Influence of synthesis parameters on iron nanoparticle size and zeta potential

Zero valent iron nanoparticles are of increasing interest in clean water treatment applications due to their reactivity toward organic contaminants and their potential to degrade a variety of compounds. This study focuses on the effect of organophosphate stabilizers on nanoparticle characteristics, including particle size distribution and zeta potential, when the stabilizer is present during nanoparticle synthesis. Particle size distributions from DLS were obtained as a function of stabilizer type and iron precursor (FeSO₄·7H₂O or FeCl₃), and nanoparticles from 2 to 200 nm were produced. Three different organophosphate stabilizer compounds were compared in their ability to control nanoparticle size, and the size distributions obtained for particle volume demonstrated differences caused by the three stabilizers. A range of stabilizer-to-iron (0.05–0.9) and borohydride-to-iron (0.5–8) molar ratios were tested to determine the effect of concentration on nanoparticle size distribution and zeta potential. The combination of ferrous sulfate and ATMP or DTPMP phosphonate stabilizer produced stabilized nanoparticle suspensions, and the stabilizers tested resulted in varying particle size distributions. In general, higher stabilizer concentrations resulted in smaller nanoparticles, and excess borohydride did not decrease nanoparticle size. Zeta potential measurements were largely consistent with particle size distribution data and indicated the stability of the suspensions. Probe sonication, as a nanoparticle resuspension method, was minimally successful in several different organic solvents.     

Dispersion stability of nanoparticles in ecotoxicological investigations: the need for adequate measurement tools

One of the main challenges in nanoecotoxicological investigations is in the selection of the most suitable measurement methods and protocols for nanoparticle characterisation. Several parameters have been identified as being important as they govern nanotoxicological activity, with some parameters being better defined than others. For example, as a parameter, there is some ambiguity as to how to measure dispersion stability in the context of ecotoxicological investigations; indeed, there is disagreement over which are the best methods to measure nanoparticle dispersion stability. The purpose of this article is to use various commercially available tools to measure dispersion stability and to understand the information given by each tool. In this study, CeO₂ was dispersed in two different types of media: de-ionised water and electrolyte-containing fish medium. The DLS mean particle size of freshly dispersed sample in DI water was ~200 nm in diameter. A visual sedimentation experiment showed that nanoparticle dispersion made in the fish medium was less stable compared to corresponding dispersion in de-ionised water. Stability of these dispersions was monitored using various techniques, for a period of 3 days. Our findings have shown that dispersion stability can be suitably assessed by monitoring: (a) surface charge, (b) sedimentation events and (c) presence of agglomerates, through time. The majority of techniques employed here (zeta potential, particle size via DLS, fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy and SEM) were shown to provide useful, complementary information on dispersion stability. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) provides useful, quantitative information on the concentration of nanoparticles in suspension, but is limited by its inability to accurately track the motion of large agglomerates found in the fish medium.     

Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles: effects of polyelectrolyte concentration and pH

This study refers to the effect of sodium polyacrylate concentration (1 to 5 mass %) and pH (10 to 12) on the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (magnetite?Cmaghemite) and their characterization by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The magnetic particles were obtained by coprecipitation method using iron chloride (II) and iron chloride (III) as precursor reagents and sodium polyacrylate as stabilizing agent. All samples showed Mössbauer broad resonance lines in typical doublet and sextets patterns of magnetite or maghemite with corresponding wide particle size distributions. The stability of magnetic particles was carried out by measuring particle sizes with dynamic light scattering (DLS). The z-average values for magnetic particles were in the range 24 to 590 nm and no significant change in size was observed on aging by leaving this material in air for 20 days. X-ray diffraction patterns showed characteristic peaks of the spinel structure and have an increase in their broadening as the pH decreases, effect that is dominated by the decrease in crystallite sizes. The nanoparticles showed to be magnetic at pH 12 and at room temperature.     

Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement of Nanometer Particles in Liquids

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques for studying sizes and shapes of nanoparticles in liquids are reviewed. In photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), the time fluctuations in the intensity of light scattered by the particle dispersion are monitored. For dilute dispersions of spherical nanoparticles, the decay rate of the time autocorrelation function of these intensity fluctuations is used to directly measure the particle translational diffusion coefficient, which is in turn related to the particle hydrodynamic radius. For a spherical particle, the hydrodynamic radius is essentially the same as the geometric particle radius (including any possible solvation layers). PCS is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring radii of submicron size particles in liquid dispersions. Depolarized Fabry-Perot interferometry (FPI) is a less common dynamic light scattering technique that is applicable to optically anisotropic nanoparticles. In FPI the frequency broadening of laser light scattered by the particles is analyzed. This broadening is proportional to the particle rotational diffusion coefficient, which is in turn related to the particle dimensions. The translational diffusion coefficient measured by PCS and the rotational diffusion coefficient measured by depolarized FPI may be combined to obtain the dimensions of non-spherical particles. DLS studies of liquid dispersions of nanometer-sized oligonucleotides in a water-based buffer are used as examples.     

Characterization of nanoparticles of lidocaine in w/o micro emulsions using small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering

Microemulsions (MEs) are of special interest because a variety of reactants can be introduced into the nanometer-sized aqueous domains, leading to materials with controlled size and shape [1,2]. In the past few years, significant research has been conducted in the reverse ME-mediated synthesis of organic nanoparticles [3,4]. In this study, a w/o ME medium was employed for the synthesis of lidocaine by direct precipitation in w/o microemulsion systems: water/isopropylpalmitat/Tween80/Span80. The particle size as well as the location of nanoparticles in the ME droplet were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). It is observed that lidocaine precipitated in the aqueous cores because of its insolubility in water. Hydrodynamic radius and gyration radius of microemulsion droplets were estimated as ∼15 nm and ∼4.50 nm from DLS and SANS respectively. Furthermore, different size parameters obtained by DLS and SANS experiments were compared     

Physical properties of magnetic alloy (Nd–Fe–B–C) nanoparticles generated in distilled water using Nd:YAG LASER

In this work, (Nd?CFe?CB?CC) magnetic nanoparticles are generated by pulses of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the (Nd?CFe?CB?CC) magnetic target in distilled water. Exposure times were 1, 5, and 10 min. Percentages of elements in a bulk sample and nanoparticles are investigated by energy-dispersive X rays (EDX). Mean particle sizes of the nanosamples are analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average size of the nanoparticles is 6.23 nm. A typical selected-area electron-diffraction (SAED) ring pattern from the nanocrystals shows a tetragonal structure in (Nd?CFe?CB?CC) nanoparticles similar to the bulk sample. In order to investigate the nanoparticle stability, in two weeks after nanoparticle generation, the size distribution of nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a magnetic force microscope (MFM), we show different aspects of generated nanoparticles.     

Applications of polymeric micelles with tumor targeted in chemotherapy

The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by cross-linking method. In this method; during the adsorption of cationic chitosan molecules onto the surface of anionic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with electrostatic interactions, tripolyphosphate (TPP) is added for ionic cross-linking of the chitosan molecules with each other. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The XRD and XPS analyses proved that the synthesized iron oxide was magnetite (Fe₃O₄). The layer of chitosan on the magnetite surface was confirmed by FTIR. TEM results demonstrated a spherical morphology. In the synthesis, at higher NH₄OH concentrations, smaller sized nanoparticles were obtained. The average diameters were generally between 2 and 8?nm for CS MNPs in TEM and between 58 and 103?nm in DLS. The average diameters of bare MNPs were found as around 18?nm both in TEM and DLS. TGA results indicated that the chitosan content of CS MNPs were between 15 and 23?% by weight. Bare and CS MNPs were superparamagnetic. These nanoparticles were found non-cytotoxic on cancer cell lines (SiHa, HeLa). The synthesized MNPs have many potential applications in biomedicine including targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging?(MRI), and magnetic hyperthermia.     

Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of Cu nanoparticles

Microwave heating was applied to synthesize copper colloidal nanoparticles by a polyol method that exploits the chelating and reducing power of a polidentate alcohol (diethylenglycol). The synthesis was carried out in the presence of eco-friendly additives such as ascorbic acid (reducing agent) and polyvinylpirrolidone (chelating polymer) to improve the reduction kinetics and sols stability. Prepared suspensions, obtained with very high reaction yield, were stable for months in spite of the high metal concentration. In order to optimize suspensions, synthesis parameters were modified and the effects on particle size, optical properties, and reaction yield were investigated. XRD analysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and DLS measurements confirmed that prepared sols consist of crystalline metallic copper with a diameter ranging from 45 to 130 nm. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Cu nanoparticles was monitored by UV–Vis spectroscopy and showed both a red shift and a band weakening due to nanoparticle diameter increase. Microwave use provides rapid, uniform heating of reagents and solvent, while accelerating the reduction of metal precursors and the nucleation of metal clusters, resulting in monodispersed nanostructures. The proposed microwave-assisted synthesis, also usable in large-scale continuous production, makes process intensification possible.     

Particle agglomeration and properties of nanofluids

The present study demonstrates the importance of actual agglomerated particle size in the nanofluid and its effect on the fluid properties. The current work deals with 5 to 100 nm nanoparticles dispersed in fluids that resulted in 200 to 800 nm agglomerates. Particle size distributions for a range of nanofluids are measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Wet scanning electron microscopy method is used to visualize agglomerated particles in the dispersed state and to confirm particle size measurements by DLS. Our results show that a combination of base fluid chemistry and nanoparticle type is very important to create stable nanofluids. Several nanofluids resulted in stable state without any stabilizers, but in the long term had agglomerations of 250 % over a 2 month period. The effects of agglomeration on the thermal and rheological properties are presented for several types of nanoparticle and base fluid chemistries. Despite using nanodiamond particles with high thermal conductivity and a very sensitive laser flash thermal conductivity measurement technique, no anomalous increases of thermal conductivity was measured. The thermal conductivity increases of nanofluid with the particle concentration are as those predicted by Maxwell and Bruggeman models. The level of agglomeration of nanoparticles hardly influenced the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The viscosity of nanofluids increased strongly as the concentration of particle is increased; it displays shear thinning and is a strong function of the level of agglomeration. The viscosity increase is significantly above of that predicted by the Einstein model even for very small concentration of nanoparticles.     

氧化钆纳米粒子对A549肺癌细胞的辐射增敏效应研究

采用氧化钆纳米粒子（GON）,研究钆基纳米粒子对X射线和碳离子束的辐射增敏效应。首先,通过透射电镜观察材料粒径,使用DLS检测材料的水合半径及Zeta电位,并用紫外吸收谱证实GON在培养基中稳定性较好;研究发现钆（Gd）浓度为10.0 μg/mL的GON对30 keV/μm碳离子束辐照水溶液产生的羟自由基的增强系数为1.13;GON对A549肺癌细胞和正常MRC-5肺细胞没有明显的毒性,且在人肺癌A549细胞中的摄取量随共培养浓度的增加而增加,在10.0 μg/mL共培养浓度下,细胞摄入Gd的量为0.73 pg/cell;进一步采用克隆存活实验证明,GON的加入对X射线和碳离子辐照A549细胞所产生的损伤具有明显的增强,在10%的细胞存活水平下,GON对A549细胞在X射线及碳离子辐照下的辐射增敏分别达15.5%和10.1%。鉴于钆材料常被用于磁共振成像（MRI）,所获得的GON有望作为X射线和碳离子的诊疗一体化材料。     

Cyclodextrin-conjugated nanocarrier for magnetically guided delivery of hydrophobic drugs

A magnetic nanosystem that simultaneously implements the cyclodextrin–drug complexation power, bioadhesive property of gum arabic (GA) and inherent magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, has recently been reported. In this study, a magnetic nanocarrier was fabricated by conjugating 2-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HCD) onto the gum arabic modified magnetic nanoparticles (GAMNP). The analyses of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that the product had a mean diameter of 14.8 nm and a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 29.3 nm. This nanocarrier showed good loading efficiency for ketoprofen. In addition, the in vitro release profile of ketoprofen from HCD-GAMNP was characterized by an initial fast release followed by a delayed release phase. In view of the better biocompatibility and the combined properties like specific targeting, complexation ability with hydrophobic drugs makes the nanosystem an exciting prospect for drug delivery.     

One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous solution and their antibacterial activities

A one-step simple synthesis of silver colloid nanoparticles with controllable sizes is presented in this research. In the synthesis, an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-NH₂) was applied as a stabilizer and a reductant. The syntheses, performed at various initial AgNO₃ concentrations (0.28–0.56 g/l) in a 2 g/l HBP-NH₂ aqueous solution, produced silver colloid nanoparticles having average sizes from 3 to 30 nm with narrow size distributions. The formation of silver colloid nanoparticles was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV/Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results indicated that both particle size and the UV absorption are strongly dependent on the initial AgNO₃ concentrations. The silver colloid nanoparticles, prepared with a 0.35 g/l AgNO₃ aqueous solution in the presences of 2 g/l HBP-NH₂, showed good antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). A very low concentration of nano-silver (as low as 3.0 ug/ml Ag) also gave excellent antibacterial performance.     

Synthesis of aqueous ferrofluids of ZnxFe3−xO4 nanoparticles by citric acid assisted hydrothermal-reduction route for magnetic hyperthermia applications

Superparamagnetic and monodispersed aqueous ferrofluids of Zn substituted magnetite nanoparticles (Zn_xFe_3−xO₄, x=0, 0.25, 0.3, 0.37 and 0.4) were synthesized via hydrothermal-reduction route in the presence of citric acid, which is a facile, low energy and environmental friendly method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The results showed that a certain amount of citric acid was required to obtain single phase Zn substituted magnetite nanoparticles. Citric acid acted as a modulator and reducing agent in the formation of spinel structure and controlled nanoparticle size and crystallinity. Mean particle sizes of the prepared nanoparticles were around 10 nm. The results that are obtained from XRD, magnetic and power loss measurements showed that the crystallinity, saturation magnetization (M_S) and loss power of the synthesized ferrofluids were all influenced by the substitution of Zn in the structure of magnetite. The Zn substituted magnetite nanoparticles obtained by this route showed a good stability in aqueous medium (pH 7) and hydrodynamic sizes below 100 nm and polydispersity indexes below 0.2. The calculated intrinsic loss power (ILP) for the sample x=0.3 (e.g. 2.36 nH m²/kg) was comparable to ILP of commercial ferrofluids with similar hydrodynamic sizes.     

Characterisation of nanoparticle size and state prior to nanotoxicological studies

Before commencing any nanotoxicological study, it is imperative to know the state of the nanoparticles to be used and in particular their size and size distribution in the appropriate test media is particularly important. Particles satisfying standards can be commercially purchased; however, these invariably cannot be used directly and need to be dispersed into the relevant biological media. Often such changes in the environment or ionic strength, or a change in the particle concentration, results in some aggregation or a shift in the particle size distribution. Such unexpected aggregation, dissolution or plating out, if unaccounted for, can have a significant effect on the available nanoparticle dose and on interpretation of any results obtained thereafter. Here, we demonstrate the application of characterisation instrumentation that sizes nanoparticles based on their Brownian motion in suspension. Unlike classical light-scattering techniques, the nanoparticle tracking and analysis (NTA) technique allows nanoparticles to be sized in suspension on a particle-by-particle basis allowing higher resolution and therefore better understanding of aggregation than ensemble methods (such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and differential centrifugation sedimentation (DCS)). Results will be presented from gold (standard) nanoparticles in biologically relevant media that emphasise the importance of characterisation of the nanoparticle dispersion. It will be shown how the NTA technique can be extended to multi-parameter analysis, allowing for characterization of particle size and light scattering intensity on an individual basis. This multi-parameter measurement capability allows sub-populations of nanoparticles with varying characteristics to be resolved in a complex mixture. Changes in one or more of such properties can be followed both in real time and in situ.     

Stimulated Low-Frequency Raman Scattering in LaF<Subscript>3</Subscript> Suspensions

We observe stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering (SLFRS) caused by laser pulse interaction with acoustic vibrations of nanoparticles in water suspensions of LaF₃ nanoparticles. We show that frequency shifts of the scattering correspond to the eigenfrequencies of nanoparticles vibrations. LaF₃ nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of glycine by a double jet precipitation technique at various initial concentrations of reagents. We investigate the morphologies and particle sizes as well as size distributions of the particles prepared using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamical light scattering (DLS). In view of the absorption spectroscopy, we show that the reaction system components and products have no absorption in the visible region, including λ = 694.3 nm. From the luminescence spectroscopy, we find also that they do not emit at λ = 694.3 nm excitation.     

Zinc-phosphate nanoparticles with reversibly attached TNF-α analogs: an interesting concept for potential use in active immunotherapy

The authors’ intention was to prepare nanometer-sized zinc-phosphate nanoparticles that would be capable of binding histidine-rich TNF-α analogs onto their surface via a coordinative bond. Zinc-phosphate nanoparticles with a size of around 60 nm were prepared by a wet precipitation method and characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, and DLS. First, BSA was bound as a testing protein, afterward two TNF-α analogs with decreased activity were bound to the described nanoparticles. The efficiency of binding and the existence of coordinative bond were confirmed with SDS-PAGE analysis. During binding, particle storage, and release experiments, the prepared TNF-α analogs retained their biological activity—hence the epitopes necessary for formation of antibodies stayed intact. The particle size did not change within a period of 2 weeks. No significant agglomeration was observed, the particles could be quickly dispersed in ultrasound. The present nanoparticles and the general approach of coordinative binding are widely applicable for natural and engineered histidine-rich proteins. The nanoparticles bearing appropriate TNF-α analogs could also be potentially used for active immunotherapy to tackle the chronic inflammatory diseases associated with pathogenically elevated levels of TNF-α.     

Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using citrus peel extract and their enhanced anti-inflammatory activity

Ultrasound and plant extract are two green approaches that have been used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs); however, how the combination of ultrasound and citrus peel extract (CPE) affects the structure characteristics and the bioactivity of AuNPs remains unknown. Here we investigated the effects of ultrasound conditions on the particle size, stability, yield, phenolic encapsulation efficacy, and the anti-inflammatory activity of AuNPs. The results showed that temperature was positively correlated to the particle size and the anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized AuNPs. Increasing the power intensity significantly decreased the particle size, while increased the change of total phenolic content (ΔTPC) in the reaction mixture. The increase of ΔTPC caused the enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of AuNPs. The AuNPs synthesized with or without ultrasound treatment were characterized using UV–Vis, DLS, SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and FT-IR. The result verified the formation of negatively charged, spherical, stable, and monodispersed AuNPs. AuNPs synthesized with ultrasound (AuNPs-U) has smaller particle size (13.65 nm vs 16.80 nm), greater yield and anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀, 82.91 vs 157.71 μg/mL) than its non-ultrasound counterpart (AuNPs-NU). HPLC analysis showed that hesperidin was the key reductant for the synthesis of AuNPs. AuNPs-U also inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in the LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. Our research elucidates the relationship between the reaction conditions and the structure characteristics and the anti-inflammatory activity of AuNPs synthesized using CPE with the help of ultrasound, thereafter, provides a feasible and economic way to synthesize AuNPs that can be used to ameliorate inflammation.     

Interlaboratory comparison for the measurement of particle size and zeta potential of silica nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension

The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements has organised an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to allow the participating laboratories to demonstrate their proficiency in particle size and zeta potential measurements on monomodal aqueous suspensions of silica nanoparticles in the 10–100 nm size range. The main goal of this ILC was to identify competent collaborators for the production of certified nanoparticle reference materials. 38 laboratories from four different continents participated in the ILC with different methods for particle sizing and determination of zeta potential. Most of the laboratories submitted particle size results obtained with centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) or electron microscopy (EM), or zeta potential values obtained via electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). The results of the laboratories were evaluated using method-specific z scores, calculated on the basis of consensus values from the ILC. For CLS (13 results) and EM (13 results), all reported values were within the ±2 |z| interval. For DLS, 25 of the 27 results reported were within the ±2 |z| interval, the two other results were within the ±3 |z| interval. The standard deviations of the corresponding laboratory mean values varied between 3.7 and 6.5%, which demonstrates satisfactory interlaboratory comparability of CLS, DLS and EM particle size values. From the received test reports, a large discrepancy was observed in terms of the laboratory’s quality assurance systems, which are equally important for the selection of collaborators in reference material certification projects. Only a minority of the participating laboratories is aware of all the items that are mandatory in test reports compliant to ISO/IEC 17025 (ISO General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. International Organisation for Standardization, Geneva, 2005b). The absence of measurement uncertainty values in the reports, for example, hindered the calculation of zeta scores.     

Aggregation and adhesion of gold nanoparticles in phosphate buffered saline

In applications in medicine and more specifically drug delivery, the dispersion stability of nanoparticles plays a significant role on their final performances. In this study, with the use of two laser technologies, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), we report a simple method to estimate the stability of nanoparticles dispersed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Stability has two features: (1) self-aggregation as the particles tend to stick to each other; (2) disappearance of particles as they adhere to surrounding substrate surfaces such as glass, metal, or polymer. By investigating the effects of sonication treatment and surface modification by five types of surfactants, including nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP9), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), human serum albumin (HSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and citrate ions on the dispersion stability, the varying self-aggregation and adhesion of gold nanoparticles dispersed in PBS are demonstrated. The results showed that PVP effectively prevented aggregation, while HSA exhibited the best performance in avoiding the adhesion of gold nanoparticle in PBS onto glass and metal. The simple principle of this method makes it a high potential to be applied to other nanoparticles, including virus particles, used in dispersing and processing.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on synthesis and characterization of bio-nanocomposite SF/Ag nanoparticles

This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous silk fibroin (SF) solution obtained from Bombyx mori silk under gamma radiation environment. The obtained AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, dynamic light scattering experiment (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the samples confirmed the formation of AgNPs by showing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in the range of (= 428–435?nm. The XRD study revealed metal silver with the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. DLS measurements showed the dose-dependent average size of the AgNPs. TEM images showed formed AgNPs are nearly spherical in shape with smooth edges. From this study, it was found that the increasing radiation dose increases the rate of reduction and decreases the particle size. The size of the AgNPs can be tuned by controlling the radiation dose.