纳米材料用于放疗防护的研究进展

放射治疗是利用高能射线抑制癌细胞增殖的治疗方法, 已广泛用于恶性肿瘤的治疗. 但是, 高能射线不可避免地会对机体的正常组织造成损害, 产生放疗相关副作用. 尽管目前有一些小分子放疗防护药物已应用于临床或处于临床前研究, 但其较短的血液循环时间和较快的新陈代谢速度极大地削弱了其防护效果. 近20年来, 随着纳米技术在生物医学领域的飞速发展, 纳米放疗防护剂的出现为提高防护效果提供了新的选择. 通过合理地设计和开发纳米放疗防护剂, 有望解决现有小分子放疗防护药物的缺陷. 鉴于纳米放疗防护剂具有诸多优势, 本Review概述了纳米放疗防护材料的常见设计策略, 同时分析了放射诱导的常见疾病的致病机制和纳米放疗防护材料防治各种放射诱导疾病的研究现状. 最后, 还讨论了纳米材料用于放疗防护所面临的挑战和未来前景.     

放射增敏性导弹型卟啉的合成与性质研究

用化学方法成功地将放射增敏剂灭滴灵连接到对癌细胞具有定位作用的原卟啉上，通过红外光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱、质谱、核磁共振谱和元素分析等手段确证了其结构。经动物实验证明，放射增敏效果较好。     

钇纳米光谱探针合成及荧光增敏法分析橙皮苷

以金属钇离子为原料,采用单宁酸直接还原法,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)胶束和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙基硫酸盐离子液体为修饰剂,制备钇纳米粒子.考察了离子液体对钇纳米粒子合成的影响,利用透射电镜表征所制得的粒子为金属钇纳米粒子.通过研究钇纳米粒子的光谱行为,建立了钇纳米荧光增敏法分析微量橙皮苷(HES)的方法.结果...     

纳米SnO2增敏鲁米诺化学发光的研究与应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制得平均粒径约10 nm的SnO2粒子.将该纳米SnO2粒子加入碱性鲁米诺-O2化学发光体系,体系的化学发光强度明显增强,这种增敏作用与纳米SnO2的加入量以及体系中溶解氧的质量浓度有关,基于此得出了纳米SnO2存在下溶解氧质量浓度与鲁米诺化学发光强度之间的线性关系,可用于溶解氧测定,检出限达0.3 mg/L,该纳米增敏化学发光体系有望用于进一步提高基于鲁米诺化学发光测定方法的灵敏度.文中还应用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱研究了这种增敏作用的机理,并应用该体系考察了水果的抗氧化能力.     

基于DNA纳米花的细胞自噬基因沉默用于增敏抗肿瘤化疗

自噬是真核细胞降解蛋白质的重要途径之一, 在细胞的更新代谢中起重要作用. 肿瘤细胞借助高水平的细胞自噬能够阻断细胞凋亡途径, 降低化疗药物的抗肿瘤效果. 本文通过设计编码有核酸适配体序列(Aptamer)和DNA酶序列(DNAzyme)的多功能DNA纳米花, 利用DNA序列可负载化疗药物阿霉素(Dox)的特性, 实现了对肿瘤细胞特异靶向的药物递送, 并高效沉默肿瘤细胞的自噬相关基因ATG5, 达到增敏抗肿瘤化疗的效果. 通过RT-PCR实验验证合成的DNA纳米花可以有效剪切肿瘤细胞中自噬相关基因ATG5的mRNA; 并通过DNA纳米花的细胞毒性和细胞凋亡实验研究了其对肿瘤细胞系MCF-7的靶向治疗作用, 结果显示该多功能DNA纳米花在增敏抗肿瘤化疗方面具有明显优势.     

纳米TiO_2修饰电极对鲁米诺电化学发光的增敏及TiO_2晶型的影响

该文水解合成并通过煅烧改变晶型,获得了金红石和锐钛矿两种晶型混合的二氧化钛纳米粒子。利用紫外可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、激光粒度分析(LPSA)、X射线多晶衍射分析(XRD)和冷场发射扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对样品进行了表征。制备了以氧化铟锡(ITO)玻璃为基底的纳米TiO2修饰电极,并研究了晶型对鲁米诺电化学发光(ECL)的增敏作用的影响。结果表明,当粒径较小,经650℃煅烧处理形成混晶时,纳米TiO/ITO修饰电极对鲁米诺电化学发光的增敏效果最明显,为裸电极的7.5倍。     

氨基酸锗类化合物对肿瘤放疗的增敏作用

研究了氨基酸锗类化合物对肿瘤放疗的增敏作用，其中９１３６对Ｈｅｌａ－Ｓ３细胞乏氧增敏比（ＳＥＲ）为１．５７，用７３９纯种小鼠实验，ＬＤ５０为２２９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，以肿瘤生长延缓天数作为评价指标，肿瘤乏氧时，ＳＥＲ为１．４６；肿瘤有氧时，ＳＥＲ为１．６０。     

纳米毒理学研究中的放射分析方法

随着纳米技术及其应用的迅速发展,纳米材料对生命体和生态环境的影响引起了社会公众、纳米产品生产厂家、科研工作者和各国政府的密切关注。纳米毒理学已成为纳米技术和毒理学的重要分支。纳米毒理学研究依赖于多种分析方法,用于纳米材料物理化学特性的表征及检测生命体中的纳米材料。放射分析方法由于其高灵敏度、高准确度、原位和体内分析能力,在纳米毒理学研究中能够发挥重要作用。本文综述了放射分析方法在纳米毒理学研究中应用的最新进展,重点介绍了针对不同纳米材料的放射性标记技术。     

ICP—AES中有机溶剂对稀土元素的增敏效应

十几年来,人们对不同性质的有机溶剂对待测元素的增敏机理、基体效应及对ICP操作参数的影响等方面进行了研究,并得到了一些有价值的结论。但有机溶剂对稀土元素的增敏效应报道还不多。本研究在以前工作的基础上,以PMBP为萃取剂,考察醋酸丁酯等五种不同性质的有机溶剂对镧、钇的增敏效应,ICP放电的稳定性和碳沉积情况。在优化条件下,与水溶液相比较,检出限明显改善。     

硝基三唑化合物的电化学还原机理

1　引　　言硝基三唑类化合物 (ＮＴＲ)是一种新型的放射增敏剂 ,在体内外均能特异的增强乏氧细胞对射线的敏感。此类化合物的增敏作用与硝基的氧化还原有关。因此 ,研究这类化合物的氧化还原机理有助于阐明其体内过程。本文应用直流极谱、循环伏安和库仑分析等方法研究了 4种具有放射增敏效果的ＮＴＲ1 、ＮＴＲ2 、ＮＴＲ3、ＮＴＲ4 (Ｘ、Ｙ分别为Ｈ ,ＣＨ2 ＣＯＯＣＨ2 ＣＨ3;ＣＨ3,ＣＨ2 ＣＯＯＣＨ2 ＣＨ3;Ｈ ,ＣＨ2 ＣＯＮＣＨ2 (ＣＨ2 ) 3ＣＨ2 ;ＣＨ3,ＣＨ2 ＣＯＮＣＨ2 (ＣＨ2 ) 3ＣＨ2 )的电化学还原机理 ,并观察到质子化的硝基自…     

核酸适配体在肿瘤靶向治疗方面的研究进展

传统的抗肿瘤药物大多不具有选择性,在临床治疗中产生了严重的毒副作用。核酸适配体是一种小分子核酸,能够与靶标高亲和性、高特异性地结合。选择与癌症发生发展过程密切相关的生物标记物为靶标进行SELEX过程筛选出的核酸适配体自身可作为药物,也可与药物、siRNA、纳米粒等结合构成靶向给药体系,该体系能靶向作用于特定的肿瘤细胞,降低对正常细胞的毒性,用药量显著降低,药效提高。本文综述了近年来核酸适配体直接作为抗肿瘤药物、药物载体、siRNA载体以及作为纳米材料靶向剂构成多元复合靶向给药体系在肿瘤靶向治疗领域的研究进展。     

抗肿瘤药物研究新靶点：缺氧诱导因子-1α*

缺氧是包括肿瘤在内的许多疾病的重要特征,利用缺氧条件来选择性抑制肿瘤生长和演进是一个很有前途的研究方向。随着缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）的发现,在过去15年里在分子和细胞水平上对缺氧有了更加深刻的认识,HIF-1是真核细胞在缺氧条件下进行代谢调控的关键因子,控制众多基因的表达,影响氧的转运、糖摄取、糖酵解和血管生成等。下调HIF-1水平可以作为肿瘤治疗手段。由于细胞内对HIF-1的调控主要通过其α亚基进行,HIF-1α抑制剂成为抗肿瘤药物的研究热点,已经发现的该类抑制剂包括喜树碱类、喹噁啉类、雷帕霉素类、一些甾体化合物、苯氧乙酰氨基苯甲酸类以及白藜芦醇和橙皮苷等天然物质。本文就HIF-1α的结构、功能和以其为靶点的抗肿瘤药物的研究进展做一综述。     

Dual-targeted nanoformulation with Janus structure for synergistic enhancement of sonodynamic therapy and chemotherapy

The accurate delivery of nanoparticles and organic small molecule drugs remains a serious challenge in nanoparticle-based tumor therapy. Dual-targeted therapy combining tumor cell targeting and organelle targeting is an effective solution. Here, an anticancer nanoformulation accurate delivery system was prepared using hyaluronic acid (HA) targeting CD44 receptors on the surface of tumor cells and IR780 iodine (IR780) targeting mitochondrial for delivery. The system is based on an ultra-small Janus structured inorganic sensitizer TiO_2-x@NaGdF₄ nanoparticles (TN NPs) prepared by one-step pyrolysis, further loaded with organic small molecule acoustic sensitizer IR780 and mitochondrial hexokinase II inhibitor lonidamine (LND), followed by encapsulation of HA. Ultra-small size nanoparticles exhibit strong tissue penetration, tumor inhibition and in vivo metabolism. Under ultrasound radiation, TN NPs and IR780 could produce a synergistic effect, effectively increased the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Meanwhile, the released IR780 could smoothly target the mitochondria, and the ROS produced by IR780 can destroy the mitochondrial structure and disrupt the mitochondrial respiration. LND could inhibit the energy metabolism of tumor cells by reducing the activity of hexokinase II (HK II), which further accelerates the process of apoptosis. Furthermore, since the Janus structure allows the integration of multifunctional components into a single system, TN NPs can not only serve as an acoustic sensitizer to generate ROS, but the Gd element contained can also act as the nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent, suggesting that the nanoformulation can enable imaging-guided diagnosis and therapy. In conclusion, a new scheme to enhance sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and chemotherapy synergistically is proposed here based on ultra-small dual-targeted nanoformulation with Janus structure in the ultrasound radiation environment.     

Insights into Multifunctional Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Glioblastoma Treatment

Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive cancer with high microvascular proliferation, resulting in accelerated invasion and diffused infiltration into the surrounding brain tissues with very low survival rates. Treatment options are often multimodal, such as surgical resection with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The development of resistance of tumor cells to radiation in the areas of hypoxia decreases the efficiency of such treatments. Additionally, the difficulty of ensuring drugs effectively cross the natural blood–brain barrier (BBB) substantially reduces treatment efficiency. These conditions concomitantly limit the efficacy of standard chemotherapeutic agents available for GB. Indeed, there is an urgent need of a multifunctional drug vehicle system that has potential to transport anticancer drugs efficiently to the target and can successfully cross the BBB. In this review, we summarize some nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutics attached to GB cells with antigens and membrane receptors for site-directed drug targeting. Such multicore drug delivery systems are potentially biodegradable, site-directed, nontoxic to normal cells and offer long-lasting therapeutic effects against brain cancer. These models could have better therapeutic potential for GB as well as efficient drug delivery reaching the tumor milieu. The goal of this article is to provide key considerations and a better understanding of the development of nanotherapeutics with good targetability and better tolerability in the fight against GB.     

A Nanobody‐Conjugated DNA Nanoplatform for Targeted Platinum‐Drug Delivery

The targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs is a major challenge in the clinical treatment of cancer. Herein, we constructed a multifunctional DNA nanoplatform as a versatile carrier of the highly potent platinum‐based DNA intercalator, 56MESS. In our rational design, 56MESS was efficiently loaded into the double‐bundle DNA tetrahedron through intercalation with the DNA duplex. With the integration of a nanobody that both targets and blocks epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the DNA nanocarriers exhibit excellent selectivity for cells with elevated EGFR expression (a common biomarker related to tumor formation) and combined tumor therapy without obvious systemic toxicity. This DNA‐based platinum‐drug delivery system provides a promising strategy for the treatment of tumors.     

Polyphenol-Based Nanosystems for Next-Generation Cancer Therapy: Multifunctionality,Design, and Challenges

With the continuous updating of cancer treatment methods and the rapid development of precision medicine in recent years, there are higher demands for advanced and versatile drug delivery systems. Scientists are committed to create greener and more effective nanomedicines where the carrier is no longer limited to a single function of drug delivery. Polyphenols, which can act as both active ingredients and fundamental building blocks, are being explored as potential multifunctional carriers that are efficient and safe for design purposes. Due to their intrinsic anticancer activity, phenolic compounds have shown surprising expressiveness in ablation of tumor cells, overcoming cancer multidrug resistance (MDR), and enhancing immunotherapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of versatile polyphenol-based nanosystems for cancer therapy in various modes. Moreover, the merits of polyphenols and the challenges for their clinical translation are also discussed, and it is pointed out that the novel polyphenol delivery system requires further optimization and validation.     

Magnetic-Optical Imaging for Monitoring Chemodynamic Therapy

Chemodynamic therapy kills cancer cells with reactive oxygen species generated by endogenous triggers in the tumor microenvironment. Although chemodynamic therapy is blossoming in recent years, their therapy process still faces a series of hampers. The unknown catalytic activity of chemodynamic therapy reagents may lead to unpredictable therapy effects, so it is necessary to reveal the therapeutic mechanism of chemodynamic therapy and develop self-monitoring probes. In this mini-review, we summarize and illustrate the most recent progress of chemodynamic therapy, focusing on the applications of magnetic imaging and optical imaging probe for monitoring cancer chemodynamic therapy. Furthermore, we also discuss the potential challenges and the further directions of this field.     

Macrophages-regulating nanomedicines for sepsis therapy

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care unit(ICU), which is caused by deregulated immune responses to pathogens infection. Clinically, sepsis treatment is limited to antibiotics and supportive care, while there still lacks of specific molecular therapy. As a type of immune dysfunction disease,macrophages have been recognized as the key immune cells precipitating in the whole process of sepsis,which is activated into M1-like to trigger various inflammatory responses at early stage ...     

环肽类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂

组蛋白乙酰化转移酶(HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)调节组蛋白乙酰化程度，HDAC在基因表达和染色体形成等方面起着重要的调节作用。HDAC抑制剂能够引起肿瘤细胞生长停滞、诱导肿瘤细胞分化和调亡。通过对各种HDAC抑制剂结构及作用机制的研究有助于该类药物在临床上的应用和拓宽癌症治疗的适用范围。本文概述了近年来天然及合成的环肽类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的研究进展。     

Association of DNA-dependent protein kinase with hypoxia inducible factor-1 and its implication in resistance to anticancer drugs in hypoxic tumor cells

Tumor hypoxia contributes to the progression of a malignant phenotype and resistance to ionizing radiation and anticancer drug therapy. Many of these effects in hypoxic tumor cells are mediated by expression of specific set of genes whose relation to therapy resistance is poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which plays a crucial role in DNA double strand break repair, would be involved in regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1beta-deficient cells showed constitutively reduced expression and DNA-binding activity of Ku, the regulatory subunit of DNA-PK. Under hypoxic condition, the expression and activity of DNA- PK were markedly induced with a concurrent increase in HIF-1alpha expression. Our result also demonstrated that DNA-PK could directly interact with HIF-1, and especially DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, could be involved in phosphorylation of HIF-1alpha, suggesting the possibility that the enhanced expression of DNA- PK under hypoxic condition might attribute to modulate HIF-1alpha stabilization. Thus, the correlated regulation of DNA-PK with HIF-1 could contribute to therapy resistance in hypoxic tumor cells, and it provides new evidence for developing therapeutic strategies enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy in hypoxic tumor cells.