田静主编当选美国声学学会会士

<正>日前收到美国声学学会寄来田静主编当选美国声学学会授予会士(Fellow)的通知和证书,以表彰其在声学领域的成就及其促进中美合作的贡献。中国声学学会理事长、声学学报(中、英)版主编田静先生长期从事电声与噪声学研究,在有源噪声与振动控制、电子抗噪声通讯器件、声频特征信号控制、声学微机电系统、交通噪声传播与评价、有限振幅声     

脉冲超声激励下SonoVue微泡的瞬态空化特性

将SonoVue微泡从临床疾病诊断拓展至治疗引起了诸多研究人员的兴趣。为了平衡治疗效率和生物安全性,深入理解声学参数和SonoVue微泡瞬态空化的关系至关重要。本研究自行制备仿体容器放置SonoVue微泡,使用1 MHz发射换能器激励其产生空化效应,另一个7.5 MHz的聚焦换能器接收声信号,经放大及高速数据采集后送上位机处理。通过深入分析信号的时频域特征,我们提出以宽带信号的能量及其随时间变化曲线的半高宽来表征瞬态空化的剂量(ICD)和相对持续时间(ICP),并确定:瞬态空化的发生和ICD依赖于峰值负声压,但ICP随峰值负声压的增加而减小;脉冲重复频率和脉冲持续时间都和ICD及ICP正相关;且脉冲持续时间的影响较大。这些结果有望为SonoVue微泡的治疗应用提供理论支持。      

第十六届国际声学大会

１９９８年６月２０－２６日,第十六届国际声学大会（ＩＣＡ）与美国声学学会第１３５届年会在美国西雅图联合举行。有来自４９个国家、近二千名代表出席,论文报告１５００余篇,是历史上最大一次声学界聚会。据不完全统计,我国出席人数不下五十有余,包括来自港、台和旅外学者．论文分布在十三个分支学科：物理声学、建筑声学、噪声、结构声学和振动、工程声学、音乐声学、动物生理学、海洋声学;水声学、声学中的信号处理、振动生理响应及医学超声、心理和生理声学．ＩＣＡ是在国际声学委员会（国际理论和应用物理联合会ＩＵＰＡＰ的下…     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定中华白海豚额隆中微量元素及其含量特征分析

中华白海豚是我国一级保护动物,处于海洋食物链顶端,而重金属、持久性有机污染物等污染物易在其体内富集。额隆是鲸豚回声定位的重要部位,具有传导信号的作用。为探究中华白海豚额隆中微量元素的基线水平以及其组成的主要特征成分,研究采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了中华白海豚额隆中V,Ni,Cr,Mn,Cu,As,Zn,Hg,Se,Cd和Pb 11种微量元素并对其含量进行特征分析。结果表明该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,适合于中华白海豚额隆微量元素的测定分析。样品分析显示,额隆中11种微量元素整体含量水平不高,由于个体生理状况不同,同种元素含量在不同个体中存在差异;其平均含量从高到低排序依次为:ZnAsCuMnSeHgCrNiPbVCd,其中As作为非必需有毒微量元素,含量水平较高(1.158μg·g-1 ww),可能会对海豚产生生理毒害作用。Spearman相关性分析显示,As(r=0.733),Cd(r=0.615)和Hg(r=0.645)含量与海豚体长呈显著正相关性(p0.05),表明As,Cd和Hg三种元素可随海豚年龄增加而在额隆中富集;Cs与Ni呈正相关(p0.05),Mn与As呈负相关(p0.01),表明元素间也存在着一定的关联性。此外,主成分分析结果表明,V,Mn,Ni,Se,Cu和Hg为中华白海豚额隆主要特征微量元素。研究在国内首次使用微波消解ICP-MS法对中华白海豚额隆中微量元素进行研究,结合相关性分析和主成分分析,有效探究了中华白海豚额隆中微量元素的生物富集模式与含量特征,实验结果为研究中华白海豚额隆中微量元素基线水平提供了参考。     

国内声学仪器的现状和展望

一、前 言 声学仪器(包括声和振动的测量仪器)的应用范围相当广泛,它可渗透到各行各业.在冶金、航天、动力机械、地质、地震、医学等方面,对系统的动态分析,对现场的实时信号分析以及大量的建模工作,系统的标准检验、仪表的校准和参数测定,都需要用声学仪器进行时域上系     

用于HLS单束团运行模式的高频剔除系统

 介绍了主要用于实现合肥光源单束团运行模式的高频剔除（RFKO）系统。该系统完全基于仪器设备(分频器、波形发生器、宽带放大器和具有I/Q调制功能的矢量信号发生器)，无任何专门设计的电子线路。高频剔除的原理是激励粒子横向振荡而丢失。激励信号产生的过程是：将取自储存环高频系统的信号进行分频，得到束团同步信号；用束团同步信号触发波形发生器，生成窄脉冲；该窄脉冲调制信号发生器，输出高频剔除信号，放大后加在条带电极上，进行束团剔除。目前获得了18 mA的单束团最高流强。改变分频数和脉冲长度，可得到其它一些周期性填充模式，其中3串6束团以及非均匀填充模式得到了实验验证。     

时频特征的海豚发声端点检测方法研究*

为在复杂的海洋环境噪声场中检测出目标海豚的某类声信号,设计了一种基于海豚声学特征的端点检测方法。根据海洋环境中噪声能量大且分布频率范围广,而海豚声音的时频特征具有持续时间短,、频率高且集中,、发声行为持续时间长的特点,将采集到的海洋声音进行分帧,计算单帧信号短时能量、谱质心和谱质心二阶偏移率,当海豚发出声信号时,谱质心和能量相应发生突变,截取发生突变的信号实现端点检测。通过与门限法等其他常见端点检测方法进行对比,结果表明,此方法在低信噪比的海洋环境下对单一海豚的某一类声信号检测准确度更高,同时具有较强的抗干扰能力。     

从表演者角度论述歌剧院的声学研究和设计

本文从解决歌手与乐队竞争的谜团入手,详述了歌剧院乐队演奏(缺乏高频声)和歌剧唱法(高频的歌手共振峰)的声音特点,进而提出了歌手和乐队之间平衡的声学设计(即放大歌手的歌唱声并适当降低乐队的演奏声,观众听起来歌手和乐队之间的声音保持平衡),重点论述了乐池的声学设计。然后分别从提高表演者的相互听闻(为了合奏的同步性)和提高房间的声反馈(为了控制演奏的响度)进行了论述,得出从表演者角度进行声学研究和设计的重要性。     

高温环境中基于声学信号的激光诱导击穿光谱校正方法

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)信号的不确定性限制了其定量测量的能力。基于等离子体声学信号的光谱校正方法能够有效降低LIBS信号的不确定性,但仍缺乏在高温环境中的研究。在甲烷/空气预混火焰产生的高温气中,测量了不同激光入射能量下等离子体的吸收能量,并同步采集了等离子体的光谱信号和声学信号,对声学波形的正峰进行了修正,利用修正后正峰的脉冲积分强度(PII)对光谱进行了校正,有效降低了LIBS信号强度的不确定性。研究发现,在激光入射能量为80～280 mJ时,等离子体的吸收能量和激光入射能量间具有显著的线性关系,1 150和1 350 K下,线性决定系数(R²)分别为0.997 9和0.998 9,随着激光能量从80 mJ升高至280 mJ, 1 150和1 350 K下等离子体吸收能量的RSD(relative standard deviation)分别从33.17%和34.20%降至6.68%和6.79%。同时,在同一激光入射能量下,由于温度的升高导致了气体密度的下降,1 350 K下等离子体的吸收能量低于1 150 K的吸收能量。等离子体的光谱信号和声学信号源于等离...     

Fe/Si薄膜中相干声学声子的光激发研究

本文通过抽运-探测技术, 利用飞秒激光脉冲激发并探测了Fe/Si薄膜中的高频相干声学声子. 通过经典的阻尼谐振函数, 对声学声子的动力学行为进行了拟合. 实验及拟合结果表明, 该声学声子的共振频率约为0.25 THz, 其退相时间约为12 ps, 且都与激发光的波长和能量密度无关. 声学声子的振幅随着激发光能量密度的增加而线性地增强. 临界参数12_τe-ph/T约为0.6, 表明相干声学声子的驱动力主要来源于电子热应力的贡献. 最后, 结合薄膜的厚度和质量密度, 可以得到室温下垂直于该Fe/Si薄膜表面(out of plane) 的弹性常数C_⊥约为283 GPa.     

Echolocation range of captive and free-ranging baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).

The interclick intervals of captive dolphins are known to be longer than the two-way transit time between the dolphin and a target. In the present study, the interclick intervals of free-ranging baiji, finless porpoises, and bottlenose dolphins in the wild and in captivity were compared. The click intervals in open waters ranged up to 100-200 ms, whereas the click intervals in captivity were in the order of 4-28 ms. Echolocation of free-ranging dolphins appears to adapt to various distance in navigation or ranging, sometimes up to 140 m. Additionally, the difference of waveform characteristics of clicks between species was recognized in the frequency of maximum energy and the click duration.     

Origin of the double- and multi-pulse structure of echolocation signals in Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientialis)

The signals of dolphins and porpoises often exhibit a multi-pulse structure. Here, echolocation signal recordings were made from four geometrically distinct positions of seven Yangtze finless porpoises temporarily housed in a relatively small, enclosed area. Some clicks demonstrated double-pulse, and others multi-pulse, structure. The interpulse intervals between the first and second pulse of the double- and multi-pulse clicks were significantly different among data from the four different positions (p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA). These results indicate that the interpulse interval and structure of the double- and multi-pulse echolocation signals depend on the hydrophone geometry of the animal, and that the double- and multi-pulse structure of echolocation signals in Yangtze finless porpoise is not caused by the phonating porpoise itself, but by the multipath propagation of the signal. Time delays in the 180 degrees phase-shifted surface reflection pulse and the nonphase-shifted bottom reflection pulse of the multi-pulse structures, relative to the direct signal, can be used to calculate the distance to a phonating animal.     

Echolocation signals of Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii)

Field recordings of echolocation signals produced by Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) were made off the coast of South Africa using a hydrophone array system. The system consisted of three hydrophones and an A-tag (miniature stereo acoustic data-logger). The mean centroid frequency was 125 kHz, with a -3 dB bandwidth of 15 kHz and -10 dB duration of 74 μs. The mean back-calculated apparent source level was 173 dB re 1 μPa(p.-p.). These characteristics are very similar to those found in other Cephalorhynchus species, and such narrow-band high-frequency echolocation clicks appear to be a defining characteristic of the Cephalorhynchus genus. Click bursts with very short inter-click intervals (up to 2 ms) were also recorded, which produced the "cry" sound reported in other Cephalorhynchus species. Since inter-click intervals correlated positively to click duration and negatively to bandwidth, Heaviside's dolphins may adjust their click duration and bandwidth based on detection range. The bimodal distribution of the peak frequency and stable bimodal peaks in spectra of individual click suggest a slight asymmetry in the click production mechanism.     

印太瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops aduncus)通讯声信号分类及特征参数的环境差异性分析

通过长期记录室内水池环境下两只印太瓶鼻海豚通讯信号,并与海湾自然环境下同样的两只海豚所发出的通讯信号进行比较分析,从信号类型、声谱特征等方面研究生活环境变化下瓶鼻海豚通讯信号的差异性。结果表明,生活环境的差异,会改变瓶鼻海豚通讯信号。海湾自然环境下,瓶鼻海豚通讯信号以正弦型信号为主;而室内水池环境下,上扫型信号比例明显增多,而正弦型信号减少。两种环境下,瓶鼻海豚通讯信号在持续时间、拐点数、起始频率、结束频率、最小频率、最大频率等存在显著性差异(p<0.05),但信号的频率变化量相近(p=0.29)。结果为提高海豚通讯信号认知和增强海豚生物行为研究提供一定的科学参考,同时也为仿生隐蔽通信提供技术支撑。      

圈养瓶鼻海豚对20 kHz连续声信号的行为响应研究

将20 kHz连续声信号作为刺激信号,测试了厦门某海湾圈养的两只瓶鼻海豚对该信号的行为变化。通过对比信号发射期与间歇期海豚相对声源的水面距离、露出水面的次数以及水下发出的click定位声信号的数目等变化,判断发射信号对海豚行为的影响。给出了瓶鼻海豚对测试信号产生躲避行为的声压级门限(154±2 dB re 1μPa,rms),并与鼠海豚的躲避声压门限级进行了对比。结果表明:信号发射期,瓶鼻海豚移离了声源位置,增加了露出水面的次数,水下发出click声信号的次数明显减少。因此,瓶鼻海豚对20kHz连续信号产生了行为改变。      

Echolocation signals of the free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientialis)

This paper describes the high-frequency echolocation signals from free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoise in the Tian-e-zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve in Hubei Province, China. Signal analysis showed that the Yangtze finless porpoise clicks are typical high-frequency narrow-band (relative width of the frequency spectrum Q = 6.6 +/- 1.56, N = 548) ultrasonic pulses. The peak frequencies of the typical clicks range from 87 to 145 kHz with an average of 125 +/- 6.92 kHz. The durations range from 30 to 122 micros with an average of 68 +/- 14.12, as. The characteristics of the signals are similar to those of other members of the Phocoenidae as well as the distantly related delphinids, Cephalorhynchus spp. Comparison of these signals to those of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), who occupies habitat similar to that of the Yangtze finless porpoise, showed that the peak frequencies of clicks produced by the Yangtze finless porpoise are remarkably higher than those produced by the baiji. Difference in peak frequency between the two species is probably linked to the different size of preferred prey fish. Clear double-pulse and multi-pulse reverberation structures of clicks are noticed, and there is no indication of any low-frequency (< 70 kHz) components during the recording period.     

Echolocation behavior of franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the wild

Franciscana dolphins are small odontocetes hard to study in the field. In particular, little is known on their echolocation behavior in the wild. In this study we recorded 357 min and analyzed 1019 echolocation signals in the Rio Negro Estuary, Argentina. The clicks had a peak frequency at 139 kHz, and a bandwidth of 19 kHz, ranging from 130 to 149 kHz. This is the first study describing echolocation signals of franciscana dolphins in the wild, showing the presence of narrow-band high frequency signals in these dolphins. Whether they use other vocalizations to communicate or not remains uncertain.     

Discriminating features of echolocation clicks of melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and Gray's spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris longirostris)

Spectral parameters were used to discriminate between echolocation clicks produced by three dolphin species at Palmyra Atoll: melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and Gray's spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris longirostris). Single species acoustic behavior during daytime observations was recorded with a towed hydrophone array sampling at 192 and 480 kHz. Additionally, an autonomous, bottom moored High-frequency Acoustic Recording Package (HARP) collected acoustic data with a sampling rate of 200 kHz. Melon-headed whale echolocation clicks had the lowest peak and center frequencies, spinner dolphins had the highest frequencies and bottlenose dolphins were nested in between these two species. Frequency differences were significant. Temporal parameters were not well suited for classification. Feature differences were enhanced by reducing variability within a set of single clicks by calculating mean spectra for groups of clicks. Median peak frequencies of averaged clicks (group size 50) of melon-headed whales ranged between 24.4 and 29.7 kHz, of bottlenose dolphins between 26.7 and 36.7 kHz, and of spinner dolphins between 33.8 and 36.0 kHz. Discriminant function analysis showed the ability to correctly discriminate between 93% of melon-headed whales, 75% of spinner dolphins and 54% of bottlenose dolphins.