磁流化床烟气脱硫过程中S(Ⅳ)的氧化

研究了磁流化床烟气脱硫过程中铁磁颗粒和外加磁场对S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的促进作用.进行了两组实验:(1)磁流化床烟气脱硫实验.测定脱硫产物成分,分析流化床的床料和外加磁场的强度对S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的影响;(2)Fe(Ⅲ)溶液SO2吸收实验.测定溶液的SO2吸收性能,确定S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的机理.实验结果表明:磁流化床以石英砂为床料时,未发生S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应;以铁磁颗粒为床料时,发生S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应.并且,S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应程度随溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)浓度的增加和外加磁场强度的增加而增强.     

中温循环流化床烟气脱硫基础-曳力模型与流动的数值研究

为了准确模拟中温烟气脱硫的循环流化床(CFB)反应器内的脱硫过程,本文首先采用欧拉双流体方法研究了床内的稠密气固两相流动,讨论了表征气固两相相互作用的关键参数-曳力模型,并对适于均匀流动的经典曳力模型进行了颗粒团聚所致的非均匀效应的修正.计算的床内存料量和总压降与实测值之间的误差均小于5%.本研究为中温脱硫过程的优化和降低能耗奠定了流体力学基础.     

燃煤循环流化床燃烧脱硫的模型预测

燃煤循环流化床燃烧脱硫的模型预测池涌，岑可法，倪明江Ｐ·Ｂａｓｕ（浙江大学能源系杭州３１００２７）关键词：循环流化床，燃烧，脱硫，模型预测一、引言循环流化床锅炉在过去十几年中得到了广泛的应用，但与此同时由于循环流化床内流体动力特性的高度复杂使得数学模...     

燃煤旋涡流化床燃烧特性研究

燃煤旋涡流化床燃烧特性研究金保，刘坤磊，赵长遂，徐益谦（东南大学热能工程研究所）一、前言旋涡流化床燃烧技术是在鼓泡床和循环床的基础上发展起来的第三代流化床燃烧技术，通过在鼓泡床的悬浮空间加入四角切圆二次风，组成强旋涡流场，分离从床内飞溅上来的细颗粒，...     

流态化吸收式垃圾焚烧烟气净化试验研究

本文描述了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧后烟气利用流态化吸收式净化装置净化的试验研究结果。当吸收剂为石灰石浆液，浆液浓度１％，循环倍率为３，喷射速度为５～１５ ｍ／ｓ；鼓泡管插入深度１４０ ｍｍ时，流态化吸收式垃圾焚烧烟气净化装置的脱硫效率大于９０％，脱硝效率为２０～３０％之间，脱氯效率大于８０％，除尘效率大于９９％，重金属净化效率大于９８．６％，二恶英净化效率９９．３５％。     

流化床焚烧炉中颗粒扩散特性理论研究

本文建立了流化床焚烧炉中粒子扩散方程,通过求解方程,得到了鼓泡床和内旋流床中颗粒扩散特性,并与试验结果进行了对比,两者符合较好。结果表明鼓泡床横向扩散能力较差,而内旋流床有很好的横向扩散特性,非常有利于废弃物在床内的快速扩散。     

热烟气启动流化床的数学模型

1引言在流化床锅炉能够正常运行之前，必须进行点火操作，把惰性床料流化加热到足够高的温度，以使燃料能够开始燃烧。用高温热烟气经由布风板加热床层，传热效率较高，易于实现自动控制，能够明显缩短启动时间，减少辅助燃料消耗，目前国外普遍采用这种方法山。在我国第一台中试PFBC锅炉的启动中，就将采用热烟气启动的方式。为了对热烟气启动增压流化床进行模拟研究，提出了一种热烟气启动流化床的简化模型二本文提出的简化模型，考虑了扬析、磨损等因素，力求物理概念正确、简单实用、功能强；特别是借鉴对于间隙扬析过程的处理方法，…     

流化床干燥过程压力和电容层析成像测量分析

流化床干燥过程中床料物质属性和流动状态发生改变较大,单一的压力测量难以提供过程的全面信息。本研究将压力和电容层析成像(ECT)结合,用于干燥过程在线监测,探究不同工况下流化床的波动特性及不同参数对干燥过程的影响。结果表明,压差频谱分布可以反映颗粒密相和气泡相的波动特征;电容层析成像可以用于测量床料湿度和浓度分布。压差和电容层析成像的结合为流化床干燥过程关键参数提取、流动状态在线测量提供了一种新的方法。     

燃煤烟气中的CO2和NO对中温烟气脱硫的作用

本文利用实验室规模的循环流化床烟气脱硫实验装置研究了200-400℃范围内的中温干法烟气脱硫过程,并通过对脱硫产物的各种分析,揭示了烟气中CO2及NO对脱硫过程的影响规律及机理。 CO2对脱硫过程有抑制作用,尤其在反应温度大于300℃后,其作用已经不可忽视;NO对脱硫过程有促进作用,但是效果随温度的升高而减小,至350℃以上基本消失,这种促进作用主要是通过生成中间产物Ca(NO3)2而减少CaCO3、CaSO3的生成量来实现的,同时NO的参与也会改善反应的气相扩散条件。     

颗粒状炉内脱硫剂的参数测定与分析

一、概述 在流化床、循环床中,采用石灰石、白云石等脱硫剂进行炉内脱硫是行之有效的,为了合理选择脱硫剂和运行工况,提高脱硫效率,降低脱硫剂消耗,需要测定脱硫剂在脱硫过程中的主要宏观物理化学参数。包括气膜传质系数K_g、产物层有效扩散系数D、化学反应速度常数K和最大脱硫反应厚度δ等。由此可根据炉内工况计算反应时间t与转化率     

Short-term sequestration of slurry-derived carbon into particle size fractions of a temperate grassland soil

Surface application of animal wastes in intensive grassland systems has caused growing environmental problems during the last decade and, therefore, increasing public and scientific concern. In the present study we examined if the natural abundance 13C stable isotope tracer techniques could be used to investigate a poorly defined aspect of waste application, i.e. incorporation of slurry-derived C and its distribution in soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different turnover times of a pasture soil. C3 and C4 slurries (delta13C(V-PDB) = -30.7/1000 and -21.3/1000, respectively) from cows fed either on a maize (C4) or perennial ryegrass (C3) diet were applied to a C3 soil with a delta13C value of (-30.0+/-0.2)/1000. The cattle slurry was applied at 50 m3 ha(-1). Coarse sand, fine sand, silt, clay and fine clay were isolated from bulk soil samples (0-2 cm depth), freeze-dried and ground prior to total organic C (TOC) using elemental analysis and 13C natural abundance analysis by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The stable isotope tracer technique did allow to quantify the short-term sequestration of slurry-derived C in particle-size fractions of the grassland soil. Slurry-derived carbon was sequestered in various amounts in the five particle-size fractions, but most of it was sequestered in the coarse sand fraction during the two week experiment. The preferential input into the coarse sand fraction suggests that only the larger particulate slurry-derived materials were trapped into the soil during the experimental period. Less than 40% of the applied slurry-derived C was sequestered into the soil, suggesting a potential for large losses into the wider environment. The practice of surface spreading of slurry to temperate grassland soils is clearly not efficient, and improvements in slurry application methods, such as incorporation directly into the soil, should therefore be encouraged.     

Synthesis of nanosized Si composite anode material for Li-ion batteries

A simple method was proposed to prepare nanosized Si composite anode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The preparation started with the shock-type ball milling of silicon in liquid media of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, forming slurry where the nano-Si particles were uniformly dispersed, followed by the drying of the slurry to remove DMF. The nanosized Si composite anode material was obtained after the pyrolysis of the mixture at 300 °C where the pyrolyzed PAN provided a conductive matrix to relieve the morphological change of Si during cycling. As-prepared composite presented good cyclability for lithium storage. The proposed process paves an effective way to prepare high performance Si, Sn, Sb and their alloys based composite anode materials for Li-ion batteries.     

Effects of powder sizes and reduction parameters on the strength of Ni–YSZ anodes

In order for solid oxide fuel cells to survive the mechanical loading associated with residual manufacturing stresses, assembly, thermal mismatches, ion activity gradients, or operational loading, one or more components of the cell must provide sufficient mechanical strength. In anode-supported electrolyte designs, the anode layer is called upon to provide the necessary mechanical strength, in addition to fulfilling its electrical and electrochemical roles. To investigate how the starting powder sizes and how the reduction process parameters influenced the strength of NiO(Ni)–YSZ anode laminates, concentric ring-on-ring, biaxial flexure experiments were performed. Two composite microstructures and two reduction processes were examined. One specimen was obtained from powders with only fine (≈ 2 μm) NiO and YSZ particles, while the other had a bi-modal distribution of coarse and fine particles of NiO (11 μm and 5 μm) and YSZ (4 μm and 1 μm). One reduction process introduces forming gas at room temperature, while the other process introduced forming gas only after the specimen reached its reduction temperature (600 or 800 °C). The anodes containing coarse and fine particles had slower reduction rates, poorly connected microstructures, and had 35–40% lower biaxial flexure strengths than anodes with only fine starting powders. The temperature at which forming gas was introduced had a significant impact on the microstructural evolution and thus also on the mechanical properties. Although introducing forming gas at room temperature led to more complete and faster reductions, the resulting microstructures were poorly connected, and the reduced laminates had almost 30% less strength than laminates that were reduced at constant temperature.     

Elemental content of aerosol particles in an underground tram station

Particulate matter is an important air pollutant, especially in closed environments like a tunnel. The aim of this study was to determine the mass, black carbon, and elemental concentrations of particulate matter of two size fractions at an underground tram station in Hammarkullen, Gothenburg, Sweden. Samples were collected during June 2007 using a dichotomous virtual impactor separating the sampled aerosol particles into coarse (PM_(2.5–10)) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions. To minimize the possible influence of waiting passengers, the platform for trams going towards the suburb Angered was chosen. The elemental analysis of the samples, collected on Teflon filters, was carried out using energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry, resulting in concentrations of 14 elements in most of the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify possible sources for the elements in the particles. Owing to the tunnel environment, the elemental difference between the fine and coarse particle fractions was not as large as that in similar particles collected under normal outdoor ambient conditions. Likewise, the influence of the local weather situation was not significant. Particle content from the tram traffic was identified by PCA, with Fe being the major element in both coarse and fine particles. The particle mass concentration was higher in the tunnel compared to the ambient concentration at the monitoring station Femman in downtown Gothenburg. In some days, the mass concentration exceeded the Swedish daily ambient air quality standard of 50 µg m^?3, but it was lower than the limits in the environmental work act, 5 mg m^?3. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrostatic behavior of different fines added to a Faraday cup fluidized bed

Experiments were performed in a Faraday cup fluidization column to determine the changes in the electrostatic charges on various fine particles after their addition to gas–solid fluidized beds to better understand their role in influencing electrostatic charge generation/dissipation. The charges transported by different fines (Larostat 519 antistatic agent, glass beads (GB), silver-coated GB, catalyst and silica particles) were determined after their injection into an initially charged bed of much larger mono-sized particles (GB or polyethylene) for a range of relative humidities. Entrained fines carry significant charges out of the column, therefore leaving a net charge behind, with the polarity and quantity of charge depending on the size, physical properties and chemical structure of the particles, and on the moisture content of the fluidizing gas.     

Effect of drying technique on the physicochemical properties of sodium silicate-based mesoporous precipitated silica

The conventional drying (oven drying) method used for the preparation of precipitated mesoporous silica with low surface area (>300 m²/g) and small pore volume is often associated with a high production cost and a time consuming process. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop a cost-effective and fast drying process for the production of precipitated mesoporous silica using inexpensive industrial grade sodium silicate and spray drying of the precipitated wet-gel silica slurry. The precipitated wet-gel silica slurry was prepared from an aqueous sodium silicate solution through the drop-wise addition of sulfuric acid. Mesoporous precipitated silica powder was prepared by drying the wet-gel slurry with different drying techniques. The effects of the oven drying (OD), microwave drying (MD), and spray drying (SD) techniques on the physical (oil, water absorption, and tapping density), and textural properties (specific BET surface area, pore volume, pore size, and % porosity) of the precipitated mesoporous silica powder were studied. The dried precipitated mesoporous silica powders were characterized with field-emission scanning electron microscopy; Brunauer, Emmett and Teller and BJH nitrogen gas adsorption/desorption methods; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; thermogravimetric and differential analysis; N₂ physisorption isotherm; pore size distribution and particle size analysis. There was a significant effect of drying technique on the textural properties, such as specific surface area, pore size distribution and cumulative pore volume of the mesoporous silica powder. Additionally, the effect of the microwave-drying period on the physicochemical properties of the precipitated mesoporous silica powder was investigated and discussed.     

Modifying the structural phase state of fine-grained titanium under conditions of ion irradiation

The results from quantitative investigations into the structural phase state of finely dispersed titanium before and after implantation with aluminum ions are presented. Two types of ??-Ti grains differing by phase composition, defect structure, and size are distinguished in the structure: fine grains in the range of 0.1?C0.5 ??m and coarse grains in the range of 0.5?C5 ??m. The presence of two types of TiO₂ particles in the material, i.e., rounded particles found at dislocations in the bulk of the ??-Ti grains and lamellar particles found only inside coarse ??-Ti grains, is established. The formation of the Ti₃Al phase is observed in the form of lamellar inclusions along the grain boundaries and rounded particles in triple joints. It is found that the particles of the TiAl₃ phase are isolated with a smaller volume fraction than the Ti₃Al phase; they are localized along the boundaries of coarse grains of the titanium matrix. It is established that the granular state and defect structure of the material change substantially after ion irradiation; i.e., the dislocation density and the fields of internal stresses in fine grains grow considerably, relative to the initial state of titanium.     

Effects of Ta on microstructure and microhardness of Ni based laser clad coating

Through addition of Tantalum, fine TaC particles were in situ synthesized in a NiCrBSi alloy laser clad composite coating. Microstructure, microhardness and abrasive wear resistance of the composite coating were investigated. The result showed that TaC particles were dispersed in Ni based alloy composite coating, refining the microstructure of the coating after laser cladding. Amount of coarse primary carbides such as M7C3 and eutectic of γ-Ni + M23C6 substantially decreased because the formation of TaC particles suppressed the formation of M7C3 and M23C6. On the one hand, fine TaC particles acted as hard phase, which improved the microhardness of the composite coating; on the other hand, a decrease in amount of the coarse M7C3 and eutectic of γ-Ni + M23C6 reduced the crack susceptibility of the Ni based composite coating. Also, Ta element improved the abrasive wear resistance of the Ni based coating.     

EDXRF and TXRF analysis of elemental size distributions and environmental mobility of airborne particles in the city of Riga,Latvia

Airborne particles were investigated in the central part of Riga during October 2000. Mass, black carbon and elemental concentrations of airborne particles were measured on Teflon filters from a dichotomous impactor, which samples fine (<2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5–10 µm) fractions of particles. In order to obtain more detailed information on the size distributions of different elements, a seven‐stage Batelle cascade impactor was used, in which quartz plates treated with silicone grease were utilized as backing for the different stages. Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry were used for elemental analysis on the quartz plates and Teflon filters. The environmentally mobile part of the fine particle elements in the aerosol was determined by subtraction of x‐ray spectra measured before and after sequential leaching of the aerosol filters. The results of the different measurements show that naturally generated street dust and soil particles are dominant in coarse particles, whereas particles generated by human activities are dominant in the size fraction <0.5 µm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasonically assisted drying of fine particles

An investigation was made to determine the increase in drying rate which could be obtained through the addition of ultrasound to low temperature drying of heat sensitive fine particles. Airbourne ultrasound having a frequency of 20 kHz with intensities up to 155 dB was used. The materials dried included fine, sulphur-free powder coal, plastics powders, and neutralized acid mine drainage sludge. The limitations of the use of ultrasound in assisting drying were also studied. Theories are proposed to explain both the ultrasonic enhancement of drying and the limitations found.