复杂生物体系中蛋白质高效分离分析技术的新进展

继人类基因组计划完成之后,作为一种新的研究策略,蛋白质组学在生命科学研究中发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。由于生物体系的复杂性和多样性,使得分离效率高、灵敏度高、通量高和动态范围宽的分离分析技术平台的研究和应用已成为蛋白质组学研究的重点和热点之一。着重介绍了近年来应用日益广泛的多维色谱预分离、毛细管液相色谱-质谱联用、毛细管电泳及其与质谱联用等高效分离分析技术在复杂生物体系的蛋白质分析中的最新进展。引用相关文献40篇。     

Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids

Flavonoids are very common and widespread secondary plant metabolites. They have a wide range of biological and physiological activities and serve as chemotaxonomic marker compounds. Therefore, they have been extensively investigated both in the past and during recent years. The interest in them is still increasing. In the search for new compounds, and also in quality control, there is a need to have reliable methodology for the analysis of flavonoids. Mass spectrometry can make an invaluable contribution because of its high sensitivity, possibilities of coupling with liquid chromatography and the availability of powerful tandem mass spectrometric techniques. A review of currently available mass spectrometric methodology used in the structure elucidation of flavonoids is presented. Sample preparation, liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis and tandem mass spectrometric procedures for the characterization of flavonoid aglycones, O-glycosides, C-glycosides and acylated glycosides are considered.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中的16种喹诺酮类药物残留

建立了动物组织样品中萘啶酸、恶喹酸、氟甲喹、诺氟沙星、依诺沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、丹诺沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星、麻保沙星、培氟沙星、司帕沙星、奥比沙星等16种喹诺酮类兽药多残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。用酸性乙腈萃取样品中的16种喹诺酮类药物残留,然后用正己烷脱脂,旋转蒸发浓缩,以Inertsil C8-3色谱柱分离,在正离子模式下以电喷雾电离串联质谱进行测定。在10,50,100 μg/kg 3个加标水平下进行了验证试验,方法的线性范围为10~100 μg/kg,平均回收率为62.4%~102%,相对标准偏差为1.4%~11.9%。该方法简便、快速、准确,各项技术指标满足国内外法规的要求,可用于鸡肉、鸡肝和鱼肉等动物组织样品中喹诺酮类药物多残留的确证检测。     

Comparison of gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of TNT and related nitroaromatic compounds

The use of capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of a series of standard solutions (0.1 to 10 μg/ml) of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and eight other nitroaromatic components was evaluated. The techniques included gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD), full scan and selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization (EI/FS and EI/SIM), full scan and selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive ion chemical ionization using methane reagent gas (PICI/FS and PICI/SIM), and full scan and selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization using methane reagent gas (NICI/FS and NICI/SIM). The performance of the techniques was comapared by determining the linear response range, precision, and detection limits of the analyses.     

Rapid screening and characterization of drug metabolites using a new quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer

The application of a new hybrid RF/DC quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer to support drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies is described. The instrument is based on a quadrupole ion path and is capable of conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as well as several high-sensitivity ion trap MS scans using the final quadrupole as a linear ion trap. Several pharmaceutical compounds, including trocade, remikiren and tolcapone, were used to evaluate the capabilities of the system with positive and negative turbo ionspray, using either information-dependent data acquisition (IDA) or targeted analysis for the screening, identification and quantification of metabolites. Owing to the MS/MS in-space configuration, quadrupole-like CID spectra with ion trap sensitivity can be obtained without the classical low mass cutoff of 3D ion traps. The system also has MS(3) capability which allows fragmentation cascades to be followed. The combination of constant neutral loss or precursor ion scan with the enhanced product ion scan was found to be very selective for identifying metabolites at the picogram level in very complex matrices. Owing to the very high cycle time and, depending on the mass range, up to eight different MS experiments could be performed simultaneously without compromising chromatographic performance. Targeted product ion analysis was found to be complementary to IDA, in particular for very low concentrations. Comparable sensitivity was found in enhanced product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes. The instrument is particularly suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.     

Toxaphene analysis in Great Lakes fish: a comparison of GC-EI/MS/MS and GC-ECNI-MS, individual congener standard and technical mixture for quantification of toxaphene

Toxaphene is considered to be a problematic organochlorine pollutant because of its bioaccumulation potential and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, whole lake trout and walleye composites were used to evaluate two analytical techniques for total toxaphene and selected congener analysis. The efficacy of using gas chromatography electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS/MS) and electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) were compared. Although the sensitivity using GC-ECNI-MS was approximately five times greater than GC-EI/MS/MS, the latter provided more consistent inter-Parlar relative response factors (RRF). When using technical calibration mixtures, these results suggest a more accurate total toxaphene measurement was obtained using the GC-EI/MS/MS method. Total toxaphene concentrations in lake trout composites from both methods were highly correlated (R ² = 0.985) with the MS/MS concentrations approximately half of those determined by ECNI, suggesting systematic high bias in toxaphene concentrations when measured using GC-ECNI.     

Combined quantification of paclitaxel,docetaxel and ritonavir in human feces and urine using LC‐MS/MS

A combined assay for the determination of paclitaxel, docetaxel and ritonavir in human feces and urine is described. The drugs were extracted from 200 μL urine or 50 mg feces followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis coupled with positive ionization electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The validation program included calibration model, accuracy and precision, carry‐over, dilution test, specificity and selectivity, matrix effect, recovery and stability. Acceptance criteria were according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines on bioanalytical method validation. The validated range was 0.5–500 ng/mL for paclitaxel and docetaxel, 2–2000 ng/mL for ritonavir in urine, 2–2000 ng/mg for paclitaxel and docetaxel, and 8–8000 ng/mg for ritonavir in feces. Inter‐assay accuracy and precision were tested for all analytes at four concentration levels and were within 8.5% and <10.2%, respectively, in both matrices. Recovery at three concentration levels was between 77 and 94% in feces samples and between 69 and 85% in urine samples. Method development, including feces homogenization and spiking blank urine samples, are discussed. We demonstrated that each of the applied drugs could be quantified successfully in urine and feces using the described assay. The method was successfully applied for quantification of the analytes in feces and urine samples of patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of different modes of thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry for the separation and detection of large and small biomolecules

Biomolecules are widespread throughout the world. A biomolecule is any organic molecule produced by a living organism, including large polymeric molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Many sample preparation techniques are used in biomolecule analysis; the method selected depends on the complexity of the sample, the nature of the matrix and the analytes, and the analytical technique available. This review covers the current state of knowledge on thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry for qualitative analysis of biomolecules. In the first part of the paper the reader will gain useful information to avoid some problems about performing various modes of thin-layer chromatography combined with mass spectrometry experiments and in the second part he will find useful information for application of these techniques for separation, detection, and qualitative investigation of structures and quantitative determination of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, amino acids, DNA, RNA, and lipids.     

基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱和电喷雾电离质谱在辣根过氧化物酶糖肽结构分析中的应用

糖链结构的质谱解析是今后糖蛋白分析中的重要研究内容,其中完整糖肽的分析,由于可以同时获得糖基化位点和对应糖链的结构信息,更具有重要意义和研究前景。本工作对质谱软电离技术在完整糖肽分析中的应用进行了研究,其中包括了基质辅助激光解吸电离(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, MALDI)和电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)技术。通过平行使用两种串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS)分析策略: MALDI-MS/MS和ESI-MS/MS对目标糖蛋白——辣根过氧化物酶进行分析,并讨论了其互补性。结果表明,MALDI和ESI技术各有优劣,结合串联质谱分析,可获得糖肽的糖链结构信息;两条路线互补使用,在揭示蛋白质糖基化修饰(位点和结构)的研究中十分必要。     

Application of liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry to the characterization of the 16-membered ring macrolide josamycin propionate

Coupled liquid chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used for the characterization of the semi-synthetic 16-membered ring macrolide josamycin propionate. On-line identification of impurities in this antibiotic complex was performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer without recourse to time-consuming isolation and purification procedures. Ion trap mass spectrometry is ideally suited to identification of impurities because it provides MSn capability, enabling multiple stages of mass spectrometry to obtain the maximum amount of structural information for a given molecule. The ion trap was used with an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ion mode or with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source operated in the negative ion mode. The identity of the unknown compounds was deduced using the MS/MS and MSn collision-induced dissociation spectra of reference substances or structural analogs as interpretative templates, combined with knowledge about the nature of functional group fragmentation behavior. Given the importance attached to the identification of impurities of unknown identity in pharmaceutical substances, this study is useful for companies producing josamycin propionate. The knowledge of the fragmentation behavior is also of importance in further research on other 16-membered macrolides.     

正相液相色谱-串联质谱法分离普萘洛尔对映体

建立正相液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分离普萘洛尔对映体的方法,并用于盐酸普萘洛尔片对映体含量测定.样品使用甲醇进行简单提取,采用Chiralcel OD-H手性柱,以正己烷-乙醇-氨水(70∶30∶0.4, v/v/v)为流动相,流速为0.4 mL/min.在正离子模式下,通过电喷雾离子化(ESI+),采用多...     

LC–MS/MS analysis of coccidiostats in meat supply chain safety

The presence of coccidiostats in meat products represents an important topic because of the animal administration of these substances, authorized as feed additives for targeted species, in order to prevent and inhibit coccidiosis. Coccidiostats include both ionophores and synthetic molecules characterized by different chemical–physical properties such as polarity. Meat is a matrix characterized by many interfering compound groups, such as proteins, phospholipids, and fats. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis allows the required selectivity and sensitivity for discriminating analytes and matrix interferences. For these reasons, an LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of coccidiostats in meat products was developed without SPE purification steps. The correct analyte quantification is allowed by matrix-matched calibration. The method validation was performed by the replicated analysis of spiked meat samples at two different concentration levels (limit of quantification—LOQ—and a 10 times LOQ) in order to evaluate method recovery and repeatability, plus spiked samples at higher concentrations up to 10,000 μg/kg. Moreover, the metrological approach was used for the calculation of method uncertainty. The application of the developed method to real samples evidenced the presence of some non-ionophores coccidiostats in the meat and liver of chicken and rabbit species. Although, the determined concentration was below the established MRLs, the monitoring of coccidiostats in the meat supply chain is confirmed as a good strategy in order to safeguard consumer health.     

傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱用于金属加工助剂中的成分分析

金属加工助剂是金属加工生产过程中必不可少的化工产品,其组成复杂,易形成螯合物干扰成分分析。该文利用傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry,FT-ICR MS)技术的高分辨性能,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、红外光谱(IR)和核磁共振谱(NMR)对一种含未知成分的金属加工助剂进行成分分析。结果表明,该金属加工助剂中含有柠檬酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)与金属铋螯合物。该方法简便、准确,适用于含有金属螯合物的金属加工助剂成分的快速鉴定。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱分析不同加工何首乌中差异化学成分

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)结合多元统计分析技术对不同加工何首乌中化学成分差异的分析方法。何首乌样品采用甲醇在室温下超声提取后,采用UPLC-QTOF-MS进行分析,对采集的图谱通过峰匹配、峰对齐、滤噪处理等进行特征峰提取,然后用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA)对数据进行分析。结果显示,不同加工何首乌样品间的化学组成存在显著性差异;根据一级质谱精确质荷比和二级质谱碎片信息,结合软件数据库搜索及相关文献进行成分鉴定,初步筛选并鉴定出33种不同加工何首乌间差异显著的化学成分,其中15种为共有差异化学成分,并呈现出不同的变化规律。研究结果可为揭示不同加工方法对何首乌代谢产物差异性的影响规律提供依据。     

Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials

Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS²) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion‐mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre‐ionization in the solution state or post‐ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS² exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end‐group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS², LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo‐ and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross‐linked or nonionizable polymers.     

沉香的高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱数字化指纹图谱研究

采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱联用(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术,研究构建了一种沉香数字化色谱-质谱指纹图谱的新方法。沉香药材经乙醇提取后,采用HPLC-Q-TOF-MS测定,并同时采集HPLC-Q-TOF-MS及液相色谱-紫外数据,得到液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV)色谱图和高分辨飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)总离子流色谱图。对色谱图中的各个色谱峰进行精确质量数识别,建立数字化指纹图谱,以精确质量数结合保留时间表征沉香中的化学成分,即为每个色谱峰给出具有唯一性的数字信息,以数字化的形式反映其化学成分,并根据精确质量及同位素推算出分子式,结合二级质谱及文献资料共鉴定出30个化学成分。该方法对沉香的每种化学成分给出了类似于身份认定的数字化信息,具有唯一性,能全面反映沉香的物质成分,可为沉香的药理、药效及质量标准研究提供科学的数据。     

抗阿尔兹海默症藏药三味豆蔻汤的化学成分分析研究

三味豆蔻汤作为藏药的经典方剂,由药材豆蔻、香旱芹、荜茇和牦牛奶熬煮制成,其对阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)具有一定的治疗作用.该方剂化学成分复杂且极性、挥发性差异大,相关的物质基础研究较少.该研究分别采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、超高效液相色谱-高分辨串联质谱(UPLC-HRMS/MS...     

Analysis of Low-polar Ginsenosides in Steamed Panax Ginseng at High-temperature by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS

A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry( HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis and identification of ginsenosides in the extracts of raw Panax ginseng(RPG) and steamed Panax ginseng at high temperatures(SPGHT). A total of 25 ginsenosides were extracted include of which 10 low-polar ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides F4, Rk3, Rh4, 20S-Rg3, 20R-Rg3 and so on, were identified according to their HPLC retention time and MS/MS data. The results indicated that the low polar ginsenosides were seldom found in RPG. For the exploration of the transformation pattern of the ginsenosides in steam processing, the standards of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd were selected and hydrolyzed at a temperature of 120 ℃. The results show that these polar ginsenosides can be converted to low-polar ginsenosides such as Rg2, Rg6, F4, Rk3 and Rg5 by hydrolyzing the sugar chains.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中35种四环素类、磺胺类、青霉素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类抗生素残留

建立了液相色谱-质谱测定牛奶中35种四环素类、磺胺类、青霉素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类等5类抗生素残留的检测方法。样品经碱性乙腈-Mcllvaine缓冲液超声提取,用Eclipse XDB-C₈色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)分离,梯度洗脱,流速0.25 mL/min,进样量10 μL,采用多反应监测正离子或负离子模式,可以一次性对牛奶中的目标化合物进行定性和定量测定。在优化条件下,35种化合物的检出限均低于10.0 μg/kg,方法回收率为70.1%~109.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.89%~9.99%。结果表明该方法适用于牛奶中抗生素残留的检测。采用所建立的检测方法对市售的50种不同乳品进行了检测,其中一个样品检出氯霉素含量为0.48 μg/kg。检测结果表明,中国市场上销售的乳品氯霉素污染的风险仍然存在。本研究建立的液相色谱-质谱联用方法实现了牛奶中35种四环素类、磺胺类、青霉素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类等5类抗生素残留的测定。该方法简单、快捷、经济,可实现多种抗生素残留的快速测定。     

液相色谱串联质谱测定纺织品中的四溴双酚A

采用固相萃取/超快速液相色谱-串联质谱技术(SPE/UFLC-MS/MS)建立了纺织品中四溴双酚A的测定方法。样品经甲醇超声提取,C_(18)-SPE净化后分析,在串联质谱电喷雾(ESI)离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测,以保留时间以及特征离子对进行定性、定量分析。实验结果表明,四溴双酚A在1.0~100.0μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系。称样量为1.0 g时,方法的定量下限为1.0μg/kg。平均回收率为80.9%~95.3%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.3%~5.9%。所建方法快速、准确、灵敏,可用于纺织中四溴双酚A的分析测定。