在飞航导弹中用星敏感器修正捷联惯导陀螺漂移

星敏感器是一种高精度的姿态测量装置。研究了星敏感器和陀螺的特点,对星敏感器工作原理和修正陀螺漂移技术进行了原理分析。在不利用外界提供的姿态和位置信息的情况下,采用卡尔曼滤波的信息融合算法,建立组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程,利用星敏感器输出的载体相对于惯性空间的姿态信息来修正捷联惯导的陀螺漂移。设计飞航导弹的典型飞行轨迹,通过数学仿真,对上述算法的有效性进行了验证,结果表明星敏感器能够有效地补偿捷联惯导由于陀螺漂移带来的误差,明显提高了导航定位精度。     

一种航天飞行器的INS/CNS自主导航方案

传统的天文导航方法由于受水平基准精度的制约,难以进一步提高定位精度。针对INS/CNS组合导航方法对水平基准依赖的问题,提出了一种新颖的基于星光折射技术的INS/CNS自主组合导航方案。将惯性系下的非线性惯导误差传播方程作为系统状态方程,将星敏感器测得姿态和星光折射信息作为量测,采用UKF滤波算法,构成全面最优的INS/CNS组合导航。仿真结果表明,星敏感器精度为3″时,导航系统的定位精度优于200 m,姿态精度优于3″,导航定位精度随所使用的折射星数目增多明显提高,且方案在系统大角度误差条件下仍然适用。     

捷联惯导基于星体跟踪器的高精度初始对准算法

捷联惯导与小视场星体跟踪器构成惯性/天文组合导航系统,导航精度受导航初始误差和器件误差的综合影响。基于此,提出一种捷联惯导与小视场星体跟踪器相组合的初始对准算法,对导航初始姿态误差和惯性器件误差进行估计修正。捷联惯导初始对准过程完成之后,在地面准静基座条件下做速度和位置阻尼条件下的惯导更新解算,利用捷联惯导系统的速度误差量测及小视场星体跟踪器的导航误差角测量量,设计组合粗对准算法和组合精对准算法,用于对捷联惯导系统的初始对准误差和惯性器件误差做进一步有效估计。仿真结果表明:对中等精度导航级捷联惯导系统,组合对准后水平姿态精度可提高到2’’,方位精度可提高到5’’。     

天文角度辅助的高超声速飞行器多信息融合导航算法

常规惯性/天文组合导航方法难以直接应用于高超声速飞行器机载环境下以载体系为基准进行星光测量的情况,且在可见星只有一颗时无法连续组合。为此,构建了高超声速飞行器惯性/卫星/天文紧组合导航系统方案,通过分析载体系下星光仰角、方位角与惯导误差之间的转换关系,建立了载体系下惯性/天文角度组合模型。理论分析表明,该系统在只有一颗导航星时仍能辅助惯导工作,且可使观测噪声特性保持稳定,从而提高了天文对惯导辅助的连续性和组合滤波估计精度。仿真结果表明,在高超声速飞行器导航系统采用天文角度辅助后,姿态误差较无天文辅助情况的降低60%~70%。     

基于水平阻尼的星光/惯性组合校准技术

根据星光/惯性组合导航系统舰载使用特点,考虑以SINS、CNS、LOG三者组合,设计组合校准方案。在SINS/CNS/LOG组合过程中,利用惯导系统的短期高精度特性,设计基于水平阻尼的卡尔曼滤波器对惯导舒勒周期进行补偿。星光/惯性组合校准技术建立在水平阻尼基础上,借助星光导航的航向和位置信息完成惯导位置误差、失准角和陀螺漂移的修正,从而实现组合系统长航时、远航程高精度导航。最后通过仿真对比试验验证星光/惯性组合导航系统校准方案的有效性。仿真结果表明:SINS/LOG组合后,惯导24 h位置误差CEP≤1.48 n mile,且位置误差会随时间积累;而SINS/CNS/LOG组合系统采用星光信息24 h一点校方案,第一次和第二次点校后,48 h和72 h惯导位置误差CEP≤0.5 n mile。由此可见,采用星光信息后,该组合方案能够显著提高惯导导航精度,达到延长惯导系统重调周期目的。     

一种制导炸弹MINS／GPS导航系统误差分析与分配

研究了对准误差和惯性敏感器主要误差对制导炸弹捷联惯导位置误差的影响,并从捷联惯导位置导航精度要求反推出对准误差和微机械惯性敏感器工具误差的分配原则和方法.分析了微机械陀螺和微机械加速度计的误差模型,并说明在短时间工作过程中均可简化为零偏叠加随机噪声.捷联惯导系统误差模型研究和弹道仿真表明,水平姿态对准误差和惯性敏感器零偏是制导炸弹惯导误差的主要误差源,用GPS辅助的组合导航可对所有主要误差源的误差进行估计并补偿.根据理论分析和仿真结果,以及误差源的误差和系统导航位置误差存在的正比关系,分析了MINS/GPS制导炸弹捷联导航的误差分配原则和方法,并给出了误差分配样例.     

基于BDS/INS紧组合的动对动相对导航算法

针对动对动相对定位中卫星观测质量不佳、信号易丢失导致北斗卫星导航系统定位精度不高、无法连续定位的问题,提出了一种基于BDS/INS紧组合的动对动相对导航算法。通过惯导系统与北斗卫星导航系统紧组合的方式,以捷联惯导误差作为组合系统状态量,通过多普勒信息进行伪距平滑,并利用扩展卡尔曼滤波将惯导及卫星观测信息进行融合,解算相对导航结果。通过车载实验对所提出的相对导航算法进行了验证,实验结果表明,所提出的BDS/INS紧组合动对动相对导航算法能够保持分米级相对导航精度,卫星信号短时中断时,能有效保持高精度相对导航结果输出。     

一种弹道导弹捷联惯导/地磁组合导航方法

基于惯性器件和磁强计的测量信息,提出一种弹道导弹捷联惯导/地磁组合导航方法。以捷联惯导误差方程为基础建立系统的状态模型,以磁强计测量值与根据地磁场模型计算的地磁场强度值之差作为量测,只用一个观测表达式即同时包含载体的位置及姿态信息。引入状态反馈,利用混合校正的卡尔曼滤波得到系统导航信息的最优估计。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效抑制捷联解算误差的发散,磁强计精度为100 nT时,定位精度2.68 km,姿态精度优于5′。该导航方法完全自主,精度较高,具有一定工程应用价值。     

一种单目视觉ORB-SLAM/INS组合导航方法

针对惯性/卫星组合导航系统在卫星导航失效时无法使用的问题,提出了单目视觉ORB-SLAM/INS组合导航方法,用于扩展组合导航系统在强干扰环境和室内环境的应用范围。该算法分为两个阶段:初始化阶段,当ORB-SLAM形成闭环时设计算法在线估计单目视觉ORB-SLAM算法的尺度因子;导航阶段,ORB-SLAM系统输出的位置信息经过尺度变换后作为观测量进行卡尔曼滤波,估计INS导航系统的误差状态量从而修正惯导系统的误差。设计了硬件和软件平台对提出的组合导航方法进行试验验证。跑车实验结果表明:所设计的ORB-SLAM/INS组合导航系统具有较高的定位精度,导航时间6 min定位误差为1.162 m,且不随时间漂移,具有很强的应用价值。     

SINS/GPS/CNS 组合导航联邦滤波算法

针对飞行器在长航时高速巡航过程中,捷联惯性导航系统存在误差漂移,GPS 导航可能会丢星、信号失锁,天文导航系统易受环境干扰,组合系统模型线性化误差易导致滤波发散等问题,分析了三种导航系统的优缺点,提出了 SINS/GPS/CNS 组合导航联邦滤波算法,该算法可以取长补短,巧妙地将 GPS 定位和天文导航定姿精度高的优势辅助于捷联惯导系统,利用卡尔曼联邦滤波器对捷联惯导系统进行误差估计,并对联邦滤波算法进行了有效的改进.计算机仿真显示,该滤波器收敛速度快,具有一定的容错功能,其滤波精度较 SINS/GPS 组合导航系统在位置误差和速度误差上均有约5%左右的小幅提升,在平台角误差上更是提高了一个数量级.仿真结果验证了该组合导航方案的可行性和算法的有效性,有重要的工程应用价值.     

Group properties of utt=[F(u)ux]x

The group properties and the associated Lie algebra are developed for the subject quasilinear wave equation, for arbitrary f[fεC²(R), f > 0, f ≠ 0]. From the resulting information sets of explicit invariant solutions are constructed for wave propagation in gases and for the transonic equation.     

Exact solution of the non-linear differential equation RR̈ + 32R2 − AR−4 + B = 0

The non-linear equation $\text{R}\text{R}\text{?}\text{+}\text{3}\text{2}\text{R}{}^2\text{- AR}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{+ B = 0}$ is shown to represent simply periodic motion with a minimum at R₁ and a maximum at R₁R₀ or a maximum at R₁ and a minimum at R₁R₀^?1. R₀ is a function of the ratio $\text{A}\text{B}$ and is greater than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1 and less than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1. The period of the motion satisfies the simple relation T(R₀^?1) = R₀^?1T(R₀). The exact solution to the above equation is represented in terms of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds and a simple algebraic function.     

Explicit expressions of S(v), H(v) and L(v) for anisotropic elastic materials

The three matrices L(v), S(v) and H(v), appearing frequently in the investigations of the two-dimensional steady state motions of elastic solids, are expressed explicitly in terms of the elastic stiffness for general anisotropic materials. The special cases of monoclinic materials with a plane of symmetry at x₃ = 0, x₁ = 0, and x₂ = 0 are all deduced. Results for orthotropic materials appearing in the literature may be recovered from the present explicit expressions.     

惯导／GNSS／罗兰C／航姿系统组合导航方案

为保证飞行器的导航精度及可靠性,采用了惯导/GNSS/罗兰C/航姿系统的组合导航。该组合导航采用开环组合方式,将多系统导航信息在计算机中进行综合,提高导航信息精度。仿真试验结果说明,所设计的组合导航系统是可行的,能满足任务要求。     

Phase portraits and bifurcations of the non-linear oscillator: ẍ + (α + γx2 + βx + δx3 = 0

The non-linear oscillator ? + αx + γx²x + βx + δx³ = 0 is studied using the methods of differentiable dynamics to obtain qualitative behaviour. The case x, β<0; γ, δ> 0 is considered in some detail; it has physical relevance as a simple model in certain now-induced structural vibration problems in which the structural non-linearities act to maintain overall stability. The presence of local and global bifurcations is detected and their physical significance discussed.     

Rheology/morphology/flow conditions relationships for polymethylmethacrylate/rubber blend

Viscoelastic behavior, phase morphology and flow conditions relationships in polymer/rubber blends have been investigated. The importance of such correlations is illustrated on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/rubber blends subjected to different flow conditions both under small and large deformations. In small-amplitude oscillatory shear (the morphology does not change during the flow) the elastic modulus G of the concentrated blends shows a secondary plateau, G _p , in the low frequency region. This solid-like behavior appears for rubber particle contents beyond the percolation threshold concentration (15%). Morphological observations revealed that for concentrations higher than 15%, the particles are dispersed in a three-dimensional network-type structure.In capillary flow it was found that the network-type structure was destroyed and replaced by an alignment of particles in the flow direction. This morphological modification resulted in a decrease in both viscosity and post-extrusion swell of the blends. Morphological observations revealed that the ordered structure in the flow direction was concentrated only in the skin region of the extrudate, where the shear stress is higher than the secondary plateau, G _p . A simple kinetic mechanism is proposed to explain the observed morphology.Similarly, steady shear measurements performed in the cone-and-plate geometry revealed alignment of particles in the flow direction for shear stress values higher than G_p.Presented in part at the Symposium Recent Developments in Structured Continua Montréal (Canada) 26–28 May 1993 and at the 45th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Quebec, October 15–18 (1995)     

溅射沉积WSx/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的微结构及大气环境摩擦学性能

采用磁控溅射技术在硅基体上交替沉积WS₂、Ni及非晶碳(a-C)层制备出不同Ni层厚度的WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜. 利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等研究了多层膜的成分及微观结构；通过纳米压痕仪、划痕仪和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机等评价了薄膜的力学及大气环境中的摩擦学性能. 结果表明:随着Ni层厚度的增加，WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的致密度下降，n_s/n_w值(S与W原子百分数之比)由0.84降至0.73，WS_x层以微晶或非晶的形式存在. 多层膜的硬度和磨损率均随Ni层厚度的增加先降低后升高，但摩擦系数由0.22升至0.38，结合力先增大后减小. Ni层厚度为6 nm的多层膜的硬度可达13.4 GPa，抗氧化性能和耐磨性最优，磨损率仅为9.47×10–14 m3/(Nm).      

机翼-机身-挂架-短舱复杂流场数值模拟

本文采用分区搭接网格技术,对机翼/机身/挂架/短舱复杂组合体进行网格分布,通过分析计算网格对结果的影响,探讨了网格的划分.基于Roe的近似黎曼解的方法,采用S-A湍流模型,通过求解N-S方程,对该组合体外流场/发动机短舱内流场进行一体化数值模拟,与相应风洞实验数据进行了比较与分析,取得了与实验数据较为吻合的结果.与无发动机短舱的组合体的气动特性进行比较,分析了短舱对翼身组合体的气动干扰.     

On free energy-based formulations for kinematic hardening and the decomposition F = fpfe

Within the framework of linear plasticity, based on additive decomposition of the linear strain tensor, kinematical hardening can be described by means of extended potentials. The method is elegant and avoids the need for evolution equations. The extension of small strain formulations to the finite strain case, which is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts, proved not straight forward. Specifically, the symmetry of the resulting back stress remained elusive. In this paper, a free energy-based formulation incorporating the effect of kinematic hardening is proposed. The formulation is able to reproduce symmetric expressions for the back stress while incorporating the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. Kinematic hardening is combined with isotropic hardening where an associative flow rule and von Mises yield criterion are applied. It is shown that the symmetry of the back stress is strongly related to its treatment as a truly spatial tensor, where contraction operations are to be conducted using the current metric. The latter depends naturally on the deformation gradient itself. Various numerical examples are presented.