I型焦散线图象的微机自动处理

根据焦散线的原理，分析了Ｉ型焦散线实验图象的特点，提出确定图像中焦散线位置的准则，基于此准则的微机图象处理，可自动精确测量Ｉ型焦散线的最大直径。     

斜入射透射焦散线测量误差的数值分析

本文根据程函理论，用空间解析几何方法，推导了在ｘ－ｚ或ｙ－ｚ平面内斜入射的平行光线在含Ⅰ型裂纹透明材料中传播的方程，并通过数值解对其形成的焦散线的畸变进行了分析，给出了几种典型透射材料中由于斜入射造成的焦散线直径的偏差曲线     

含裂纹三点弯曲梁起始扩展的动态分析

本文利用高速摄影捕捉含裂纹三点弯曲梁在冲击下裂纹扩展过程，借助动态焦散线对裂纹尖端初始曲线范围内的应力第二不变量分布进行了试验研究，并通过Ｄｅｔ．－准则对动载下裂纹起始扩展的条件和方向进行了分析。结果表明：裂纹扩展的实际方向与理论预测相一致；Ｄｅｔ．－准则与焦散线相结合在动态断裂力学研究中具有广泛的使用价值     

确定应力强度因子的光弹性法与焦散线法

以光弹性法及焦散线法的基本原理为基础,对两种方法在确定应力强度因子方面进行了比较。发现对于纯I型裂纹问题,光弹性法的精度低于焦散线法的精度;对于I－Ⅱ混合型裂纹问题,就张开型应力强度因子而言,光弹性法的精度低于焦散线法的精度,而就滑移型应力强度因子而言,光弹性法的精度高于焦散线法的精度。     

声焦散线及其与应力强度因子的关系

 根据焦散线的形成原理，以及含I型裂纹试件受力前后光程差与 声程差表达式的相似性，提出了声焦散线的概念，得到了声焦散线沿 横向最大尺寸与应力强度因子的关系，为通过声焦散线法确定应力强 度因子打下了基础.     

非平行光反射焦散线法测量动态K1的一些理论和技术问题

本文分析了非平行光反射焦散线法测量Ⅰ型裂纹动态应力强度因子的一些理论问题,讨论了焦散面的形成和摄影记录系统的光路布置及参数选择并提出一种采用单透镜的沙丁相机高速摄影技术。该技术可以获得尺寸比通常所得的焦散象大得多的焦散记录。     

爆炸载荷下非透明介质断裂的焦散线实验方法

首次把焦散线实验方法应用于非透明介质在爆炸载荷作用下的断裂问题的研究.在采用DDGS-Ⅱ型多火花式高速摄影和反射式焦散线光路系统基础上,改进了镜面移植的试件加工方法,实现了较大面积的镜面移植;设计了可多角度调节的爆炸加载架,引进切槽控制爆破技术,满足了爆生裂纹穿过镜面区的要求和摄影记录测量要求.并应用该实验方法,进行了两种非透明介质(人造石和PVC)爆炸致裂的焦散线实验,得到爆生裂纹在人造石和PVC试件扩展过程中不同时刻的焦散线照片,分析了人造石试件中爆生裂纹的运动学和力学行为特征.爆炸加载反射式焦散线实验方法拓展了焦散线实验的应用范畴,为研究非透明介质的爆炸动态断裂问题提供了方法.     

含预制裂纹L形梁柱试件动态断裂过程

针对含预制裂纹L形梁柱试件,为研究预制裂纹动态扩展的力学特征及其对梁柱试件破坏模式的影响,采用数字动态焦散线实验系统,对距节点核心区不同距离l处含有预制裂纹的试件进行落锤冲击实验,得到预制裂纹的扩展轨迹、速度、动态应力强度因子的变化规律。结果表明,l值增大,扩展裂纹在梁下边缘的贯通点与预制裂纹的夹角逐渐增大,曲裂程度变大。裂纹扩展速度随着l的增大振荡性增强,裂纹扩展平均速度逐渐降低。l值为2 mm时,裂尖表现为Ⅰ型断裂,l值增大,裂尖受到剪应力作用增强,Ⅰ型动态应力强度因子减小,Ⅱ型动态应力强度因子增大,断裂逐渐转变为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型。     

焦散线法在断裂力学中的应用(应力强度因子K_1的测定)

本文介绍了一种测量应变奇异性的新方法-焦散线法。阐述了焦散线的基本理论和试验技术。得到了清晰的焦散线照相。材料的应力光学系数通过透射焦散线和反射焦散线的两尺寸比值来确定。通过试验,测定了单边裂纹板受拉时的应力强度因子,与计算结果附合良好。     

三点弯曲型试件Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂的数值与实验研究

三点弯曲试件常被用来研究材料的纯Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂性能。使用Abaqus软件通过有限元法获得三点弯曲试件不同跨长比2S/L、相对裂纹长度a和裂纹倾角β下的Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型无量纲应力强度因子。由有限元结果可知,在相对裂纹长度一定时,跨长比越小,裂纹倾角越小,Ⅰ型无量纲应力强度因子可取得0,即越容易得到纯Ⅱ型断裂。当跨长比相同时,相对裂纹长度越大越容易得到纯Ⅱ型断裂。使用6组共24个三点弯曲试件,研究砂岩的纯Ⅰ型、纯Ⅱ型以及复合型加载时的断裂韧度,得到该种砂岩的纯Ⅰ型断裂韧度为0.786MPa·m0.5,纯Ⅱ型断裂韧度为0.344MPa·m0.5。实验结果与最大周向应力(MTS)准则和广义最大周向应力(GMTS)准则的预测结果进行对比,比较结果显示GMTS准则更能准确地预测实验结果。     

Determination of stress-intensity factors by the method of caustics in anisotropic materials

This paper studied the applicability of the method of caustics to anisotropic materials under Mode I and mixed-mode static-loading conditions and introduced the procedure to obtain stress-intensity factors (SIF) in anisotropic materials by the method of caustics.The mapping equations for initial and caustic curves in anisotropic materials were introduced and their computer graphical images were compared to the experimental ones to check the validity of the mapping equations proposed in this paper. The agreement between them was found to be satisfactory.Two kinds of equations to determine SIF in anisotropic materials by the method of caustics are proposed in this paper. Corroborative experiments carried out by using the orthotropic materials under various loading conditions are presented. In the case of Mode I loading condition, the SIF's obtained by this paper's methods were found to be close to the results by another method, i.e., boundary-element method (BEM). And in the case of mixed-loading condition, the SIF's by this paper and BEM show little differences, (2.2–24.4 percent) with respect to the slanted angle of crack.     

Experimental caustics analysis in fracture mechanics of anisotropic materials

The originally developed reflection method of caustics is presented for application to cracks in mechanically anisotropic materials such as fiber-reinforced composites. The derived solutions for the combination of crack-opening modes I and II show that the size of the dark spot depends on the load intensity, whereas its shape depends strongly on the mechanical properties of the material, the orientation of the crack tip and the mixed-mode mixture. The evaluation of optical effects is possible using the diameter-measuring method or the advanced multipoint overdeterministic data reduction method. To find the exact position of caustics, the experimental images are analyzed by the simple boundary value method and a more sophisticated differential method, which is accomplished by shifting the real image onto the gradient image. The standard experimental testing procedure is performed for cracks oriented 0 deg, 45 deg and 90 deg to the material axes in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites.     

Perfectly plastic caustics for the opening mode of fracture

Exact expressions for the caustics generated by the reflection of light surrounding crack tips in perfectly plastic materials under plane stress loading conditions and tensile tractions at infinity (mode I) are derived. Two individual cases are examined involving two different yield criteria. The first case uses an approximation of the Mises yield condition, where in the principal stress plane two intersecting parabolas replace the standard ellipse. The second case uses the Tresca yield condition where the mode I caustic is obtained as a limit of an elliptical hole in a perfectly plastic material. In both cases, kinematically admissible velocity fields are employed to obtain strain fields from which the theoretical caustics are predicted.     

Study of half-space elastic contact problems by caustics

The optical method of caustics has been successfully applied to several two dimensional problems of elasticity. Up to now, no complicated three dimensional problems of elasticity have ever been treated by this method. In this paper, the experimental technique of caustics is developed, the caustics are obtained by annealing the stress-frozen epoxy slices. In applying this technique to Boussinesq's problem of a normal force and Cerruti's problem of a tangential force on the plane surface of a half-space, the experimentally obtained caustics for these problems are seen to be in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding theoretical forms. The treatment of the rather complicated three dimensional elasticity problems, including crack problems, by the author's method is also possible.     

线性规律功能梯度材料断裂行为实验研究

焦散线方法与高速摄影技术结合,对线性规律功能梯度材料的I型静、动态断裂特性进行实验研究,并利用有限元软件进行数值模拟. 首先推导了线性规律功能梯度材料静、动态裂尖的焦散线初始曲线方程和参数方程,提出通过迭代方法根据功能梯度材料的复杂焦散线方程求解应力强度因子. 为对比材料梯度对断裂行为的影响,利用重力沉降法制备了3种梯度变化规律的试件. 然后对功能梯度材料试件进行三点弯曲实验,通过CCD和高速摄影装置采集试件焦散线图像,提取各种静、动态断裂参数. 最后通过与有限元模拟结果进行对比,证明在功能梯度材料断裂实验中焦散线方法的有效性,并详细分析了不同梯度变化规律对材料静、动态断裂性能的影响.      

确定裂纹尖端形状及张开位移的焦散线—伪焦散线法实验研究

本文根据反射式焦散线－伪焦散线法和弹塑性断裂力学的基本原理，推导出裂纹尖端形状方程，为测量裂纹尖端的张开位移，提供一种全新的实验方法，本文还引用实例来进行验证．     

Experimental estimation of the load distribution in bearings by the method of caustics

The objective of this paper is the experimental estimation of the load distribution in roller-bearing by the metrhod of caustics. Contact problems have many practical and important applications¹. For the solution of such problems, besides mechanical analysis, the experimental method of caustics² can also be applied. The optical method of caustics is suitable for the experimental study of singularities in stress fields created either by discontinuities or by loading. Previously, caustics has been applied to the study of singular stress fields developed near concentrated or uniformly distributed loads which are applied along straight boundaries.^3,4 In this work, it is applied to study the load distribution in rollerbearings.     

Étude numérique de la topologie du champ résiduel de déplacements d'un milieu ductile fissuré : influence sur la formation des caustiquesNumerical study of the topology of displacements residual field for a cracked ductile medium: Influence on the shape of the caustic curve

The purpose of our work is to illustrate that, by using a simple optical method (phenomenon of caustics) it is possible to locate, near the crack tip, the boundaries of the plastic zone for a cracked body. In this Note, we show that, through numerical simulations, in the case of a ductile SEN specimen, loaded in mode I and following a loading history, the appearance and development of the plastic zone involves irreversible topological changes in the vicinity of the crack tip, made obvious by caustics shape variations. To cite this article: O. Pop et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Rayleigh wave propagation in curved waveguides

A JWKB asymptotic expansion describing inplane elastic waves is used to approximate a Rayleigh-like wave guided within a curved elastic waveguide whose curvature is small and changes slowly over a wavelength. The two lowest eigenmodes in a curved guide, taken together, constitute the Rayleigh-like wave. It is shown that this wave lies in the shadows of four, closely spaced, virtual caustics, two caustics per constituent eigenmode. If the curvature becomes too large one or more of the caustics ceases to be virtual and enters the guide after which a Rayleigh-like wave cannot propagate. The overall disturbance is shown to have an amplitude that is modulated because the wavenumbers of the constituent eigenmodes differ by a small amount. Moreover, the disturbance is shown to propagate with a wavenumber that, to leading order, has a linear dependence on the curvature causing the phase to be modulated, as well. Passing from a thin guide to a very thick one suppresses the amplitude modulation, making the phase modulation evident. Propagation into an environment of increasing curvature, for both thin and thick, shallowly curved guides is studied so that the modulations may be observed.