激光作用复合膜体驱动飞片的理论计算和实验研究

采用Gurney理论,建立了激光作用复合膜体驱动飞片的理论计算模型。通过修正膜体材料的激光能量吸收系数,对激光作用复合膜体结构形成的飞片速度进行计算,分析了膜体材料和结构组成对飞片速度的影响,确定了形成高速飞片的复合膜体结构。进行了强激光作用复合膜体驱动飞片实验,采用压电薄膜测量了飞片到达不同距离的时间,计算得到飞片的速度和加速度。结果表明:不同激光能量作用下复合膜体飞片的加速特征基本相似,激光能量的变化对飞片加速时间的影响较小,飞片速度随着光爆层厚度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势;对应于不同的激光能量,光爆层存在最优能量吸收厚度。     

激光驱动飞片超高速发射技术实验研究

 介绍了影响激光驱动超高速发射技术的各种因素。分析了激光能量、激光光束空间分布对飞片发射速度及完整性的影响和飞片靶镀膜工艺对飞片速度及完整性的影响。结果表明：空间分布为“平顶型”的激光束有利于发射出完整的飞片。在膜与基底之间增加过渡层Cr可以大大提高膜与基底之间的附着力,从而提高飞片的发射速度。实验上利用波长1 064 nm、脉宽10 ns、能量835 mJ的激光使厚度5 μm、直径1 mm的铝飞片的发射速度达到10.4 km/s。大大提升了对微米级空间碎片速度的发射能力。     

光纤传输激光驱动飞片实验研究

构建了一种基于光纤传输高功率激光的飞片发射系统,并测试了飞片速度.飞片膜层为三明治结构:铝烧蚀层、氧化铝隔离层和铝飞片产生层.飞片膜层采用磁控溅射技术沉积在玻璃衬底上,总厚度为5.5 μm.激光辐照铝膜层产生高温高压等离子体,驱动剩余膜层产生高速飞片,速度达数km/s.同时,实验研究了光纤传能系统的输出激光空间分布特性和传输激光能量容量,它们决定了飞片的平面性和最大速度.光纤端面损伤是限制光纤传输激光能量容量的关键因素,光纤端面通过精密机械抛光和激光预处理可以获得理想的抗激光损伤能力.采用基于光纤阵列探针的时间序列测试技术获得了飞片的平均速度,并评估了飞片的平面性.采用搭建的基于光纤传输高功率激光的飞片发射系统获得了速度达1.7 km/s、直径接近1 mm的高速飞片. 关键词： 激光驱动飞片 激光辐照 光纤阵列探针 激光等离子体     

激光驱动飞片过程中激光烧蚀深度的计算

利用激光体烧蚀模型,数值模拟了激光驱动飞片的加速过程,包括激光的吸收和飞片的速度历史等。在光强为GW/cm2量级的激光作用下,激光烧蚀产生的等离子体的流体力学运动可用改编的1维La-grange流体力学计算程序SSS来描述。通过计算得到不同激光能量下的飞片密度剖面,由此给出金属薄膜的烧蚀深度与实验测量值进行比对,二者符合得较好。     

激光驱动带窗口宏观飞片特性实验研究

 利用激光驱动带窗口宏观高速飞片技术可以实现对材料的一维加载,特别适合开展材料的高压状态方程及高应变率下材料的动态力学特性研究。利用小型脉冲YAG激光器进行了驱动飞片技术研究。开展了飞片结构对飞片力学参数影响的实验,结果表明：复合靶飞片的能量耦合效率比单膜结构飞片具有较大的提高,平均速度提高约15%~30%。同时,飞片的平面性和完整性也有明显的改善。实验中测量了飞片的启动弛豫时间,结果显示：飞片的启动弛豫时间为5~10 ns。利用多通道光纤阵列开展了飞片的平面性测量。实验结果表明,在约1.0 mm的范围内,飞片的时间分散性为20~30 ns。利用高灵敏度激光干涉技术,对飞片速度历史进行了测量,结果表明,飞片在前20 ns就加速到最终速度的90%以上。     

磁驱动飞片发射实验结构系数初步研究

为了确定磁驱动飞片发射实验结构系数的范围、影响因素、结构系数与影响因素的关系，对聚龙一号装置上的磁驱动飞片发射实验进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟表明，磁流体力学程序能正确模拟聚龙一号装置上各个磁驱动飞片发射实验；磁驱动双侧飞片发射实验的结构系数为0.7～0.8；磁驱动单侧飞片发射实验的结构系数为0.80～0.85。磁驱动飞片发射实验的结构系数与实验加载电流无关，仅由磁驱动飞片发射实验的负载结构决定。磁驱动飞片发射实验的结构系数取决于阴阳电极极板的初始宽度、阴阳电极之间的初始间隙以及阴阳电极上飞片厚度之和等三个因素。在磁驱动飞片发射实验中，电极初始宽度、阴阳电极之间的初始间隙不变的情况下，结构系数由阴阳电极上飞片厚度之和确定，阴阳电极上飞片厚度之和越大，结构系数越大。     

激光驱动飞片冲击引爆炸药的计算

 在Gurney方程和考虑金属相变状态方程的基础上， 提出了一种激光驱动飞片运动的计算模型。这种模型能确定与炸药临界起爆相关的参数，诸如沉积的激光能量、烧蚀层和飞片的厚度以及飞片飞行的距离等等。计算的结果与实验相符。在本模型中可以对电离、烧蚀及二维效应作进一步的考虑。     

神光Ⅲ原型装置激光驱动高速飞片实验研究进展

激光驱动飞片技术具有产生的飞片速度高、成本低、装置简单等传统动高压加载技术无法取代的优点.随着激光技术的发展,利用高功率激光脉冲发射高速飞片受到越来越多的关注.本文介绍了在神光Ⅲ原型装置上开展的激光驱动高速飞片实验研究.利用纳秒短脉冲和纳秒整形长脉冲,设计并开展了几种不同方式加速飞片的实验研究,成功获得了10 km·s~(-1)的固态铝飞片和50 km·s~(-1)超高速度的复合金属飞片,而且飞片具有良好的平面性和完整性.对实验的物理设计、技术途径和数据结果进行了比较全面的分析,为进一步开展激光驱动高速飞片相关实验研究提供了思路,同时也证明了神光Ⅲ原型装置在激光驱动高速飞片实验研究方面有着巨大的潜力.     

磁驱动飞片二维磁流体力学数值模拟

针对磁驱动高速飞片发射技术,建立了磁驱动飞片的二维磁流体力学数学模型,并考虑了焦耳热对飞片的影响。在四边形网格的基础上,采用算子分裂法,把磁流体力学方程依次分成热扩散、磁扩散、理想流体力学三个物理过程进行求解,研制了磁驱动飞片二维磁流体力学数值模拟程序。对美国Sandia国家实验室Z装置上的一个磁驱动飞片发射实验进行了数值模拟,并分析了不同时刻焦耳加热对飞片的烧蚀情况,计算得到的飞片自由面速度曲线与实验激光速度干涉仪测量的结果相吻合。     

激光驱动飞片的动量耦合模型研究

 激光驱动飞片技术在动高压加载和模拟空间高速粒子运动规律等实验中有重要的应用价值。而激光与飞片的动量耦合模型研究是激光驱动飞片技术的重要内容之一，其实质是激光与物质的作用规律的宏观表征。以激光支持爆轰波（LSDW）理论为基础，建立了约束条件下激光驱动飞片的动量模型，模型考虑了激光功率密度、脉宽、聚焦焦斑、侧向稀疏波、飞片表面气体参数、飞片面积等因素的影响，比较全面地反映了LSDW对飞片的力学作用特性，理论计算结果与参考文献结果吻合较好，误差不超过25%。     

Towards controlled flyer acceleration by a laser-driven mini flyer

A laser driven flyer (LDF) system is designed to blast off a very small, thin flyer plate for impact on a target. When a Nd:YAG laser beam is focused through a transparent substrate onto thin metal, a fraction of the metal is ablated. The blow-off products being contained between the substrate and the flyer make the remaining thin film launch as a separate flyer. Some energy of the laser beam is lost by reflection at the boundary between substrate and metal because of the high reflectivity. By using a proper metal of high absorptance at 1.064 μm wavelength, the laser coupling to the flyer would define the system efficiency of a launch system. An effort is presented here to improve the coupling results in the enhancement of the flyer velocity for a given pulse energy. An optimum energy conversion between laser energy and kinetic energy of the flyer is achieved through a black paint coating technique as opposed to a more conventional means of a multi-layered approach requiring electron beaming or magnetron sputtering that are rather expensive and time consuming. The mini flyer flown under 1.4 km/s showed a controlled flight trajectory without fragmentation, suggesting that performance of this simple system is competitive to if not better than other attempts by the multi-layered LDF systems.     

纳秒激光冲击加载的全过程诊断

 与传统的冲击加载方式相比,激光驱动试样具有微尺寸（直径小于1 mm,厚度约10 μm）、超短作用过程（纳秒量级）等特点,但其速度变化历史的实时诊断颇为困难,因此发展适用于激光驱动的高时空分辨率的实时测试技术是十分重要和有价值的。采用桌面式脉冲Nd:YAG激光器作为加载平台,发展了激光加载下的小焦点多普勒光纤探针测量系统（焦斑直径约200 μm,时间分辨力约50 ps）,成功实现了从激光脉冲驱动微尺寸飞片飞行直至撞击Z-切石英试样的全过程实时诊断。实验结果显示,将6 μm 厚Al箔飞片驱动至2.48 km/s时,撞击Z-切石英试样的粒子速度为1.27 km/s,与Hugoniot理论计算结果相符,表明该测试技术是可靠、有效的;多层薄膜靶结构设计（基底/烧蚀层/硅油/Al箔）可提升激光与靶物质的能量耦合效率,使飞片保持更好的宏观完整性。为开展超短脉冲激光加载下材料动态特性研究提供了一种有效的技术途径。     

Feasibility investigations on a novel micro-embossing using laser-driven flyer

A novel micro-plastic microfabrication technique for embossing is presented, which uses laser-driven flyer as the loading method in forming. Experiments were performed by allowing the laser-driven flyer to impact the thin film, which is placed above a micromold. Micro-channel with dimension of 160 μm×45 μm was successfully fabricated on copper foil surface using laser-driven flyer. The effects of laser energy on deformation mechanism were investigated experimentally. Surface roughness changes on formed sample were discussed. The novel technique holds promise for achieving precise, well-controlled, low-cost, high efficiency of three-dimensional metallic microstructures. In addition, this technique can cold form high strength or difficult materials.     

Generation of laser-driven flyer dominated by shock-induced shear bands: A molecular dynamics simulation study

High-power pulsed lasers provide an ingenious method for launching metal foils to generate high-speed flyers for high-pressure loading in material science or aerospace engineering.At high-temperature and high-pressure laser-induced conditions,the dynamic response of the metals and the mechanism of flyer formation remain unclear.In this study,the overall process of the laser-driven aluminum flyer,including laser ablation,rupture of metal foil,and the generation of the flyer was investigated by molecular dynamics combined with the two-temperature model.It was found that under high laser fluence(over 1.3 J/cm;with 200-fs laser pulse duration),the laser induced a shock wave with a peak pressure higher than25 GPa,which led to shear bands expanding from the edge of the laser ablation zone in the foil.Compared with the cases of low laser fluence less than 0.5 J/cm^-1,the shear band induced by high laser fluence promotes the rupture of the foil and results in a high-speed flyer(>1 km/s)with better flatness and integrity.In addition,the shock wavefront was found to be accompanied by aluminum crystal phase transformation from face-centered cubic(FCC)to body-centered cubic structure.The crystal structure reverts with the decrease of pressure,therefore the internal structure of the generated flyer is pure of FCC.The results of this study provide a better understanding of the laser-induced shock effect on the foil rupture and flyer quality and forward the development of the laser-driven flyer.     

Laser-driven flyer application in thin film dissimilar materials welding and spalling

This paper applied a low cost method to pack and drive laser-driven flyer in the applications of welding and spalling. The laser system has the maximum energy of 3.1 J, which is much lower than that used in the previous study. The chemical release energy from the ablative layer was estimated as 3.7 J. The flying characteristic of laser-driven flyer was studied by measuring the flyer velocity at different locations with photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV). The application of laser-driven flyer in welding Al and Cu was investigated at different laser spot size. Weld strength was measured with the peel test. Weld interface was characterized with optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study of application of laser-driven flyer in spalling was carried out for both brittle and ductile materials. The impact pressure was calculated based on the Hugoniot data. The amount of spalling was not only related to the impact pressure but also related to the duration of impact pressure. The fractography of spalled fracture surface was studied and revealed that the fracture mode was related to the strain rate. The spall strength of Cu 110, Al 1100 and Ni 201was measured and was consistent with the literature data.     

基于带电粒子活化法开展的SGⅡ-U皮秒激光质子加速实验研究

基于带电粒子活化测谱方法在SGⅡ-U装置上开展了皮秒激光靶背鞘场机制质子加速实验研究,对靶参数进行了优化.利用带电粒子活化测谱方法测量了相同激光条件、不同Cu薄膜靶厚度情况下靶背鞘场加速质子的最高截止能量、角分布、总产额以及激光能量到质子的转化效率等关键参数.实验发现,SGⅡ-U皮秒激光靶背鞘场加速机制的最佳Cu薄膜靶厚度为10 μm,对应质子最高能量接近40 MeV,质子（>4 MeV）总产额约4×10¹²个,激光能量到质子的转化效率约2%.薄膜靶更厚或者更薄都会降低加速质子的最高截止能量;当靶厚减薄至1 μm时,皮秒激光的预脉冲开始对靶背鞘场产生显著影响,质子最高截止能量急剧下降,高能质子束斑呈现空心结构;而当靶厚增加至35 μm时,虽然质子束的能量有所降低,但是质子束斑的均匀性更好.