转子轴承系统振动响应谱的仿真研究

在转子轴承系统振动信号处理中,针对平稳信号的传统傅里叶变换精度较低、快变启动过程的非平稳信号频谱分析方法较复杂的问题,本文仿真构造了两类响应信号。通过对比给定信号参数与信号识别参数的误差研究了几种谱分析方法或过程的简便性和准确性。对转子系统振动平稳信号离散频谱分析时存在的误差进行了定量分析,利用比例插值法对误差进行校正,开发了高精度谱分析测试软件;分析了转子轴承系统快变过程非平稳振动信号的特征,探索了一种将t时空域非平稳信号转变为tn时空间域平稳信号的办法或过程,然后结合比例插值校正法对其进行频谱分析,再返回到t时空域获得某时刻的谱特征参数;构造了转子系统振动仿真信号检验了上述过程的准确性。研究结果表明:比例插值法提取的谱特征数据近乎与仿真信号设定值相等;针对本文构造的快变过程非平稳仿真信号,利用本文给出的谱分析过程产生的频率误差最大值为0.47%,幅值误差最大值为0.2%。本文的仿真研究为提出和考证新的谱分析方法提供了手段。     

Second-order coupled tristable stochastic resonance and its application in bearing fault detection under different noises

Bearing fault is the most likely to occur in mechanical fault, and stochastic resonance (SR), as a noise enhanced signal processing tool, can find mechanical faults as early as possible, so as to avoid larger problems. However, most of the existing research methods are based on the first-order Langevin equation. According to the previous studies of many scholars, the weak signal detection ability of the second-order system is better than that of the first-order system, and the coupled system also has better performance due to the addition of the control system. So, in order to detect the fault signal more easily, a second-order coupled tristable stochastic resonance system (SCTSR) based on the adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) is proposed, it is an improvement on improving the first-order coupled tristable stochastic resonance system (FCTSR). First, based on the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm (F-RK), the performances of monostable, bistable and tristable control systems to SCTSR are compared, it is verified that the monostable system has the best performance as SCTSR’s control system. Secondly, the equivalent potential function of SCTSR is derived, and the influences of each system parameters on it are researched. The output signal-to-noise ratio gain (SNRG) is chosen as a measure to verify that SCTSR’s performance is better than that of FCTSR, and the influences of parameters on SNRG are discussed. SCTSR and FCTSR are used to detect low-, high- and multi-frequency cosine signals combined with AGA. The simulation results are compared with the wavelet transform method, which proves the performance superiority of SR, and also prove that SCTSR is easier to detect weak signals and has a stronger de-noising ability. Finally, SCTSR and FCTSR are applied in bearing fault detection under Gaussian white noise and trichotomous noise. The results also prove that SCTSR can get larger peaks and SNRG, and it is easier to detect fault signals. This proves that SCTSR’s performance is superior that of other methods in bearing fault detection, and has better engineering application value.

     

基于虚拟激励法的大跨度桥梁非平稳随机振动分析闭合解

针对大跨度结构考虑地面空间运动的非一致地震响应分析问题,结合虚拟激励法,应用傅里叶分析建立了结构非平稳随机振动响应演变功率谱分析的频域方法。建立的方法完全基于频域执行,给出了响应演变功率谱的闭合解表达式。由于实现了确定性调制过程与随机过程的有效分离,应用离散傅里叶变换进行计算不需要较高的采样分析频率就可以获得较好精度的数值结果。数值算例研究了某斜拉桥的考虑地面运动空间效应非平稳随机地震响应,与通常时频分析方法进行对比,验证了本文频域方法的正确性和有效性。     

后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构振动演化与作用机制实测研究

载荷的时变特征可能会对结构振动强度和能量作用机理产生重要影响,火/核电厂最重要的大型建筑结构均为典型的旋转薄壳结构(如冷却塔、烟囱等).为揭示后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构的振动演化特征及其作用机制,实测了后临界雷诺数($Re\ge $3.5$\times $10$^{6}$)条件下8座典型旋转薄壳结构的振动响应.首先,在对实测响应进行降噪滤波处理后进行了不同时距的信号非平稳识别,基于非平稳分析模型对响应的时变均值和极值估计进行研究,并基于多尺度小波变换的演化谱方法开展了响应的频域演变特性研究.在此基础上,探讨了结构风振响应的共振分量占比及其效应,识别了结构的自振频率和阻尼比,并以结构基频为划分依据分别讨论了不同旋转薄壳结构的阻尼作用机制.研究结果表明:(1)旋转薄壳结构在后临界湍流区间内风致振动响应表现为强度非平稳、频率平稳的演化特性;(2)后临界湍流区间内的旋转薄壳结构的风振问题应区分准静力作用点与共振激发点分别进行研究,不同共振激发点的功率谱分布形式较为相近,而准静力作用点的功率谱分布规律差异较大;(3)共振激发点的振动能量分布呈现明显的分段趋势,基于本文大量实测分析结果回归得出适用于共振激发点的三阶段共振谱表达式;(4)借助本文提出的等效阻尼比概念拟合出此类结构的阻尼比预测公式,论证了目前工程中通用的5%阻尼比取值的不合理性.      

一种基于领域自适应的跨工况滚动轴承故障诊断新方法

机械设备在运转时,不同状态下滚动轴承监测数据存在较大分布差异且难以获取带标签的数据,导致现有模型在变工况条件下故障诊断准确率低。针对滚动轴承跨工况诊断难题,本文提出一种基于领域自适应的跨工况滚动轴承故障诊断方法,该方法首先提取振动信号故障敏感特征,并将其嵌入Grassmann流形空间,避免直接进行特征变换导致特征失真;其次利用动态分布对齐自适应调整源域和目标域分布差异,并通过增加类内散度正则化项最小化类内距离,增加类的可分性;最后,根据结构风险最小化原则建立域不变分类模型。在不同工况下的滚动轴承数据集上与现有方法进行了比较实验,结果表明本文提出的方法能有效提高分类准确率。     

An adaptive vibrational resonance method based on cascaded varying stable-state nonlinear systems and its application in rotating machine fault detection

A weak character signal with low frequency can be detected based on the mechanism of vibrational resonance (VR). The detection performance of VR is determined by the synergy of a weak low-frequency input signal, an injected high-frequency sinusoidal interference and the nonlinear system(s). In engineering applications, there are many weak fault signals with high character frequencies. These fault signals are usually submerged in strong background noise. To detect these weak signals, an adaptive detection method for a weak high-frequency fault signal is proposed in this paper. This method is based on the mechanics of VR and cascaded varying stable-state nonlinear systems (VSSNSs). Partial background noise with high frequency is regarded as a special type of high-frequency interference and an energy source that protrudes a weak fault signal. In this way, high-frequency background noise is utilized in a VSSNS. To improve the detection ability, manually generated high-frequency interference is injected into another VSSNS. The VSSNS can be transformed into a monostable state, bistable state or tristable state by tuning the system parameters. The proposed method is validated by a simulation signal and industrial applications. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method to detect a weak high-frequency character signal in engineering problems.

     

随机桁架结构的非平稳随机动力响应分析

本文研究了随机桁架结构在非平稳随机激励下的动力响应问题。在利用随机因子法分析随机结构动力特性的基础上，给出了一种分析随机结构非平稳随机响应的新方法。从结构非平稳随机响应的表达式出发，同时考虑桁架结构的物理参数、几何尺寸的随机性，利用求解随机变量函数矩的方法和求解随机变量数字特征的代数综合法，导出了随机桁架结构在非平稳随机激励下位移响应均方值和应力响应均方值的均值、方差和变异系数的计算表达式。通过算例，分析了结构物理参数和几何尺寸的随机性对结构位移响应均方值和应力响应均方值随机变量随机性的影响。本文方法具有对随机结构进行一次动力分析便可求得动力响应的数字特征，且可以考察结构任一参数的随机性对结构非平稳随机响应分析结果的影响之优点。     

滚动轴承早期故障的小波诊断方法

利用包络分析结合小波变换抽取强背景噪声下滚动轴承振动信号中的故障信息,对滚动轴承早期故障进行诊断,对五套３０７号轴承进行的成功诊断表明,提出的方法准确有效,适用于滚动轴承的在线监测与诊断。     

Acoustic model of ceramic angular contact ball bearing based on multi-sound source method

This study focuses on the radiation noise of ceramic angular contact ball bearings for motorised spindles. The differential equations of the vibrations for each bearing component are established, and the characteristics of various sound sources are analysed. Then, a multi-sound source method for calculating the radiation noise of a ceramic angular contact ball bearing is developed. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified through numerical calculations and a corresponding experiment. Subsequently, the frequency spectrum characteristics of the radiation noise of the bearing components are discussed in detail according to the multi-sound source method. The radiation noise of each bearing component varies nonlinearly with the rotation speed, and the variation is consistent with the total radiation noise of the bearing. The eigenfrequency noise of each component appears clearly in the noise frequency spectrum. The results show that the proposed method can well predict the radiation noise of a ceramic angular contact ball bearing and provide a theoretical reference for the study of silent ceramic angular contact ball bearings for motorised spindles.     

移动随机荷载作用下梁桥非平稳随机振动的PEM-FFT方法

针对移动随机载荷作用下桥梁结构非平稳随机振动问题,建立了一种基于频域分析的虚拟激励-傅里叶变换方法(PEM-FFT)。与通常的非平稳随机振动的时频分析方法不同,提出的方法完全在频域上执行。其主要特色是能够给出随机输入与随机输出的频域关系,表明移动载荷作用下结构非平稳随机振动分析仅需对载荷的确定性移动函数项进行计算。数值算例考虑了等截面/变截面简支梁受移动随机载荷作用的问题,首先与通常的时频分析方法进行对比,验证了PEM-FFT方法的正确性和有效性,进一步讨论了不同结构形式以及不同载荷移动速度对响应演变统计量的影响。     

Study for ball bearing outer race characteristic defect frequency based on nonlinear dynamics analysis

The characteristic defect frequencies are widely used for diagnosing the local defect of the ball bearing. The varying compliance (VC) frequency of a fault-free rotor–bearing system equals to the BPFO (ball bearing outer race defect frequency) due to the internal kinematic relationship of a bearing assembly. In order to indicate this issue, a semi-analytical method—the harmonic balance method with alternating frequency/time domain technique—is exploited to obtain the solutions of rotor–ball bearing systems with /without an outer race defect. The solutions and the features of a rotor–ball bearing system with essentially nonlinear parametric excitation are analyzed. We prove the VC frequency equals the BPFO and explain the reasons that the harmonics of the characteristic defect frequency generally appear in the frequency domain. The VC, BPFO as well as their harmonics affected by the primary and super-harmonic resonance of the system are found out. Finally, a test rig of a rigid rotor–bearing system is established to verify the theoretical analysis qualitatively by presenting the performance of VC, BPFO and their harmonics in the frequency domain. In addition, the tests are accomplished in a cycle of running up and down to reveal the primary and super-harmonic resonance characteristics. On the basis of the theoretical and experimental results, the basic BPFO is not enough to judge an outer race defect. The discussion on frequency spectrum, the primary and super-harmonic resonance provides a more reliable way to elucidate the characteristic defect frequencies.     

非平稳非高斯湿下击暴流风雨荷载的模拟

为模拟湿下击暴流风雨荷载,使用时变平均风速和调制的kaimal谱数值模拟具有非平稳非高斯特征的下击暴流脉动风速。从模拟结果可以看出,模拟的脉动风速相关函数明显具有时变的特征,而且瞬时相关函数均与目标函数吻合,因此模拟的脉动风速具有非平稳的目标特性;与此同时,在任意时刻,目标函数也与模拟的脉动风速概率密度函数吻合,表明模拟的脉动风速也具有非高斯的目标特性。因此,所采用的非平稳非高斯过程模拟方法有效可行。针对雨滴冲击荷载,首先对单个雨滴运动分析,推导出单个雨滴的冲击力,进而运用单位体积雨滴谱将单个雨滴冲击扩展到大量雨滴的冲击状态。结果表明,风速对雨滴冲击荷载的影响大,雨荷载变化趋势基本与风速一致,说明湿下击暴流的雨滴冲击作用主要由风速拖拽所致;此外,通过改变降雨强度发现,随着降雨强度增大,雨滴冲击力的变化趋势几乎不变,但峰值增大。     

含万向铰偏斜旋转轴的组合共振及其稳定性分析

基于欧拉方程推导出了含万向铰偏斜旋转轴的横向振动模型,利用多尺度方法对该模型进行求解,得出了该偏斜系统可能出现的多种共振模式,进而对含万向铰偏斜轴系横向振动和型组合共振、差型组合共振进行稳定性分析,并对该类偏斜系统横向振动和型组合共振响应进行数值计算与仿真,检验所得稳定性理论分析结果。研究表明:对于和型组合共振而言,其稳定性边界与输入扭矩T0、支撑轴承安装位置l、轴承刚度Kx2和Ky2等因素有关;当轴承安装位置距万向铰中心较近或者轴承弹簧刚度系数较小时,系统在频率(ω10+ω20)/2附近产生和型组合共振的区域减小,即能够抑制系统和型组合共振的产生。该研究可为偏斜轴系振动与噪声抑制提供理论支持。     

变转速工况下高速列车轴承转子系统特性分析

高速列车的发展使得其关键零部件——轴承的安全问题日益突出. 现有的轴承模型均是建立在匀速工况下, 不能描述系统在变转速工况下运动状态. 为了解决这个问题, 建立了一个变转速工况下高速列车轴箱轴承转子系统动力学模型, 模型通过角度迭代计算得到了滚动体在不均匀时间内转过的总角度, 进而确定了滚动体在任意时刻的空间位置. 在匀速工况和变转速工况下, 对具有外圈故障的轴承模型进行了实验对比, 验证了模型的有效性. 利用轴心轨迹定性分析了外圈故障、内圈故障和滚动体故障对系统稳定性的影响, 并通过实验验证了分析结果的可靠性. 利用二维不变矩作为特征指标定量分析了三类故障对系统稳定性的影响. 分析结果表明: 当轴承角加速度较小时, 外圈故障对系统稳定性影响最大; 当轴承角加速度较大时, 滚动体故障对系统稳定性影响最大, 但是影响程度随着故障尺寸的变大而逐渐减小. 同样地, 利用二维不变矩作为特征指标进行了系统的稳定性临界状态分析, 确定了在不同转速工况下和不同故障类型下临界状态对应的最大故障尺寸. 研究结果表明: 随着轴承内圈转速的上升, 不同故障类型对应的最大尺寸都会减小, 其中滚动体故障尺寸大都是最小的, 说明滚动体故障对系统稳定性影响最大.      

爆破震动信号的小波分析与HHT变换

以实测的爆破震动信号为例,分别应用小波分析和HHT(Hilbert-Huang Transform)变换从不同方面进行对比分析,讨论了爆破震动信号的特征提取和时频分布。结果表明:小波分析和HHT变换都是处理非平稳信号的两种好方法,都能很好地提取信号的主要特征信息和进行滤波、消噪。然而,小波分析存在选择小波基的困难,而HHT变换不需要预先选择基函数,其EMD（empirical mode decomposition）得到的IMF(intrinsic mode function)能反映原始信号的固有特性,通常具有实际物理意义;小波谱的能量在频率范围内分布较宽,而Hilbert能量谱能清晰地表明能量随时频的具体分布,大部分能量都集中在有限的能量谱线上;小波分析中时间、频率分辨率受Heisenberg测不准原理的限制,而HHT变换中时间分辨率不变且精度很高,其频率分辨率则可随信号内在的特性进行自适应调节。分析表明:HHT变换在分析非平稳信号时较小波分析更具适应性,在岩石中波的传播、衰减规律、结构动态响应特征和爆破震动破坏等研究中有着广阔的应用前景。     

Gear fault diagnosis under non-stationary operating mode based on EMD,TKEO, and Shock Detector

Condition monitoring of gearboxes running under non-stationary operating conditions is a very difficult task. In this study, a signal processing technique is developed for damage detection of a bevel gearbox running under variable load and speed conditions. The proposed technique is applied on simulated vibration data computed through a dynamic model of bevel gearbox. The procedure used in this technique is based on the extraction of the shock related to the defect using the Shock Detector (SD) method. Firstly, vibration signals are decomposed into IMFs using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Then, the Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO) is used to assess the instantaneous energy of the signal. Afterwards, SD is applied to examine and quantify the shock contents of the TKEO signal, which reflect the effect of the defect.     

Subharmonic resonance of a symmetric ball bearing–rotor system

The performance of a ball bearing–rotor system is often limited by the occurrence of subharmonic resonance with considerable vibration and noise. In order to comprehend the inherent mechanism and the feature of the subharmonic resonance, a symmetrical rotor system supported by ball bearings is studied with numerical analysis and experiment in this paper. A 6DOF rotordynamic model which includes the non-linearity of ball bearings, Hertzian contact forces and bearing internal clearance, and the bending vibration of rotor is presented and an experimental rig is offered for the research of the subharmonic resonance of the ball bearing–rotor system. The dynamic response is investigated with the aid of orbit and amplitude spectrum, and the non-linear system stability is analyzed using the Floquet theory. All of the predicted results coincide well with the experimental data to validate the proposed model. Numerical and experimental results show that the resonance frequency is provoked when the speed is in the vicinity of twice synchroresonance frequency, while the rotor system loses stability through a period-doubling bifurcation and a period-2 motion i.e. subharmonic resonance occurs. It is found that the occurrence of subharmonic resonance is due to the together influence of the non-linear factors, Hertzian contact forces and internal clearance of ball bearings. The effect of unbalance load on subharmonic resonance of the rotor system is minor, which is different from that of the sliding bearing–rotor system. However, the moment of couple has an impact influence on the subharmonic resonances of the ball bearing–rotor system. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the subharmonic resonance caused by ball bearings is a noticeable issue in the optimum design and failure diagnosis of a high-speed rotary machinery.     

基于Lyapunov指数谱的航空发动机故障诊断研究

提出了基于Lyapunov指数谱和Lyapunov指数谱熵的航空发动机状态识别和故障诊断新方法。基于实测的某型航空发动机振动时间序列求解了系统不同工作状态和故障状态的Lya-punov指数谱;基于Lyapunov指数谱,对该型航空发动机进行了状态识别和故障诊断;为给出对Lyapunov指数谱及其对状态识别和故障诊断的整体表述,定义了Lyapunov指数谱熵,并基于该谱熵对该型航空发动机进行了状态识别和故障诊断。研究结果表明该型航空发动机振动时间序列在不同状态下具有不同的Lyapunov指数谱及其谱熵,即可以Lyapunov指数谱及其谱熵作为识别其状态的特征量,为航空发动机的故障诊断和状态监控提供了新的可靠的方法。     

Synchronous vibration parameters identification by tip timing measurements

The Blade Tip Timing (BTT) measurement system is a technique to measure vibration parameters of a rotating bladed disk. In particular for synchronous vibrations the BTT provides signals versus the rotation speed of the disk starting from the measurement of the time of arrival (TOA) of each blade under the tip timing probes. The signals must be post processed in order to obtain the interesting parameters of each blade vibration. The paper presents a method to extract the main parameters (amplitude and frequency) in resonance condition from the tip timing measurements. The proposed method is a revision of the already existing well known Two-Parameter Plot (2PP) method which requires a minimum of two probes. Improvements to the existing 2PP method are here suggested mainly in the part of engine order identification.The proposed method is then applied to the BTT measured signals coming from a rotating bladed disk excited at different engine orders. At the same time on the disk the vibration of one blade was detected by strain gauges. The strain gauges were calibrated and they provide the reference values of the vibration parameters. The vibration parameters derived by the proposed method are in agreement with those obtained by the strain gauges methodology.