics of PU curing was monitored using pressure DSC (PDSC), and heat of curing was determined as 4.2 J g^–1 at 10°C min^–1 heating rate. It is found that complex automotive compounds and the PU coating are curing simultaneously. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

快速扫描量热法研究聚对苯二甲酸-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯的结晶和熔融行为

采用快速扫描量热法(FSC)结合传统的差示扫描量热仪(DSC)考察了聚对苯二甲酸-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯(PCT)聚酯在接近玻璃化转变(T_g)和熔融温度(T_m)范围(100~270 ℃)的结晶和熔融行为。 较大过冷度时PCT聚酯结晶较快,FSC有效地抑制降温过程结晶的发生,而较低过冷度下传统DSC可以避免样品降解对实验结果的影响,二者的结合能很好地对PCT聚酯结晶动力学进行测量,实验结果表明在175 ℃时结晶速率最快。 并且利用Flash DSC对等温结晶温度下形成的片晶熔点进行加热速率的相关测量,在熔融动力学建模的基础上进行校准,以确定零加热速率下片晶的熔点。 Hoffman-Weeks方程中T_m与结晶温度(T_c)的线性关系与T_c=T_m的交点给出了PCT晶体的平衡熔融温度$T_m^o$为315 ℃。     

Data Analysis Without Fourier Transformation for Sawtooth-type Temperature-modulated DSC

The response of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to sawtooth-type temperature modulation has been analyzed in the time domain using a standard treatment of the DSC data without Fourier transformation into the frequency domain. This method has some of the advantages of a temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) and may achieve a reasonable accuracy with more transparent and less time-consuming data analysis than the current TMDSC. The limits of linearity and stationarity of the thermal response, a prerequisite for the validity of the calculation of the reversing heat capacity by Fourier transformation, can be easily recognized in standard DSC. In contrast to the common handling of TMDSC, where the non-reversing contributions are calculated as difference between the total and reversing parts, we define a new, directly measured quantity, called the imbalance in heat capacity. It represents the difference between heating and cooling due to the non-reversing thermal process. This quantity is also of value for the representation of irreversible contributions inquasi-isothermal processes, such as cold crystallization and the annealing of crystallites in the melting range. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reaction-induced phase separation in polyethersulfone-modified epoxy-amine systems studied by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry

In epoxy-amine systems with a thermoplastic additive, the initially homogeneous reaction mixture can change into a multi-phase morphology as a result of the increase in molecular weight or network formation of the curing matrix. Temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) allows the real-time monitoring of this reaction-induced phase separation. A linear polymerizing epoxy-amine (DGEBA–aniline) and a network-forming epoxy-amine (DGEBA–methylene dianiline), both with an amorphous engineering thermoplastic additive (polyethersulfone, PES), are used to illustrate the effects of phase separation on the signals of the TMDSC experiment. The non-reversing heat flow gives information about the reaction kinetics. The heat capacity signal also contains information about the reaction mechanism in combination with effects induced by the changing morphology and rheology such as phase separation and vitrification. In quasi-isothermal (partial cure) TMDSC experiments, the compositional changes resulting from the proceeding phase separation are shown by distinct stepwise heat capacity decreases. The heat flow phase signal is a sensitive indication of relaxation phenomena accompanying the effects of phase separation and vitrification. Non-isothermal (post-cure) TMDSC experiments provide additional real-time information on further reaction and phase separation, and on the effect of temperature on phase separation, giving support to an LCST phase diagram. They also allow measurement of the thermal properties of the in situ formed multi-phase materials.     

Fast-scan chip-calorimeter measurement on the melting behaviors of melt-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene

We employed fast-scan chip-calorimeter (FSC) measurement (Flash DSC1) to study the melting of syndiotactic polystyrene after melt-crystallized at various cooling rates as well as after isothermally crystallized at various high temperatures. We attributed the observed double melting peak to a melting-recrystallization process of beta-form crystals upon heating, as evidenced by their variations with different cooling and heating rates. Our experiments demonstrated the advantages of FSC techniques in the investigation of crystallization and melting behaviors of polymer materials.