毫米波全息成像中的部分发育散斑模型

建立了包含镜面反射分量的毫米波全息成像中的部分发育散斑模型。将部分发育的散斑模型与毫米波全息成像的卷积过程相结合,推导了等效散射中心个数,建立了散斑对比度与高斯粗糙面均方根高度、相关长度和成像分辨率的关系。基于近场物理光学法,对随机粗糙面的毫米波全息散斑图样进行了蒙特卡罗仿真和散斑对比度分析。结果表明,当等效散射中心个数较少时,该模型与随机积分法及仿真所估计的散斑对比度一致,优于传统模型的估计结果。     

成像型任意反射面速度干涉仪的散斑抑制

成像型任意反射面速度干涉仪(VISAR)是激光驱动聚变实验中诊断冲击波速度的重要设备。由于采用了激光照明靶面的方式,所获得的速度条纹图中不可避免有激光散斑的干扰,严重影响动态条纹的质量。介绍了该系统的激光散斑形成原因和散斑对速度分析的影响,提出了一种频谱面滤波的方式去除高频散斑噪声的方法,并通过搭建散斑光路、合理设置滤波孔位置和大小,对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,该方法对影响条纹图的高频散斑噪声具有抑制作用,适合应用于成像型VISAR系统。     

合成孔径激光成像雷达散斑天线接收特性分析

合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)时空散斑效应严重影响了成像质量。在时空散斑效应基础上,分析了合成孔径激光成像雷达中的散斑天线接收特性,建立了光学接收天线散斑孔径积分场的物理模型,模拟了目标分辨单元光学接收天线散斑孔径积分场距离向时间变化、方位向空间变化的二维分布。分析了不同接收天线散斑尺度比、不同天线积分起始位置对接收天线散斑孔径积分场的影响,并根据其统计性质得到散斑效应影响较小的接收天线尺寸和接收天线积分范围,为合理设计散斑效应较小的接收天线尺寸提供了参考,对进一步分析时空散斑效应如何影响SAIL目标成像有直接意义。     

基于全相位谱分析的剪切光束成像目标重构

剪切光束成像技术是一种非传统散斑成像技术,能透过扰动介质对远距离目标进行高分辨率成像.本文提出了一种基于全相位谱分析的图像重构算法,利用全相位谱分析对回波信号数据进行预处理,可有效抑制频谱泄露,校正散斑频谱,消除多种因素引起的频率漂移误差,得到准确的散斑强度和相位差,提高实际成像环境的系统成像能力.仿真结果表明:该图像重构算法有效抑制了频率漂移对成像质量的影响,当信号存在频率误差时,其成像效果大大优于基于传统傅里叶变换谱分析的重构算法.     

合成孔径激光成像雷达散斑效应分辨单元成像研究

分析了合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)受散斑效应影响的分辨单元成像过程并推导了含有散斑效应的二维数据收集方程。在此基础上通过数值模拟分析比较了不同接收天线尺寸、不同天线积分起点位置情况下散斑效应对成像所需的光电流交流项、距离向压缩和最终分辨单元成像结果的影响。结果表明散斑效应对分辨单元成像的影响主要体现在降低了分辨单元的图像强度,同时不同天线尺寸和天线积分位置对分辨单元的成像影响差异较大。分析结果可为今后SAIL散斑效应的抑制提供一定的参考。     

成像型速度干涉仪散斑成因的研究

在冲击波过程中,利用成像型速度干涉仪探测样品自由面的速度时,散斑的叠加使得干涉曲线被严重干扰,影响了速度信息的精密提取。在理论上从光路的角度分析了系统中可能造成散斑的两种因素:靶面粗糙度和多模光纤。在实验上设计了三种照明方式分别对这两种因素进行验证。离线实验的结果表明,多模光纤的引入对散斑的产生起了主要的作用,这对抑制乃至遏制散斑的产生具有很好的指导性意义。     

超声散斑相关法测量转角的相关性研究

对于在用超声散斑相关法测量时,转角对不同强度散斑的影响及散斑场相关性和转角之间的关系做了研究。为了分析界面位移前后,不同照射区域对散斑振幅是如何影响的,文中把超声照射区域化为M个反射基元,利用大量反射基元的统计规律,推导出了散斑形貌误差和统计误差对散斑场的影响关系,这个关系就是散斑的振幅越大,受转角大小的影响就越小;转角越大统计误差对散斑强度的影响就越大。为了验证这个结论作者建立了实验系统,实验结果显示理论分析是正确的。     

像面散斑平均尺寸对激光散斑成像的影响

以激光散斑衬比分析为基础的激光散斑成像技术,是一种无需扫描的全场光学成像方法,在监测生理及病理状态下组织血流动态变化中的应用日益广泛.在实际应用中,像面散斑平均尺寸等多种因素影响散斑衬比值,使得该技术在反映血流变化的准确性方面受到影响.采用一种成像散斑计算机模拟方法研究了像面散斑平均尺寸对成像散斑统计特性的影响,分析了成像参数与像面散斑尺寸的定量关系,并通过物理模型实验对模拟结果进行了验证.研究结果确认了合理的像面散斑平均尺寸计算公式,证实了散斑衬比值随像面散斑平均尺寸增大而减小的现象,并为确定合理的成像参数提供了依据.     

激光偏振成像散斑统计特性和抑制方法研究EI北大核心CSCD

对激光偏振成像系统的散斑统计特性及其相应的散斑去除方法进行了理论和实验研究。运用穆勒矩阵法建立了该激光偏振成像系统散斑光强的概率分布模型。针对现代电荷耦合器件(CCD)的成像特点,通过比较散斑与像素的大小,将散斑分为两种情况进行研究,即小散斑和大散斑。得出散斑的归一化方差与像素成线性关系,均值不受像素的影响。进而提出了统一的散斑噪声概率模型,即改进的伽马分布模型。基于此模型,提出了改进的贝叶斯非局部滤波模型。通过处理真实的偏振图片,综合等效视数、边缘增强指数等指标,表明该算法比传统的散斑去除算法具有更好的散斑去除和边缘保持能力。     

时间序列动态散斑相关跟踪测量原理及其应用

在对散斑场的特性进行研究与分析的基础上,提出了时间序列动态散斑相关跟踪测量法,它弥补了一般散斑相关法不适合大变形测量的缺点,扩大了散斑相关法的应用范围.运用这种方法不仅可以测量大动态范围的面内变形,而且可以测量分析面内动态变形过程和变形速度.     

超声平面波经颅成像相位校正方法

超声平面波经颅成像时,由于颅骨对超声传播的影响引起图像质量下降,需要对颅骨造成的超声相位畸变进行校正.为此,该文研究了两种相位补偿方法:基于近似射线声学的理论方法和基于时间反转的数值计算方法,并利用数值仿真对比了两种方法的补偿和成像效果.结果表明:无论使用近似射线法还是时间反转法,都能够有效地校正因颅骨造成的相位畸变;...     

Ultrasound simulation of real-time temperature estimation during radiofrequency ablation using finite element models

Radiofrequency ablation is the most common minimally invasive therapy used in the United States to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. The ability to perform real-time temperature imaging while a patient is undergoing ablation therapy may help reduce the high recurrence rates following ablation therapy. Ultrasound echo signals undergo time shifts with increasing temperature due to sound speed and thermal expansion, which are tracked using both 1D cross correlation and 2D block matching based speckle tracking methods. In this paper, we present a quantitative evaluation of the accuracy and precision of temperature estimation using the above algorithms on both simulated and experimental data.A finite element analysis simulation of radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tissue was developed. Finite element analysis provides a method to obtain the exact temperature distribution along with a mapping of the tissue displacement due to thermal expansion. These local displacement maps were combined with the displacement due to speed of sound changes and utilized to generate ultrasound radiofrequency frames at specified time increments over the entire ablation procedure. These echo signals provide an ideal test-bed to evaluate the performance of both speckle tracking methods, since the estimated temperature results can be compared directly to the exact finite element solution. Our results indicate that the 1D cross-correlation (CC) method underestimates the cumulative displacement by 0.20 mm, while the underestimation with 2D block matching (BM) is about 0.14 mm after 360 s of ablation. The 1D method also overestimates the size of the ablated region by 5.4% when compared to 2.4% with the 2D method after 720 s of ablation. Hence 2D block matching provides better tracking of temperature variations when compared to the 1D cross-correlation method over the entire duration of the ablation procedure. In addition, results obtained using 1D cross-correlation diverge from the ideal finite element results after 7 min of ablation and for temperatures greater than 65 °C.In a similar manner, experimental results presented using a tissue-mimicking phantom also demonstrate that the maximum percent difference with 2D block matching was 5%, when compared to 31% with the 1D method over the 700 s heating duration on the phantom.     

A Modified Monte Carlo Model of Speckle Tracking of Shear Wave Induced by Acoustic Radiation Force for Acousto-Optic Elasticity Imaging

A modified Monte Carlo model of speckle tracking of shear wave propagation in scattering media is proposed.The established Monte Carlo model mainly concerns the variations of optical electric field and speckle.The twodimensional intensity distribution and the time evolution of speckles in different probe locations are obtained.The fluctuation of speckle intensity tracks the acoustic-radiation-force shear wave propagation,and especially the reduction of speckle intensity implies attenuation of shear wave.Then,the shear wave velocity is estimated quantitatively on the basis of the time-to-peak algorithm and linear regression processing.The results reveal that a smaller sampling interval yields higher estimation precision and the shear wave velocity is estimated more efficiently by using speckle intensity difference than by using speckle contrast difference according to the estimation error.Hence,the shear wave velocity is estimated to be 2.25 m/s with relatively high accuracy for the estimation error reaches the minimum(0.071).     

使用点弥散函数模型法校正扩散频谱影像內磁化率差异引致影像扭曲的效力评估(英文)

平面回波影像(EPI)常常在额叶、颞叶或脑干处出现严重的影像扭曲.目前已有数种方法可校正这种由磁化率差异造成的影像扭曲,该文提出一种简单有效的方法叫点弥散函数模型法.由纤维追踪的角度来探讨影像扭曲校正的有效性.评估的方法是将点弥散函数模型法应用于扩散频谱影像,并比较由扭曲影像与校正影像所得之扣带回纤维数目的多寡.定义了一个指标用来量化影像扭曲校正的有效性:r=( Nc-Nd)/( Nc+Nd),此值越大代表校正影像的纤维追踪结果越好.对于左扣带回与右扣带回,其r值分别为0 .424±0 .452(平均±标准差)及0 .343±0 .452 ,且在统计上皆显著大于零.结果显示,就左右扣带回而言,校正后的影像其纤维追踪的结果较扭曲影像更佳.因此,将点弥散函数模型法应用于校正扩散频谱影像的扭曲可增进左右扣带回的纤维追踪的结果.     

Phase aberration correction in medical ultrasound using speckle brightness as a quality factor

Medical ultrasonic images are degraded by tissues with inhomogeneous acoustic velocities. The resulting phase aberration raises the off-peak response of the imaging system's point spread function (PSF), decreasing dynamic range. In extreme cases, multiple images of a single target are displayed. Phase aberration may become a limiting factor to image quality as ultrasonic frequency and aperture size are increased in order to improve spatial resolution. A method is proposed to correct for unknown phase aberration, which uses speckle brightness as a quality factor. The phase delays of a phased array transducer are modified, element by element, to maximize mean speckle brightness in a region of interest. The technique proposed is analogous to the correction technique used by Muller and Buffington [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64 (9), 1200-1209 (1974)] to adaptively focus incoherent optical telescopes. The method is demonstrated using a computer model with several different simulated aberration profiles. With this model, mean speckle brightness is calculated using the two-dimensional PSF. Experiments have also been conducted in which speckle brightness is shown to increase as the phase delays of an ultrasonic scanner are modified in order to compensate for a rippled aberrating layer made of silicone rubber. The characteristics of the proposed method, and the possibility of employing it clinically to correct for unknown inhomogeneities in acoustic velocity, are discussed.     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

基于时域约束的卷帘曝光星敏感器星点校正方法

针对卷帘曝光模式星敏感器动态星点成像形状畸变和成像位置误差导致的导航星点定位精度降低、测姿误差增大的问题,提出了一种基于时域约束的导航星点校正方法。基于卷帘曝光的时间异步性特点,结合基于卡尔曼滤波的导航星点位置和帧间速度最优估计,将时域中不同时刻的导航星点校正到相同时刻,从而有效地解决星点畸变与位置偏移问题。展开了不同条件下的仿真实验,实验结果表明:当星敏感器角速度在0~3°/s动态范围内,校正后星对距离精度高于0.1 pixels,姿态角精度高于10″。     

Speckle tracking for multi-dimensional flow estimation

Speckle tracking methods overcome the major limitations of current Doppler methods for flow imaging and quantification: angle dependence and aliasing. In this paper, we review the development of speckle tracking, with particular attention to the advantages and limitations of two-dimensional algorithms that use a single transducer aperture. Ensemble tracking, a recent speckle tracking method based upon parallel receive processing, is described. Experimental results with ensemble tracking indicate the ability to measure laminar flow in a phantom at a beam-vessel angle of 60 degrees, which had not been possible with previous 2D speckle tracking methods. Finally, important areas for future research in speckle tracking are briefly summarized.     

水平线列阵方位—相速度联合的卡尔曼滤波方法*

传统的水下被动测向方法通过波束形成估计目标角度,水平线列阵波束形成中的参考声速应使用声传播的相速度,在被动测向中,由于声源距离未知,因此在对目标角度估计时选取的参考声速与接收阵处的相速度往往存在偏差,从而影响测向精度。本文提出了一种水平线列阵方位-相速度联合的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,该方法引入相速度作为估计状态量以此校准参考声速,提高测向精度,进而改善了由于测向误差较大引起的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法跟踪结果发散的问题。浅海传播条件下的数值仿真结果表明,改进方法较常规纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法具有更高的跟踪精度及稳健的跟踪性能。     

Geometric distortion in clinical MRI systems Part II: correction using a 3D phantom

In this paper, we present the correction of the geometric distortion measured in the clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems reported in the preceding paper (Part I) using a 3D method based on the phantom-mapped geometric distortion data. This method allows the correction to be made on phantom images acquired without or with the vendor correction applied. With the vendor's 2D correction applied, the method corrects for both the "residual" geometric distortion still present in the plane in which the correction method was applied (the axial plane) and the uncorrected geometric distortion along the axis normal to the plane. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the correction using this new method was carried out through analyzing the residual geometric distortion in the corrected phantom images. The results show that the new method can restore the distorted images in 3D nearly to perfection. For all the MRI systems investigated, the mean absolute deviations in the positions of the control points (along x-, y- and z-axes) measured on the corrected phantom images were all less than 0.2 mm. The maximum absolute deviations were all below approximately 0.8 mm. As expected, the correction of the phantom images acquired with the vendor's correction applied in the axial plane performed equally well. Both the geometric distortion still present in the axial plane after applying the vendor's correction and the uncorrected distortion along the z-axis have all been "restored."