纯铝在一种新型碱性电解液中的腐蚀和阳极行为

通过集气、动电位极化曲线、恒流放电、扫描电镜和X射线能谱等方法研究了纯铝在含有锡酸钠的4 mol·L-1氢氧化钾的甲醇-水(甲醇和水的体积比为4:1, 下同)混合溶液中的腐蚀和阳极溶解行为. 实验结果表明, 锡酸钠的添加通过具有较高析氢过电位的金属锡在电极表面的沉积, 极大地抑制了铝在4 mol·L-1氢氧化钾的甲醇鄄水溶液中的腐蚀;而由于在锡沉积层中裂纹的出现, 导致较大浓度锡酸钠的缓蚀作用有所降低. 恒流放电结果表明, 铝在含有锡酸钠的4 mol·L-1氢氧化钾的甲醇鄄水溶液中的恒流放电性能明显改进, 而且铝阳极的放电性能随着锡酸钠含量的增大而逐渐提高. 在20 mA·cm-2的放电电流密度下, 铝阳极在含有10.0 mmol·L-1锡酸钠的电解液中显示了电位相对较低且较平坦的放电平台.     

纯铝在一种新型碱性电解液中的腐蚀和阳极行为（英文）

通过集气、动电位极化曲线、恒流放电、扫描电镜和X射线能谱等方法研究了纯铝在含有锡酸钠的4mol·L^-1氢氧化钾的甲醇-水（甲醇和水的体积比为4∶1,下同）混合溶液中的腐蚀和阳极溶解行为.实验结果表明,锡酸钠的添加通过具有较高析氢过电位的金属锡在电极表面的沉积,极大地抑制了铝在4mol·L^-1氢氧化钾的甲醇-水溶液中的腐蚀;而由于在锡沉积层中裂纹的出现,导致较大浓度锡酸钠的缓蚀作用有所降低.恒流放电结果表明,铝在含有锡酸钠的4mol·L^-1氢氧化钾的甲醇-水溶液中的恒流放电性能明显改进,而且铝阳极的放电性能随着锡酸钠含量的增大而逐渐提高.在20mA·cm^-2的放电电流密度下,铝阳极在含有10.0mmol·L^-1锡酸钠的电解液中显示了电位相对较低且较平坦的放电平台.     

盐酸中La3+与NO3-离子对铝的缓蚀作用

用失重法和电化学方法研究了La^3 与NO3^-对铝的缓蚀作用。研究表明：铝在加有Lan的盐酸介质中，腐蚀受到轻微抑制，并且La^3 浓度对铝缓蚀的影响不显著。而若盐酸溶液中同时存在有La^3 与NO3^-，铝的腐蚀则大大地受到抑制，表面覆盖度与缓蚀剂浓度的关系符合Langmuir等温吸附方程，动电位极化实验表明La^3 与NO3^-主要抑制了铝腐蚀的阴极反应，La^3 与NO3^-的存在与否并没改变H^ 阴极放电的机理。不同浓度HCl介质中，La^3 与NO3^-在相同腐蚀时间下对铝的缓蚀率不同；在一定浓度HCl介质中，La^3 与NO3^-在不同腐蚀时间下对铝的缓蚀率亦不同。     

碱土金属离子与EDTA对纯铝在碱性溶液中的协同缓蚀作用

通过集气实验、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等方法研究了碱土金属离子与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对纯铝在4 mol•L-1 KOH溶液中的协同缓蚀作用. 实验结果表明铝在含0.02 mol•L-1 EDTA和饱和Ca(OH)2、Sr(OH)2的溶液中具有最小的腐蚀速率. EDAX分析表明碱土金属离子和EDTA没有参与到铝表面氧化膜的组成中, 说明缓蚀剂是通过吸附在铝表面起作用的, 这表明它们是界面型缓蚀剂而非相间型缓蚀剂.     

一种新型铝/聚苯胺空气柔性电池

研究了纯铝箔在NH_4Cl电解液的电化学行为,发现硝酸钠和三乙醇胺(TEA)添加剂对铝电极的活化有协同作用。以掺铁的聚苯胺电极为空气电极,与NH_4Cl、TEA、NaNO_3凝胶电解质制备成具有柔性的超薄空气电池。所得到的铝电池成本低廉、环境友好,作为一次性使用电池具有可行性。其具有良好电化学性能,电池厚度在0.5 mm左右,放电平台在1.2 V,放电容量接近50 mA·h/cm~2。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第二讲 纯铝的分析及其方法的选择

1　纯铝分析的目的和要求纯铝的分析有两个目的 ,一是了解其纯度 ,即铝的含量是多少 ?二是了解含有哪些主要杂质成分 ,各有多少量 ?根据这两方面的信息即可对材料的品级作出判别。根据我国现行的标准 ,工业用纯铝分为高纯铝和纯铝。两者又按纯度和主要杂质元素 (硅、铁、铜 )的含量分别细分为 5个牌号和 6个牌号 ,见表 1。由表 1可知 ,5个牌号高纯铝的含铝量间距相差很小 ,仅为ｗＡｌ0 .0 2 %～ 0 .0 5 % ;6个牌号纯铝的含铝量间距也只相差ｗＡｌ0 .1%～ 0 .3%。现有的高含量铝的测定方法 ,其分析相对误差约为 0 .2 %～ 0 .3%。显然用直接测…     

辉光放电质谱法测定超高纯铝中痕量杂质元素EI北大核心CSCD

采用辉光放电质谱法(GDMS)分析超高纯铝样品(含铝量≥99.9995%)中B,Mg,Si,P,Cl,Ti等44种主要杂质元素,并且与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPM S)进行对比,主要杂质元素含量检测结果一致。本工作对质谱干扰的排除和预溅射过程时间的确定进行了讨论,采用高纯铝标样对高纯铝中26种主要元素相对灵敏度因子(RSF)进行校正和验证,并考察了检测结果的准确性和精密度。结果表明,GDMS是超高纯铝样品直接测定的最有效手段之一。     

辉光放电质谱法测定超高纯铝中痕量杂质元素

采用辉光放电质谱法(GDMS)分析超高纯铝样品(含铝量≥99.9995%)中B,Mg,Si,P,Cl,Ti等44种主要杂质元素,并且与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPM S)进行对比,主要杂质元素含量检测结果一致。本工作对质谱干扰的排除和预溅射过程时间的确定进行了讨论,采用高纯铝标样对高纯铝中26种主要元素相对灵敏度因子(RSF)进行校正和验证,并考察了检测结果的准确性和精密度。结果表明,GDMS是超高纯铝样品直接测定的最有效手段之一。     

稀土元素对二次锂电池中Li—Al负极材料电化学行为的影响

用纯锂作二次锂电池的负板材料有形成锂枝晶和钝化膜的缺点,采用在铝或其他金属如钙、镁、锡上欠电位沉积锂形成锂合金代替纯锂,对克服上述缺点有一定效果.本文报导了以稀土铝合金代替纯铝作基底欠电位沉积锂,在LiClO_4/碳酸丙烯酯电解液中稀土对改进电极性能有有益的影响.     

不同阳极电位下铝青铜的电化学阻抗谱研究

应用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)方法研究了铝青铜的腐蚀溶解机制.结果表明,在活性溶解区,铝青铜以氯化络合物的形式溶解,并且CuCl2的扩散是该溶解过程的控制步骤;而在过渡区,铝青铜的EIS谱出现第2个容抗弧,这是由于CuCl络合物和氧化腐蚀产物在电极表面沉积成膜所致;在极限电流区,腐蚀产物膜产生破损点,导致电极表面快速溶解,产生严重的点蚀,这就是在该区域极化电位下EIS出现感抗弧的原因.     

The Yields of Radical Products in Water Decomposition under Discharges with Electrolytic Electrodes

The features of generation, combination, and scavenging of primary radicals under the action of an atmospheric-pressure glow discharge and microdischarges on electrolytic electrodes were compared. A profound difference in chemical effects was revealed at different polarities of the electrolytic electrode. The identity of water decomposition mechanisms was demonstrated for the electrolytic cathode in the case of a stationary discharge over the surface and for the arrays of quasi-stationary microdischarges at the valve anode immersed in the solution. The assumption that the generation of primary water decomposition products in a discharge system with an electrolytic cathode is predominantly due to ionization in the liquid phase at the expense of the kinetic energy of accelerated particles arriving from the discharge to the solution was confirmed.     

EQCM studies of composition and electrochemical performance of film prepared by electrochemical reduction of sodium ferrate

A solid film was prepared by electrodepositing on a gold-film-coated quartz crystal electrode in Na₂FeO₄ solution, and characterized in 1?M LiClO₄/propylene carbonate (PC) + 1, 2-dimethoxyethane (DME; 1:1 by volume) electrolyte using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The EQCM experimental and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the composition of the electrodeposited solid film prepared in the potential range of 0.18 to ?0.57?V vs. Ag/AgCl is FeOOH; and almost 1?mol lithium ions can be intercalated into and then extracted from 1?mol FeOOH film during discharge/charge process in 1?M LiClO₄/PC + DME electrolyte. The discharge/charge experiment indicates that the specific capacity of FeOOH film stabilizes at a value close to its theoretical specific capacity after 20 cycles, and FeOOH film maintains a specific capacity of about 300?mAh?g^?1 at the end of 170 cycles. It is therefore concluded that the FeOOH film has a good electrochemical cycle ability in 1?M LiClO₄/PC + DME electrolyte.     

镉离子在H2SO4溶液中极谱行为的研究

本文研究了在没有动物胶的0.5M H_2SO_4溶液中镉离子的极谱行为,得到了如下的结果:(1)在0.050～20.0mM CdSO_4 0.5M H_2SO_4的十种溶液中测得的电流-电位曲线都有良好的波形、恒定的极限扩散电流和易于确定的半波电位.这些曲线上都没有极谱极大出现;其极限扩散电流(波高)与镉离子的浓度成正比.在镉离子低浓度(0.050～0.20mM)时,半波电位保持不变,在镉离子高浓度(1.00～20.0mM)时,也仅有很小的变化.故镉离子在0.5MH_2SO_4,溶液中的电流-电位曲线可供定量和定性测定之用.(2)镉离子在低浓度时的极谱波是一种可逆波.(3)前人在H_2SO_4溶液中研究镉离子时之所以没有能得到令人满意的极谱行为的原因是他们在H_2SO4溶液中添加了动物胶的缘故.(4)作者从得到的波形良好的电流-电位曲线上,测定了25±0.2℃时镉离子在0.5M H_2SO_4溶液中的扩散电流常数、半波电位和电极反应中得失的电子数.结果如下: i_d/cm~(2/3)t~(1/6)=3.97μA/mM·mg~(2/3)·s~(-1/2) E_(1/2)=-1.011V(0.5M硫酸亚汞电极)=-0.559V(饱和甘汞电极) n=2 这些数据比Lingane的数据,扩散电流常数2.6μA/mM·mg~(2/3)·s~(-1/2)和半波电位-0.59V(饱和甘汞电极)],要合理些.     

硫酸溶液中Pt电极表面过程的EQCM研究

应用电化学循环伏安和石英晶体微天平(EQCM)方法研究了0.1mol·L-1硫酸溶液中Pt电极表面的吸附和氧化过程.从电极表面质量变化的结果分析,可认为正向电位扫描时氢区表面质量的增加是由于水分子取代Had引起的,而双电层区的质量增加则是由于水的吸附模式逐渐由氢端吸附转向氧端吸附所致.根据频率变化和电量数据,进一步推算出水在双电层区是以低放电吸附形式出现的,1molPt原子和水分子只发生0.054mol的电荷转移.本文结果可为认识Pt电极表面过程提供定量的新数据.     

Solution cathode glow discharge induced vapor generation of mercury and its application to mercury speciation by high performance liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A novel solution cathode glow discharge (SCGD) induced vapor generation was developed as interface to on-line couple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) for the speciation of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)), methyl-mercury (MeHg) and ethyl-mercury (EtHg). The decomposition of organic mercury species and the reduction of Hg(2+) could be completed in one step with this proposed SCGD induced vapor generation system. The vapor generation is extremely rapid and therefore is easy to couple with flow injection (FI) and HPLC. Compared with the conventional HPLC-CV-AFS hyphenated systems, the proposed HPLC-SCGD-AFS system is very simple in operation and eliminates auxiliary redox reagents. Parameters influencing mercury determination were optimized, such as concentration of formic acid, discharge current and argon flow rate. The method detection limits for HPLC-SCGD-AFS system were 0.67 μg L(-1) for Hg(2+), 0.55 μg L(-1) for MeHg and 1.19 μg L(-1) for EtHg, respectively. The developed method was validated by determination of certified reference material (GBW 10029, tuna fish) and was further applied for the determination of mercury in biological samples.     

Kinetics and Bacterial Inactivation Induced by Peroxynitrite in Electric Discharges in Air

The mechanism of bacterial inactivation by electric discharges (non-thermal plasma) is examined on the basis of the action of the formed peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide on the external membrane of bacteria. A model accounts for the gas to liquid transfer of the active species which react with the bacterial wall at the liquid surface or /and in the bulk solution. Direct exposure to the glidarc discharge induces a pseudo zero order decay of the bacterial concentration, followed by a pseudo 1st order step for low concentrations. Post-discharge reactions develop after switching off the discharge according to a 1st order mechanism and show that active species drift in the solution. Additionally the bactericidal properties of pure water exposed to the discharge (i.e., ??Plasma Activated Water??) was evidenced even 24?h after performing the plasma treatment.     

电化学阴极沉积制备氧化镍/碳纳米管复合电极的准电容特性

A novel type of composite electrode based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with nano nickel oxide particles has been used in supercapacitors. Nickel oxide cathodically deposited from Ni(NO3)2 solution with carbon nanotubes as the matrix exhibited large pseudocapacitance of 25F/g in 6 mol/L KOH. The morphology of composites was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To characterize the CNTs/nickel oxide composite electrode, a charge discharge cycling test for measuring specific capacitance, cyclic voltammetry, and ac impedance test is executed. The nickel oxide composite exhibiting excellent pseudocapacitive behavior(i.e.high reversibility, high specific capacitance, and low self discharge rate) has been demonstrated to be a potential candidate for the application of electrochemical supercapacitors.     

Quartz crystal microbalance simulation of the directionality of Si etching in CF4 glow discharges

Two quartz crystal microbalances have been mounted in a planar rf discharge system in such a way that the potential of the microbalances with respect to the glow discharge can be varied. This apparatus allows a rapid simulation of the etching directionality that can be expected in real pattern transfer situations in that operating one microbalance at ground and one at a negative potential gives a measure of the sidewall and vertical etch rates, respectively. The voltage threshold for ion-assisted etching has been determined to be 20 V which is the approximate value of the plasma potential in this asymmetric system.     

Local redox potential measurement

A local potential measurement method that can be easily used in an anaerobic solution was settled and the potential probe was tested with a simple and fast electrochemical system. From the local potential value, plotted versus the distance to the working electrode, the concentration profile of the electrochemically consumed species can be calculated. The comparison of this experimental concentration profile to the theoretical one, which is based on Nernst hypothesis, enables us to assess the screening effect induced by the potential probe on the potential and current distributions. Thus, it is possible to calculate the potential profile that would be recorded by an ideal probe.     

High voltage supercapacitors using hydrated graphene film in a neutral aqueous electrolyte

The potential stability windows of chemical converted graphene in different aqueous electrolyte solutions were investigated for the first time. Based on this result, a supercapacitor with a high voltage and long cycle-life was prepared with the hydrated graphene films in the neutral aqueous solution at the maximum voltage of 1.6 and even 1.8 V. The electrochemical performance of the obtained sample was systematically investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. According to the cyclic voltammetry, hydrated graphene film can still retain rectangular shape at the high scan rate of 0.5 V/s in the neutral aqueous electrolyte. At a galvanostatic charge/discharge rate of 1 or 200 A/g, the specific capacitance of 202.3 or 138.1 F/g was delivered, respectively. Furthermore, the EIS results also confirm its fast neutral ion diffusion and high operating frequency of 9.34 Hz.