Geometric optics approach to light acceptance and propagation in graded index fibres

The methods of geometric optics are applied to light acceptance and propagation in graded index fibres. The symmetry of the basic ray equations reveals ray path invariants. Rays are classified into bound, tunnelling and refracting rays. The role of source properties in exciting different ray types is analysed. Pulses are considered in terms of absolute widths, r.m.s. widths and complete shape detail. Optimization formulae are obtained. The incorporation of attenuation mechanisms is described and the effects of an absorbing core are analysed in detail.     

A universal tunnelling coefficient for step- and graded-index multimode fibres

A single expression is presented for the power transmission coefficient of both step- and graded-index fibres, which is uniformly valid for all weakly tunnelling and refracting rays. Its accuracy is demonstrated in a comparison of the corresponding power attenuation coefficient for the step-index fibre with solutions to the electromagnetic boundary value problem.     

Multimodal hard X‐ray imaging of a mammography phantom at a compact synchrotron light source

The Compact Light Source is a miniature synchrotron producing X‐rays at the interaction point of a counter‐propagating laser pulse and electron bunch through the process of inverse Compton scattering. The small transverse size of the luminous region yields a highly coherent beam with an angular divergence of a few milliradians. The intrinsic monochromaticity and coherence of the produced X‐rays can be exploited in high‐sensitivity differential phase‐contrast imaging with a grating‐based interferometer. Here, the first multimodal X‐ray imaging experiments at the Compact Light Source at a clinically compatible X‐ray energy of 21 keV are reported. Dose‐compatible measurements of a mammography phantom clearly demonstrate an increase in contrast attainable through differential phase and dark‐field imaging over conventional attenuation‐based projections.     

The effect of cladding loss in graded-index fibres

We present quantitative results for the effect of cladding absorption on the transmitted power and impulse response of a typical multimode, graded-index fibre that is excited by a Lambertian source. Power attenuation is due to the absorbing cladding material and the radiation loss of the tunnelling rays. Graded-index fibres are shown to be far less susceptible to the effect of cladding absorption than step-index fibres.     

Analysis of plasma sheath propagation attenuation based on ray tracing

Based on the complex Snell's law of lossy media, a ray tracing method is proposed to study the propagation attenuation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in plasma sheaths. The plasma sheath is modelled as layered media. This method considers the complex ray characteristics of inhomogeneous plane EM waves, tracks the propagation rays of EM waves in each layer of media, and calculates the propagation attenuation of EM waves in each layer of media according to the propagation direction of the complex rays. The attenuation during numerical cumulative propagation is the total attenuation of EM waves through the plasma sheath. By comparing the results with that obtained from the WKB method, the accuracy of the ray tracing algorithm is proved. The results of the propagation attenuation of a blunt cone model are calculated by the proposed method, and the effects of different parameters on the EM wave propagation attenuation in the plasma sheath are analysed at different heights, velocities, incident angles, and incident positions. Studying the propagation characteristics of EM waves in the plasma sheath is of importance in application for radar target tracking, blackout communication, and other issues.     

Ray theory of graded non-circular optical fibres

Both bound and tunnelling rays exist in multimode graded fibres which do not have circular symmetry; however, the fraction of energy in the tunnelling rays is generally less than that in a similar circular fibre, especially for near-parabolic profiles. For a large class of non-symmetric profiles, no tunnelling rays can propagate.     

Tomography in Optically Axisymmetric Media

A generalization of the Cormac algorithm for the inversion of the Radon transformation in an optical medium with an axisymmetric index of refraction has been proposed. The distribution of rays is such that only one ray passes through any two points in the circle. A “parallel scanning scheme” of tomography has been considered: a cylindrical object is illuminated by a parallel beam of light, the rays of which are deflected into the cylinder. There is no refraction on the surface of the cylinder. The algorithm assumes the possibility of attenuation on a ray, which also has an axisymmetric character. Such a type of ray deflection occurs in problematic issues of the tomography of GRADANs, light guides, and plasma.

     

The use of power transfer matrices in predicting system loss: Theory and experiment

The phase space diagram for parabolic and step index fibers leads to a graphic representation of the bound, leaky, and refracted rays of ray theory. This concept is used to predict the attenuation of typical components of local area networks. The technique uses power transfer matrices to track the evolution of power distribution in ray packets. In particular, we predict and then measure the power transfer of two ray packets for a step index fiber. The comparison is encouraging.     

The use of power transfer matrices in predicting system loss: Theory and experiment

The phase space diagram for parabolic and step index fibers leads to a graphic representation of the bound, leaky, and refracted rays of ray theory. This concept is used to predict the attenuation of typical components of local area networks. The technique uses power transfer matrices to track the evolution of power distribution in ray packets. In particular, we predict and then measure the power transfer of two ray packets for a step index fiber. The comparison is encouraging.     

A STUDY OF ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY γ-RAYS BY EMULSION CHAMBERS

Ultra-high energy γ-rays have been observed by emulsion chambers exposed at Yunnan Station （3200m, 700g/cm² atmospheric depth）. The integral spectrum, the vertical intensity and the attenuation length in air of the gamma rays in the energy region 2 TeV to 30 TeV are presented. The results of gamma ray families with total observed energies ranging from 5 TeV to 70 TeV are discussed.     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 dB.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因素变化的规律.当海底起伏周期不变时,起伏高度越大引起的异常声传播的影响随之变大;当起伏高度不变时,随着起伏周期变大,其对声传播的影响逐渐变小.用射线理论分析了其影响机理,由于海底周期起伏改变了声波与海底的入射和反射角度,使得原本小掠射角入射到海底的声线变为大掠射角,导致海底的反射损失增大;另一方面,声线反射角度的改变会使得原本可以到达接收点的声能量,由于与海底作用次数增加或变为反向传播而大幅度衰减.在浅海负跃层环境下,声源位于跃层上比位于跃层下对声传播影响更大.周期起伏海底对脉冲声传播的影响表现在引起不同角度的声线(或简正波号数)之间的能量发生转化,一些大角度声线能量衰减加大,多途结构变少.多途结构到达时间及相对幅度的变化进而影响声场的频谱,会使得基于匹配场定位的方法性能受到影响.所以,声呐在实际浅海环境中应用时,应对起伏海底的影响予以重视.此外,研究结果对海底地形测绘空间精度的提高也具有重要参考意义.     

X‐ray analog pixel array detector for single synchrotron bunch time‐resolved imaging

Dynamic X‐ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X‐ray pulse duration if the detector is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array detector with in‐pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count‐rate limitations and in‐pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and linearity as well as high‐speed laser measurements are shown. The detector resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 10³ X‐rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn‐by‐turn X‐ray beam characterization, single‐shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected.     

Mass attenuation coefficients of composite materials by Geant4, XCOM and experimental data: comparative study

The main goal of this present study is focused on testing the applicability of Geant4 electromagnetic models for studying mass attenuations coefficients for different types of composite materials at 59.5, 80, 356, 661.6, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV photon energies. The simulated results of mass attenuation coefficients were compared with the experimental and theoretical XCOM data for the same samples and a good agreement has been observed. The results indicate that this process can be followed to determine the data on the attenuation of gamma rays with the several energies in different materials. The modeling for photon interaction parameters was standard for any type of composite samples. The Geant4 code can be utilized for gamma ray attenuation coefficients for the sample at different energies, which may sometimes be impractical by experiment investigation.     

Geometrical analysis of a lens-like medium with higher-order aberration

The propagation of light rays in a slab-waveguide whose dielectric constant varies radially with a quadratic law but has fourth and sixth order terms in it is described. Exact solutions consisting of Jacobi elliptic functions are shown. The exact ray trajectory and delay time of an optical pulse, therefore, can be obtained. The results show that the optimum fourth-order and sixth-order coefficients are near 2/3 and 17/45, respectively.     

The influence of skew rays on angular losses in air-clad fibres

Detailed experimental transmission properties of high numerical aperture air-clad undoped fibres are presented. Measurements of the angular transmissivity indicate a 15% lower numerical aperture (NA = 0.75) compared to theoretical predictions for the bridge thickness and wavelength ratio of δ/λ = 0.226. The discrepancy is attributed to skew rays that are deliberately launched and which are subject to larger loss rates through diffractive tunnelling in frustrated total internal reflection than meridional rays. Measurements of the angular propagation losses show that light launched at angles less than the critical angle for total internal reflection experiences low initial losses as well as low propagation losses. Light launched at steeper angles experiences a significant initial loss attributed to loss of skew rays within 1.5 m of propagation as well as larger general propagation losses.     

射线检测管道垢厚方法的研究进展

报告了我国开展射线检测原油管道垢厚的研究进展. 介绍了γ射线透射检测垢厚的基本原理、 模拟实验装置及主要研究成果. 研究表明, 研制透射型测垢仪是可行的. 另外, 还给出了南京大学关于表面型中子测垢仪和γ射线测垢仪的初步预研结果.     

基于前冲康普顿电子高能伽马能谱测量系统设计

除中子外,聚变核心同时释放大量高能伽马,其能谱可反映聚变过程的关键物理参数,并为过程诊断提供重要信息.由于聚变伽马的时间与能量特性,需要设计高探测效率及能量分辨率的伽马谱仪.根据高能伽马谱仪的概念设计(gamma-to-electron magnetic spectrometer),针对该系统中伽马-电子转换靶、电子偏转汇聚、电子探测等关键环节进行优化设计以提高系统探测效率及能量分辨率.其中采用Monte-Carlo程序Geant4模拟研究了伽马-电子转换靶中康普顿散射与多次库仑散射对由转换靶出射电子的能谱与角分布的影响.开发并行遗传算法对复杂几何偏转磁场参数进行优化,得到低强度(小于100 Gauss)复杂边界偏转磁场.根据系统优化设计结果,采用Geant4模拟了该系统对不同能量伽马的响应.此外,还可模拟该系统对特征聚变伽马能谱的测量,结果显示,该系统可在聚变中子产额分别为2.5×10~(15)及1.2×10~(16)条件下,对10—20 MeV高能伽马能谱测量实现能量分辨分别满足0.5 MeV(小于5%)及0.25 MeV(小于2.5%),说明该系统可用于聚变过程伽马能谱的诊断.     

Leaky-ray theory of optical waveguides of circular cross section

The methods and most important results required to study light transmission within optical waveguides are given. Only those techniques that are simple and that lead to concise analytic expressions are presented. Special emphasis is given to the importance of leaky modes on the fiber of circular cross section and to the use of rays for the analysis of multimode fibers. It is shown thatunlike the slab, the radiation field within the circular fiber propagates for enormous distances. Both coherent and incoherent illumination are treated.Radiation loss and mode conversion due to scattering from irregularities are found by a method much simpler than coupled mode theory. A generalized Fresnel's law is presented to account for radiation loss due to boundary curvature. This loss is shown to be caused by electromagnetic tunnelling.