利用扭秤检验牛顿反平方定律在近距离范围的正确性

许多理论模型预言牛顿引力反平方定律在近距离下将发生偏离.本文简要介绍了牛顿反平方定律的实验检验现状,给出了利用精密扭秤技术检验近距离反平方定律的实验原理和实验结果,分析了扭秤实验的热噪声和灵敏度.     

关于第五种力的讨论

正如我们所熟知的,引力、电磁、弱和强相互作用是自然界存在的四种基本相互作用.除了这四种基本的相互作用之外,还有没有新的基本力存在,是一个人们很感兴趣的问题.以往,在许多引力理论和统一理论的模型中,对于牛顿极限,质点的引力作用偏离了反平方定律.这种偏离是由于交换一种     

第五种力

 第五种力是指自然界可能存在的一种基本相互作用(力),它不同于早已得到人们普遍承认的另四种基本力:强相互作用(或核力)、电磁相互作用、弱相互作用及引力相互作用,是近二十余年对引力规律的研究中发现的.大家知道,牛顿主要根据天体运动的经验规律,确立了引力定律:引力的大小与引力源的质量成正比,与距离的平方成反比.这一理论在取得辉煌成就的同时,一直受到人们反复的检验,特别是规范理论出现以后,更引起实验物理学家的广泛关注.     

极短距离下的引力测量

极短距离下的引力服从什么样的规律?迄今已发表的最短距离的实验是检测相距0.2mm的两个质量之间的吸引力,其结论是这时引力仍服从牛顿反平方律,并未显示有弦论(String Theory)所预期的引力加强.在更短距离时能否仍保持这一情况呢?     

关于“第五种力”实验的新结果

Fischbach等人对Eotvos实验资料进行了重新分析,并根据Stacey等人在深井中对重力加速度测量的结果,提出了存在“第五种力”的可能性1).Fischbach等人提出的这种力比引力更弱且具有宏观有限的力程,并且被认为可能与物体重子数密度有关. 自那以来,物理学家进行了一系列新实验来检验这种力是否存在以及它的性质.这些实验大致可分为两类:一类是与 Stacey等人的实验类似的地球物理测量.它们主要探测物体间的引力与经典的平方反比定律的偏离,并由此确定是否存在这种新的力.另一类实验着重检测物体间的引力是否和它们的成分有关.因为牛顿-爱因斯…     

爱因斯坦:试图统一电磁力和引力未能如愿(Ⅰ)

 在牛顿统一了天上力和地上力、麦克斯韦尔统一了电力和磁力之后,电力的库仑公式和磁力的安培公式与牛顿万有引力公式在数学形式上的相似,使人很容易联想到电磁力与引力的统一。爱因斯坦,在1905年创立狭义相对论、1915年创立广义相对论分别改进和完善了麦克斯韦电磁理论和牛顿引力理论之后,试图统一电磁力和引力,花费了后半生近30年的时光去建立统一场论,但至死未能如愿。本讲,我们先介绍爱因斯坦生平;然后介绍他的成功之作:狭义和广义相对论;最后介绍未能完成的统一场论。     

哈勃参数对Robertson-McVittie时空中光线轨道的影响和雷达回波延迟修正

采用后牛顿近似计算方法讨论了哈勃参数H(t)对Robertson-McVittie时空中电磁波传播的后牛顿影响.对于光线的偏转实验,同时考虑了光源和接收点的有限距离(d1,d2)对偏转角度的影响,计算给出了哈勃参数H0对偏转角度的最大修正.对于雷达回波的延迟效应,给出了哈勃参数对时间延迟公式的最大修正.该工作利用经典引力实验考虑宇宙膨胀对电磁波传播的后牛顿影响,可为当前的高精度空间引力实验提供理论参考.     

还牛顿第二定律的本来面目

 牛顿第二定律是牛顿三定律的精髓,它描述了物体所受力与运动状态改变之间的定量关系。历史上在牛顿第二定律的建立过程及适应范围方面,存在很多误解和争议,损害了牛顿的光辉形象。牛顿第二定律建立过程的历史回顾在牛顿具体提出运动第二定律之前,伽利略已提出这种思想的萌芽,他在批判亚里士多德的力与速度的依赖关系基础上,提出了力与加速度之间的依赖关系,但是他没有也不可能在当时条件下发现作用力与加速度之间的定量关系,并将其发展成科学的基本定律。牛顿接受并发展了伽利略的这种观点。在1684年,他明确提出动质量概念之前,只能定性地探索运动第二定律的内容。     

万有引力与向心力公式中r的不同含义

万有引力定律是牛顿在1687年于<自然哲学的数学原理>上发表的.牛顿的普适万有引力定律表示如下: 任意两个质点通过连心线方向上的力相互吸引.该引力的大小与它们的质量乘积成正比,与它们距离的平方成反比,与两物体的化学本质或物理状态以及中介物质无关.     

"引力"七问

1 引力是什么 牛顿在17世纪就认识到宇宙中任何地方的一切物体的引力作用方式是相同的,且两物体间的吸引力与它们的质量的乘积成比例,与它们距离的平方成反比,即著名的"引力的平方反比律."爱因斯坦在20世纪初发表的广义相对论是研究物质在空间和时间中如何进行引力相互作用的理论,它将平方反比律解释成时空因物质和能量的存在而发生畸变的结果,并把牛顿理论包含在内.     

Test of the gravitational inverse square law at millimeter ranges

We report a new test of the gravitational inverse square law at millimeter ranges by using a dual-modulation torsion pendulum. An I-shaped symmetric pendulum and I-shaped symmetric attractors were adopted to realize a null experimental design. The non-Newtonian force between two macroscopic tungsten plates is measured at separations ranging down to 0.4 mm, and the validity of the null experimental design was checked by non-null Newtonian gravity measurements. We find no deviations from the Newtonian inverse square law with 95% confidence level, and this work establishes the most stringent constraints on non-Newtonian interaction in the ranges from 0.7 to 5.0 mm, and a factor of 8 improvement is achieved at the length scale of several millimeters.     

Null test of Newtonian inverse-square law at submillimeter range with a dual-modulation torsion pendulum

A null experimental test of the Newtonian inverse-square law at submillimeter range using a torsion pendulum was presented. Under the dual modulations of both the expected signal and the gravitational torque for calibration, our data concluded with 95% confidence that no new forces were observed and any gravitational-strength Yukawa forces (|alpha|>or=1) must have a length scale lambda<66 microm, agreeing well with the latest result of the E?t-wash group. Our result sets a unification energy scale of M*>or=2.8 TeV/c2 for the two compactified extra space dimensions with the same size R*<47 microm.     

New experimental limits on non-Newtonian forces in the micrometer range

We report measurements of the short-range forces between two macroscopic gold-coated plates using a torsion pendulum. The force is measured for separations between 0.7 and 7 μm and is well described by a combination of the Casimir force, including the finite-temperature correction, and an electrostatic force due to patch potentials on the plate surfaces. We use our data to place constraints on the Yukawa-type "new" forces predicted by theories with extra dimensions. We establish a new best bound for force ranges 0.4-4 μm and, for forces mediated by gauge bosons propagating in (4+n) dimensions and coupling to the baryon number, extract a (4+n)-dimensional Planck scale lower limit of M(*)>70 TeV.     

Submillimeter test of the gravitational inverse-square law: a search for "large" extra dimensions

Motivated by higher-dimensional theories that predict new effects, we tested the gravitational 1/r(2) law at separations ranging down to 218 microm using a 10-fold symmetric torsion pendulum and a rotating 10-fold symmetric attractor. We improved previous short-range constraints by up to a factor of 1000 and find no deviations from Newtonian physics.     

Constraints on new interactions from neutron scattering experiments

Constraints for the constants of hypothetical Yukawa-type corrections to the Newtonian gravitational potential are obtained from analysis of neutron scattering experiments. Restrictions are obtained for the interaction range between 10⁻¹² and 10⁻⁷ cm, where Casimir force experiments and atomic-force microscopy are not sensitive. Experimental limits are obtained also for nonelectromagnetic inverse-power-law neutron-nucleus potentials. Some possibilities are discussed to strengthen these constraints. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

杆摆中的内力、内力矩及其功

讨论了杆摆运动中的切向内力及其力矩、法向内力及其力矩;计算了内力及内力矩所作的功,这对进一步理解“质点”、“刚体”等概念有一定的参考价值．     

用扭摆观测月食的结果

本文论述了观测引力异常现象的重要性及扭摆对考察引力异常的效用。我们用了一台精度大为提高的扭摆对1979年9月6日北京的月全食进行了观测,观测到显著的异常现象,与Saxl所观测到的现象相似。并提出了改进观测的方法。     

Using Muonic Hydrogen in Optical Spectroscopy Experiment to Detect Extra Dimensions

Considering that gravitational force might deviate from Newton's inverse-square law (ISL) and become much stronger in small scale, we propose a kind of optical spectroscopy experiment to detect this possible deviation and take electronic, muonic and tauonic hydrogen atoms as examples. This experiment might be used to indirectly detect the deviation of ISL down to nanometer scale and to explore the possibility of three extra dimensions in ADD's model, while current direct gravity tests cannot break through micron scale and go beyond two extra dimensions scenario. PACS numbers: 04.80.-y, 11.10.Kk, 32.30.-r.     

Achieving geodetic motion for LISA test masses: ground testing results

The low-frequency resolution of space-based gravitational wave observatories such as LISA (Laser Interferometry Space Antenna) hinges on the orbital purity of a free-falling reference test mass inside a satellite shield. We present here a torsion pendulum study of the forces that will disturb an orbiting test mass inside a LISA capacitive position sensor. The pendulum, with a measured torque noise floor below 10 fN m/square root of Hz from 0.6 to 10 mHz, has allowed placement of an upper limit on sensor force noise contributions, measurement of the sensor electrostatic stiffness at the 5% level, and detection and compensation of stray dc electrostatic biases at the millivolt level.     

Measurement of Newton's constant using a torsion balance with angular acceleration feedback

We measured Newton's gravitational constant G using a new torsion balance method. Our technique greatly reduces several sources of uncertainty compared to previous measurements: (1) It is insensitive to anelastic torsion fiber properties; (2) a flat plate pendulum minimizes the sensitivity due to the pendulum density distribution; (3) continuous attractor rotation reduces background noise. We obtain G = (6.674215+/-0.000092) x 10(-11) m3 kg(-1) s(-2); the Earth's mass is, therefore, M = (5.972245+/-0.000082) x 10(24) kg and the Sun's mass is M = (1.988435+/-0.000027) x 10(30) kg.