电流脉冲前沿对电磁驱动固体套筒内爆的影响

固体套筒内爆是采用实验方法研究高能量密度状态下的材料力学性能的重要加载手段之一,国内已经建立起若干开展电磁内爆研究的驱动器。从电流脉冲前沿对固体套筒内爆性能影响的角度进行分析,为如何选择现有的实验装置开展固体套筒内爆实验研究提供依据。采用不可压缩零维模型进行计算,获得了套筒内爆速度受套筒尺寸、电流幅值以及电流脉冲前沿的影响情况。计算结果表明,开展固体套筒内爆的实验研究应选择电流脉冲前沿大于2 s的装置,这也为未来设计驱动能力更强的固体套筒内爆实验装置奠定了基础。     

基于箍缩装置的高能量密度物理实验研究进展

基于脉冲功率技术的箍缩装置能够在cm空间尺度和百ns时间尺度产生极端的高温、高压、高密度以及强辐射环境。中物院流体物理研究所在已建成的10 MA级的大型箍缩装置上开展多种负载构型的高能量密度物理实验研究。利用Z箍缩动态黑腔创造出了惯性约束聚变研究所需的高温辐射场;研究了金属箔套筒和固体套筒的内爆动力学特性;利用中低Z材料内爆获得了可观的K壳层线辐射并用于X射线热-力学效应实验研究;磁驱动准等熵加载和冲击加载为材料动态特性研究提供了新的实验能力;采用环形二极管和反射三极管技术的轫致辐射源获得了高剂量（率）的X射线和γ射线;利用磁驱动的径向金属箔模拟了天体物理中恒星射流的形成及其辐射的产生。此外,还介绍了利用反场构型磁化靶聚变装置开展的预加热磁化等离子体靶形成等实验结果。     

辐射驱动内爆流线实验测量

内爆速度的测量是惯性约束聚变研究中的核心问题, 是判断聚变点火反应的关键物理量. 在神光II激光装置上, 利用KB显微镜配合时间分辨为10 ps的条纹相机, 对1600 J激光能量注入, 3倍频, 脉宽为1 ns黑腔辐射驱动CH靶球, 获得了清晰的辐射驱动内爆流线轨迹X射线图像. 通过流线轨迹图像给出了最大内爆速度为160 km/s. 利用Multi1D程序对内爆压缩流线和壳层速度变化进行了模拟, 实验数据和理论模拟较符合.     

电作用量在磁驱动固体套筒内爆设计分析中的应用

磁驱动固体套筒内爆作为标准柱面冲击/准等熵汇聚压缩加载方式,在流体动力学、材料物性和聚变能源等领域具有广泛应用前景.在特定加载条件下,套筒飞层材料、半径和厚度的选择决定了套筒内爆力学行为,而电流烧蚀限制了所能选择的参数范围.通过薄壁套筒假定引入作为动力学参量的电作用量概念,利用不可压缩零维模型给出了低线电流密度下薄壁套筒尺寸优化设计方法和套筒飞层材料选择的原则;将修正后的电阻率-电作用量模型嵌入自编的一维弹塑性磁流体力学程序SOL1D进行模拟计算,分别与FP-1装置及ZR装置上的实验结果进行比对,表明在大径厚比和低线电流密度加载下,利用电作用量估算内爆速度及利用电爆炸丝实验获取的各阶段电作用量判断套筒物理状态是有效的.     

固体套筒内爆非冲击压缩研究北大核心CSCD

Z箍缩上的套筒准等熵压缩技术可以用来研究材料的高压状态方程。通过MDSC磁流体力学程序,以铝为负载材料,对PTS shot37负载电流进行非冲击压缩负载设计。结果显示,在原始电流下,没有合适的铝套筒尺寸可以实现非冲击压缩;对原始电流进行波形调节,将电流上升时间调为202和303ns后,获得了满足非冲击压缩条件的套筒尺寸范围。当电流上升时间为303ns时,半径为2.5mm,厚度为0.6mm的套筒尺寸在电流最大时刻,保留固相的厚度为0.12mm,此时固相最大压力为63GPa,最大内爆速度为15km/s。     

固体套筒内爆非冲击压缩研究

Z箍缩上的套筒准等熵压缩技术可以用来研究材料的高压状态方程。通过MDSC磁流体力学程序,以铝为负载材料,对PTS shot37负载电流进行非冲击压缩负载设计。结果显示,在原始电流下,没有合适的铝套筒尺寸可以实现非冲击压缩;对原始电流进行波形调节,将电流上升时间调为202和303ns后,获得了满足非冲击压缩条件的套筒尺寸范围。当电流上升时间为303ns时,半径为2.5mm,厚度为0.6mm的套筒尺寸在电流最大时刻,保留固相的厚度为0.12mm,此时固相最大压力为63GPa,最大内爆速度为15km/s。     

圆盘型发生器驱动固体套筒内爆的数值模拟

根据电爆炸箔断路开关的简化数值模型和不可压缩固体套筒的零维模型,利用Matlab编写了用于模拟圆盘型发生器驱动固体套筒内爆的一体化程序D-Liner,对圆盘型发生器、电爆炸箔断路开关、固体套筒内爆的耦合过程进行了数值模拟,分析了电爆炸断路开关工作电压、套筒半径、套筒速度的变化过程以及电爆炸断路开关对发生器电流波形的影响,并对套筒参数进行了优化设计。计算结果表明,以直径400 mm的十单元圆盘型发生器为驱动源,采用长度72 cm、厚度120 m的铜箔作为脉冲锐化开关,当初始电流为5.9 MA时,圆盘型发生器能够获得35 MA的脉冲大电流,电爆炸箔断路开关在击穿与之并联的间隙开关之后可以在固体套筒上产生230 kV的高电压和31 MA、特征上升时间1.6 s的脉冲大电流,能够把50 g柱形铝套筒加速到13.7 km/s。     

二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2的验证与确认

为了对磁驱动实验提供高置信度的数值模拟,需要开展磁流体力学程序的验证与确认。采用人为解比较法、网格收敛性研究和与成熟程序比较等方法,对二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2进行了程序验证。数值模拟表明:MDSC2程序正确地表示了磁流体力学模型,其中热扩散、磁扩散的离散格式具有二阶收敛精度。采用与磁驱动实验相比较的方法,进行了MDSC2程序的确认。对聚龙一号装置上的PTS-061发次磁驱动单侧飞片发射和PTS-122发次磁驱动双侧飞片发射实验进行了模拟,模拟的飞片自由面速度与实验测量的飞片自由面速度相一致;对FP-1装置上的固体套筒实验进行了模拟,模拟的套筒内外半径与实验测量结果相一致。MDSC2程序能正确模拟磁驱动单侧飞片发射、磁驱动双侧飞片发射和磁驱动固体套筒等磁驱动实验。     

柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验中的磁扩散过程

利用一维磁流体力学程序MC11D,对套筒材料为不锈钢的柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验进行了数值模拟,研究了其中的磁扩散过程。计算结果表明:当套筒空腔中的磁场被压缩到350 T左右时,峭面磁扩散波开始形成,磁扩散波的波前从套筒内壁开始以0.75 km/s的平均速度向外快速推进,给磁场的压缩带来了不利影响;随着套筒内壁温度迅速升高,内壁附近会形成一个电阻率仅有0.3 mcm左右的等离子体保护层,又极大地减缓了空腔磁场向套筒中扩散的速度。在磁压缩过程中,峭面磁扩散波和等离子体层对于空腔磁场的扩散起着相反的作用,两者在发展的过程中相互竞争,在不同的阶段分别起着主导作用。     

高能密度物理实验装置FP-1及其应用

 综述了由高能密度物理装置FP-1驱动的固体套筒内爆研究情况。主要内容包括FP-1脉冲功率装置的特性和所进行的主要物理实验：铝套筒内爆、双套筒碰撞和微喷射、套筒的内爆脉冲屈曲等，给出了各类实验的典型结果。     

Experimental Results from SHIVA Star Vacuum Inductive Store/Plasma Flow Switch Drven Implosions

Using a 1313-?F, 3-nH, 120-kV, 9.4-MJ SHIVA Star capacitor bank, we have performed vacuum inductive store/plasma flow switch (PFS) driven implosions of low mass (200-400 ?g/cm2) cylindrical foil liners of 2-cm height and 5-cm radius. This technique employs a coaxial discharge through a plasma armature, which stores magnetic energy over 3-4 ?s and rapidly switches it to an imploding load as the plasma armature exits the coaxial gun muzzle. The current transferred to the load by the PFS has a rise time of less than 0.2 ?s. With 5-MJ stored energy, we have driven fast liner implosions with a current of over 9 MA, obtaining an isotropic equivalent 2.7-TW 0.5-MJ X-ray yield.     

磁化套筒惯性聚变一维集成化数值模拟

磁化套筒惯性聚变(magnetized liner inertial fusion,MagLIF)结合了传统磁约束聚变和惯性约束聚变的优点,理论上可以显著地降低聚变实现的难度,具有极大的应用潜力.以研究MagLIF中的关键问题为目标,建立能够综合考虑磁化、预加热、套筒内爆、聚变反应、端面效应、磁通压缩等多种复杂机制在内的集成化物理模型,特别是通过引入流体喷射模型,使得可以在一维计算条件下考虑具有二维特性的端面损失情况,并额外考虑Nernst扩散项对磁通损失的影响.在此基础上编写实现一维集成化MagLIF数值模拟程序MIST(magnetic implosion simulation tools),与FP-1装置(2 MA,7.2μs)上铝套筒内爆实验结果的对比验证了程序磁流体模块的正确性;将聚变模块纳入后与国外同类程序LASNEX和HYDRA计算结果进行整体比较,所得数值结果总体接近,主要差异体现在燃料温度的计算上,对可能影响的原因进行了简要分析.所建立的集成化模型与程序将为未来开展MagLIF聚变实验研究提供坚实的理论基础和重要工具.     

Suppression of the ablation phase in wire array Z pinches using a tailored current prepulse

A new wire array configuration has been used to create thin shell-like implosions in a cylindrical array. The setup introduces a ~5 kA, ~25 ns current prepulse followed by a ~140 ns current-free interval before the application of the main (~1 MA) current pulse. The prepulse volumetrically heats the wires which expand to ~1 mm diameter leaving no dense wire core and without development of instabilities. The main current pulse then ionizes all the array mass resulting in suppression of the ablation phase, an accelerating implosion, and no trailing mass. Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth in the imploding plasma is inferred to be seeded by μm-scale perturbations on the surface of the wires. The absence of wire cores is found to be the critical factor in altering the implosion dynamics.     

Implosion of solid liner for compression of field reversedconfiguration

The design and first successful demonstration of an imploding solid liner with height to diameter ratio, radial convergence, and uniformity suitable for compressing a field reversed configuration is discussed. Radiographs indicated a very symmetric implosion with no instability growth, with ~13x radial compression of the inner liner surface prior to impacting a central measurement unit. The implosion kinetic energy was 1.5 megajoules, 34% of the capacitor stored energy of 4.4 megajoules     

爆轰驱动固体套筒压缩磁场计算及准等熵过程分析

采用构形磁流体力学计算程序SSS/MHD对炸药爆轰驱动固体套筒压缩磁场实验进行了一维磁流体力学模拟计算, 得到空腔磁场以及样品管内壁速度随时间的变化历程, 分别与磁探针和激光干涉测量的实验结果符合. 由分幅照相结果阐述了套筒压缩空腔磁场过程中的屈曲失稳和Bell-Plesset不稳定性现象. 分析了样品管和套筒中的磁扩散、涡流和磁压力的变化规律. 结果表明, 由于聚心运动下样品管和套筒的运动速度不同、电磁力和内爆作用力平衡等原因, 样品管内靠近磁腔处的磁场、涡流和磁压力均高于套筒内距磁腔相同位置处的结果. 讨论了样品管内距磁腔0.05 mm处的熵增随该点压缩度的变化, 最大熵增与样品管材料定容比热的比值在10%左右, 爆炸磁压缩实验过程的等熵程度较高.     

Increase in radiation intensity in a quasi-spherical “double liner”/“dynamic hohlraum” system

A concept of the magnetic implosion of quasi-spherical liners, concentration of their kinetic energies, conversion of energy into thermal radiation, confinement of its energy in the cavity of an emitting plasma shell in the “double liner”/“dynamic hohlraum” system, and the irradiation of a spherical target is proposed for the physics of high energy densities and inertial confinement fusion. The radiation intensity on the target was shown to increase considerably due to capture of radiation in the process of converting the kinetic energy of the liner into radiation. The dynamics of the liners and the generation of radiation are simulated by the ZETA code using a physical model developed for a nonequilibrium plasma in a cylindrical geometry. The effect of the instability and inhomogeneity of the liners on confinement of radiation energy is estimated.     

Monoenergetic-proton-radiography measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion

Time-gated, monoenergetic radiography with 15-MeV protons provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Images obtained during acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and stagnation display a comprehensive picture of spherical implosions. Critical information inferred from such images, hitherto unavailable, characterizes the spatial structure and temporal evolution of self-generated fields and plasma areal density. Results include the first observation of a radial electric field inside the imploding capsule. It is initially directed inward (at approximately 10(9) V/m), eventually reverses direction ( approximately 10(8) V/m), and is the probable consequence of the evolution of the electron pressure gradient.     

Black body radiation imploded inside a small cavity as an inertial confinement fusion driver

It is proposed to use black body radiation generated and imploded within a small cavity as a driver for inertial confinement fusion, with the thermonuclear target centered inside the cavity. By imploding the cavity the black body radiation confined in it is greatly amplified. The thermonuclear target placed inside the cavity in absorbing the energy from the incoming black body radiation is then ablatively imploded by this radiation. Since this radiation can have a rather short wave length, high density compression of the target seems to be attainable with relative ease. If the temperatureT in the cavity rises the energy absorbed by the target rises asT ^7.5 and most of the black body radiation is therefore absorbed by the target towards the end of the implosion process greatly increasing the power. To implode and thereby amplify the black body radiation inside the cavity requires a velocity not larger than ～50 km/s. This comparatively low velocity permits to implode the cavity by laser- or charged-particle beams of modest power. The required rather low cavity implosion velocity should be also attainable using magnetic travelling wave projectile accelerators not longer than a few 100 meters, making the concept also attractive for impact fusion.