上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳特性研究

本文针对毫米量级的上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳现象进行数值研究.基于势流方法求解气泡的运动,同时考虑气泡的表面张力作用.在伯努利方程中,对气泡与壁面之间水膜中因黏性引起的压力梯度进行修正,开发相应的计算程序,计算值与实验值符合良好.从气泡弹跳的基本现象入手,研究了特征参数对气泡弹跳过程的动态特性以及最终平衡形态的影响.发现随着泡在撞击壁面之前上浮距离增大,气泡回弹距离和弹跳周期增加,但是当上浮距离增加到一定程度后将不会影响气泡的弹跳特性;表面张力是影响气泡弹跳特性的重要因素,气泡的弹跳周期随其增大逐渐减小,但回弹距离却呈现先增后减的规律;最后,影响气泡最终平衡形态的主要因素是气泡的浮力参数与韦伯数.     

以弹跳机器人为背景的弹性环弹跳运动能量转换

文章以弹性环作为弹跳机器人的简单物理模型,研究弹性环对胡克定律的适用性以及弹性势能与初始动能的关系,在此基础上得出忽略空气阻力以及考虑空气阻力的理论弹起高度.文章利用高速摄像系统对弹性环运动过程进行观测,数据分析结果表明理论值与实验结果吻合较好.本文对于弹性环这种简单弹跳模型所得的研究结果有助于为弹跳机器人的能量转换效率及控制弹跳高度提供参考.     

电场下液滴合并自弹跳行为的分子动力学研究

在工程上通常利用滴状冷凝提高冷凝换热效率、进而强化传热。而当冷凝液滴发生合并自弹跳时,冷凝换热系数是传统滴状冷凝的1.3至1.5倍,因此液滴合并自弹跳现象对冷凝传热强化的贡献是非常大的。一些宏观实验和理论研究表明,加入外电场能进一步促进冷凝液滴合并自弹跳的频率和高度,但在纳米尺度下是否仍遵守这一规律还未可知,因此本文使用分子动力学模拟方法,探究了在超疏水表面上电场的方向和强度对纳米纯水液滴合并自弹跳行为的影响,模拟结果表明垂直向上方向电场会抑制液滴合并自弹跳,垂直向下方向存在一个电场促进弹跳的区间,在此区间内电场强度越大,弹跳速度越大.     

ICF靶用微球弹跳的影响因素分析

 通过对微球弹跳模型的建立,对微球弹跳过程进行了受力分析,解释了微球弹跳过程中遇到的微球粘连或“不跳”、弹跳率起伏不定及弹跳幅度高低不同等现象。通过对加载信号方向与大小、微球质量及尺寸大小、微球及反弹盘表面特性、环境湿度等影响微球弹跳效果因素的分析,提出了改善涂层表面粗糙度和弹跳效果的措施,包括根据微球大小调整微球弹跳激励方式、等离子体中和微球表面电荷、反弹盘表面改性减小球盘之间的相互作用力。     

电驱动引发液滴弹跳过程中的能量转换

许多工业技术如凝结散热和燃料电池等要求实现固液分离,电润湿是引发液滴从疏水表面脱离的一种有效的方法,而且方便控制.电场激励的液滴弹跳依赖于表面能向动能和其他形式能量的转化,目前尚缺乏对这一过程的深入研究.本研究利用高速摄像机捕捉了在电润湿激励下疏水表面液滴的弹跳运动,根据接触角和液滴形态的变化预估了引发液滴弹跳的电压阈值,并利用自编Matlab程序分析和计算了在液滴脱离表面和反复弹跳过程中各种形式的能量.结果表明,液滴质心的动能和势能在液滴脱离表面飞行期间存在明显的耦合关系,振动动能和表面势能在飞行阶段也存在一定的耦合关系,液滴黏性引起的内部耗散随着液滴振荡变形的幅度增大,并随着时间衰减.由于可以引发液滴振荡变形并制造更多的表面能,在液滴弹跳中交流脉冲比直流电更高效.通过揭示电润湿驱动的液滴弹跳过程中能量的转化和耗散机制,为该技术在固液分离和三维数字微流控中的应用提供了理论参考.     

打水漂游戏中的物理学

站在湖边 ,人们常喜爱用一块小石片在湖面上打水漂玩 .但在这个游戏背后有没有物理学呢 ?最近法国里昂大学的物理学教授L .Bocquet为了能确切地回答儿子提出的问题 ,他着手研究了这个物理问题 ,同时这也是他在写力学教科书时可用的一个例题 .他的问题是 :当你用石片打水漂时应考虑些什么参数才能使你的石片在湖面上跳跃的次数又多又好 ?他认为下列的参数是必需要考虑的 ,这就是 :石片的质量、石片的形状 .石片在抛出时相对于水面的角度 (这角度应愈小愈好 )、石片在飞行时的自旋转率 (旋转率愈高 ,石片运动得愈稳定 )以及石片飞行时的水平…     

微纳米结构超疏水表面低浓度乙醇液滴的合并弹跳

本文以去离子水、质量分数为8%和16%的低浓度乙醇溶液为工质,研究了液体表面张力对液滴在平超疏水和层级微槽超疏水表面合并弹跳的影响,揭示液体表面张力变化引起液滴合并过程中与表面结构相互作用的改变,为实现低表面张力工质的动力学行为调控研究提供前期探索。研究发现,在平超疏水表面,质量分数为8%和16%的乙醇液滴合并弹跳过程由惯性效应主导,合并弹跳速度遵循惯性毛细定律,无量纲速度为0.23～0.27,能量转化效率为5.6%～6%。液体表面张力的减小导致平超疏水表面液滴合并弹跳速度的减小,并未影响液滴合并过程中内部动量的传递机制。在层级微槽超疏水表面,槽道边缘增强的黏附作用改变了乙醇液滴合并过程的形态演变,影响了其内部动量的传递,导致液滴合并弹跳速度和能量转化效率降低。随着液体表面张力的减小,液滴间凸台结构对合并弹跳性能的强化作用减弱,而凹槽结构对合并弹跳性能的恶化作用增强。     

超疏水表面上多液滴合并触发液滴弹跳现象的理论分析

超疏水表面上由冷凝液滴的合并触发的液滴弹跳现象在自清洁、强化传热、防结霜等工程领域均有广阔的应用前景。本文建立了一个能量模型以分析多液滴合并触发的液滴弹跳现象。依据本文模型,在液滴弹跳过程中,涉及到表面能、黏性耗散、重力势能、阻滞功、振动动能和平动动能等能量形式的变化及转换,当有更多的表面能转化为平动动能时,液滴弹跳速度会更快。结果表明,多液滴合并能够释放更多的表面能,分布更集中的液滴之间的合并有利于获得更多的平动动能,使液滴弹跳速度更大。此外,存在最小的临界液滴半径和半径比,小于该半径或半径比时,不会发生液滴弹跳。随合并液滴数量的增加,该最小的临界液滴半径和半径比均减小。     

利用视频分析软件Tracker研究皮球的弹跳

利用视频分析软件Tracker分析皮球在下落弹跳过程中位移和速度的变化情况,并依据分析的实验数据测量重力加速度以及皮球与地面碰撞时的恢复系数.     

纳米结构表面上部分润湿液滴合并诱导弹跳的理论研究

部分润湿液滴是适宜纳米结构表面上滴状冷凝传热的主要载体,研究纳米结构参数与部分润湿液滴合并弹跳之间的关系有重要意义,本文依据冷凝液滴生长过程中能量增加最小的原理来判断其是否为部分润湿状态,并根据液滴合并前后的体积和界面自由能守恒,确定了合并液滴的初始形状,进而对合并液滴变形过程的动力学方程进行了求解,结果表明:部分润湿冷凝液滴仅在纳米柱具有一定高度、直径间距比较大的表面上形成,而当纳米柱高度过低、直径间距比小于0.1时则形成完全润湿的冷凝液滴;液滴合并后能否弹跳与纳米结构参数紧密相关,仅在纳米柱较高、直径间距比适宜的表面上,部分润湿液滴合并后才能诱发弹跳;液滴尺度及待合并液滴间的尺度比对合并弹跳也有重要影响;多个部分润湿液滴合并后由于具有更多的过剩界面自由能而比两个液滴合并更容易诱发弹跳,本模型对纳米结构表面上冷凝液滴是否合并诱发弹跳的计算结果与绝大部分实测结果相一致,准确率达到95%。     

Characterization of laser cleaning of limestone

The precise and controlled cleaning of polluted limestone sculpture by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is described. Acoustic monitoring of the cleaning process is used to demonstrate the selective removal of black crusts from stone surfaces. Results are also presented which show that by applying a thin layer of water to the surface of the crust prior to irradiation, cleaning can be achieved at a lower energy than with normal laser cleaning. The probability of damage to the underlying stone is, therefore, reduced.     

近红外漫反射光谱快速测定复合肥料各养分及石粉含量的研究

提出了一种近红外漫反射光谱法同时测定复合肥料各养分及石粉含量的新方法,其中复合肥料由尿素、磷酸一铵、氯化钾和石粉组成,各养分含量分别用总氮(N)含量、有效五氧化二磷(P)含量、氧化钾(K)含量表示.文中建立了N,P和石粉含量的PLS模型,其SEP值分别为0.8,0.8和1.4.其中,石粉含量模型是借助于石粉中结晶水的光...     

基于手持式X荧光光谱仪对乐山大佛赋存砂岩的分析

为探索手持式X荧光光谱仪在石窟研究和保护中的应用,结合岩相分析和前期地调数据,使用手持式X荧光光谱仪,对四川乐山大佛从佛脚到胸部位置共42 m厚的砂岩以平均0.5 m间隔进行高密度XRF测试,做出元素含量和比值变化曲线。研究结果显示,手持式XRF测试结果中的Si,Ca,Al和Fe等主量元素可以较好地与岩相分析结果和自然层划分结果吻合,反映石英、方解石、褐铁矿的含量变化以及岩屑绢云母化程度。元素比值能够反映厚层块状岩体内部的抗风化能力差异,Si/(Si+Fe+Al)可以反映砂岩胶结物含量变化和受溶蚀程度,(K₂O+CaO)/Al₂O₃指示抗化学风化强度变化,S元素含量与Fe、Mn元素的去耦合指示了溶孔发育,综合反映了大佛赋存岩体在胶结物成分、孔隙度和层理发育方面的情况。Cl元素的两段高值与乐山大佛胸部带状滞状区及大佛脚部潜水区高度吻合。手持式X荧光光谱仪应用在石质文物分析中具有以下三个优势：（1）对大型、不可移动的石质文物本体来说,手持式X荧光光谱仪提供了高效、无损的岩石化学成分分析手段,主量元素的含量及分布可以较好地与赋存岩体的岩相分析结果和自然层划分结果吻合,能够成为石质文物本体岩性和岩层划分的辅助手段,有利于进行不同区域石质文物的对比研究。（2）对凿造于同一厚层块状岩层中的石质文物来说,手持式X荧光光谱仪能够满足测试间隔不到0.1 m的高分辨XRF扫描,元素比值的波动和元素间耦合关系的变化反应胶结物成分、孔隙度、溶孔发育度等方面反应块状岩体抗风化能力的内部差异。（3）Cl元素含量变化曲线可以精确指示含水量高的岩层,有助于进行滞水、透水情况和水患防治重点的评估,为处于不同气候和水文条件下的石质文物进行病害位置和机制对比提供辅助信息。     

Performance evolution of hydrophobic treatments for stone conservation investigated by MRI.

1H-MRI has been applied to the evaluation of the performances of a hydrophobic polymer (Paraloid B72), widely used for the conservation of monumental buildings and other stone artifacts. By this technique it has been possible to visualize the water diffusion in a treated rock material (Pietra di Lecce, a highly porous Italian biocalcarenite) and then indirectly the spatial distribution of the polymer in the rock. The effects of wetting-drying cycles on the hydrophobic efficacy of the acrylic polymer in the inner layers of the rock were also studied. A notable decrease in the water-repellence inside the stone was detected and attributed to a loss of adhesion of the polymer to the substrate, promoted by the action of water.     

Influence of porosity on artificial deterioration of marble and limestone by heating

Testing of stone consolidants to be used on-site, as well as research on new consolidating products, requires suitable stone samples, with deteriorated but still uniform and controllable characteristics. Therefore, a new methodology to artificially deteriorate stone samples by heating, exploiting the anisotropic thermal deformation of calcite crystals, has recently been proposed. In this study, the heating effects on a variety of lithotypes was evaluated and the influence of porosity in determining the actual heating effectiveness was specifically investigated. One marble and four limestones, having comparable calcite amounts but very different porosity, were heated at 400 °C for 1 hour. A systematic comparison between porosity, pore size distribution, water absorption, sorptivity and ultrasonic pulse velocity of unheated and heated samples was performed. The results of the study show that the initial stone porosity plays a very important role, as the modifications in microstructural, physical and mechanical properties are way less pronounced for increasing porosity. Heating was thus confirmed as a very promising artificial deterioration method, whose effectiveness in producing alterations that suitably resemble those actually experienced in the field depends on the initial porosity of the stone to be treated.     

The use of resonant scattering to identify stone fracture in shock wave lithotripsy

There is currently little feedback as to whether kidney stones have fractured during shock wave lithotripsy. Resonant scattering of the lithotripter shock wave was used here to differentiate intact and fractured stone models in water. Scattering, including reflection and radiation due to reverberation from within the stone, was calculated numerically with linear elasticity theory and agreed well with measurements made with a focused receiver. Identification of fracture was possible through frequency analysis, where scatter from fractured stones was characterized by higher energy in distinct bands. High-speed photography concurrent with measurement indicated the effect was not due to cavitation.     

Superhydrophobic films for the protection of outdoor cultural heritage assets

A very simple method that can be used to impart superhydrophobicity to stone surfaces of monuments using common and low-cost materials that are already employed or are easy to be found by conservators is presented. A siloxane-nanoparticle dispersion is sprayed on a stone, and this process can result in the formation of a rough two-length-scale hierarchical structure that exhibits water repellent properties, provided that the nanoparticle concentration in the dispersion is higher than a critical value. Superhydrophobicity (static contact angle >150° and contact angle hysteresis <7°) is achieved, by this simple method (i) on the surfaces of three types of stones, Opuka, Božanovsky and Hořicky, which have been used for the restoration of the castle of Prague, (ii) using two poly (alkyl siloxane) products such as Rhodorsil 224 and Porosil VV plus, which are utilized by conservators and (iii) using common nanoparticles such as silica (SiO₂), alumina (Al₂O₃), tin oxide (SnO₂) and titanium oxide (TiO₂). It is shown that the stone substrate and the nanoparticle size (5–50 nm) or type have almost no effect on the wettability of the superhydrophobic surfaces, as comparable contact angles were measured on the three stone substrates, treated with any siloxane-particle composite. Treatments of the stones with pure (hydrophobic) siloxanes and siloxane-SiO₂ (superhydrophobic) composites result in comparable reductions of the water vapor permeability and the water amounts absorbed by capillarity. Consequently, the use of nanoparticles in the protective coatings does not have any obvious effect on the results of the aforementioned tests. However, the aesthetic appearance of the three stones, included in this study, is highly affected by the nanoparticles.     

The protection of different Italian marbles with two partially flourinated acrylic copolymers

Committing stone protection to polymeric materials started in the sixties but the study and knowledge of the complex and multiple interactions between stone and polymers has only been carried out recently. Its important to note that, together with the factors related to the polymeric system itself, intrinsic properties of the stone substrate, like composition, porosity, and crystalline characteristics, play a relevant role. In this paper the issues related to protection of three different Italian marbles have been investigated: Candoglia marble, employed in the building of the Milan Cathedral, Carrara marble, widely used in sculpture and historical architecture, and S. Giuliano marble, used in the building of the Pisa Cathedral and its famous leaning tower. Specimens coming from blocks of the three quarried stones have been characterized, treated with two new partially fluorinated acrylic copolymers, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate (TFEMA/MA), and trifluoromethyl-2,2,2-trifluorethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate (HFIMA/MA), and tested according to UNI-Normal Italian protocol. All the measurements including capillary water absorption, static contact angles, colour variation, water vapour permeability, and SEM morphological analysis have been carried out before and after the polymeric treatment. The aim of this work is to evaluate the protective efficacy of these two new partially fluorinated acrylic copolymers on the three different marbles, and to correlate the different behaviours with the polymers properties and with the stone substrates characteristics. PACS 61.41.+e; 81.05.Lg; 68.08.de; 68.60.wm     

Cracks and pores – Their roles in the transmission of water confined in cementitious materials

Cement paste is formed through a process called hydration by combining water with a cementitious material. Concrete, the worlds most versatile and most widely used material, can then be obtained when aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed stone) are added to the paste. The quality of hardened concrete is greatly influenced by the water confined in the cementitious materials and how it is transmitted through cracks and pores. Here we demonstrate that the water transport in cracks and capillary pores of hardened cement pastes can be approximately modeled by simple equations. Our findings highlight the significance of arresting the development of cracks in cementitious materials used in repository barriers. We also show that neutron scattering is an advantageous technique for understanding how water transmission is effected by gel pore structures. Defining measurable differences in gel pores may hold a key to prediction of the reduction of water transport through cement barriers.     

福建寿山黑田与坑头黑的谱学与矿物学研究

寿山石是我国国石候选石之一,也是四大图章石之首。寿山石中黑田为黑色田黄石,是田黄中的特殊品种,产于寿山溪两旁的田地中。母源区坑头占的位置产有黑色坑头石。本文将黑田与母源区的黑色坑头石(坑头黑)进行对比研究,采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、红外吸收光谱(IR)、激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)和扫描电镜(SEM)对它们的矿物成分、红外吸收峰特征、颜色成因以及矿物的微区形貌特征进行对比研究。测试结果显示,黑田与坑头黑的矿物成分不同,红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析表明坑头黑以地开石为主;另外,X射线粉晶衍射分析表明坑头黑中可含有杂质矿物如叶蜡石、伊利石、黄铁矿和石英。而红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析表明黑田的主要成分为地开石或者珍珠陶石;另外,X射线粉晶衍射分析表明黑田中含有少量的硫磷铝锶矿和镁硫铁矿。黑田与坑头黑的矿物微形貌也存在差异,黑田矿物晶粒大小不一致、片状晶体颗粒边缘圆化,说明黑田中矿物晶体曾遭受过水岩反应的溶蚀改造作用。而坑头黑中地开石结晶程度良好,晶粒呈片状,边棱尖锐,晶体颗粒大小较为一致,说明坑头黑为原生矿。根据LA-ICP-MS微量化学成分分析测试,初步认为黑田与坑头黑的黑色皆与Fe元素致色有关,该结论有待进一步测试研究。