Numerische Untersuchung des elastisch-plastischen Verhaltens eines Fadenverbundwerkstoffes mit metallischer Matrix Eine Fallstudie

Übersicht Die Fehlervorhersage eines einachsigen Fadenverbundwerkstoffes mit metallischer Matrix erfordert die Kenntnis des nichtlinearen elastisch-plastischen Verhaltens in mikroskopischer Abmessung. Als Fallstudie wurde ein spezieller Verbundwerkstoff mit einem FEM-Programm untersucht. Im plastischen Bereich wurde das klassische, v. Mises Potential' mit dem neuen Übergangsfließpotential unter Berücksichtigung der plastischen Volumendehnung verglichen. Unter transversaler Normalbelastung zeigte der Verbund deutliche Unterschiede in der Zunahme und der Ausdehnung der lokalen plastischen Zonen. Alle kritischen Verformungsstadien wurden von dem Übergangsfließpotential bei geringerer Belastung erreicht.

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Numerical investigation of the elastic-plastic behaviour of a fibre-reinforced composite with a metallic matrix

Summary Failure prediction of unidirectional fibre-reinforced composite with a metallic matrix needs knowledge about the nonlinear elastic-plastic behaviour in a microscopic scale. A specific composite was investigated using a FEM-program as a case study. In the plastic range the classical v. Mises Potential was compared with the new Transition Flow Potential, taking into account the plastic volume dilatation. Subjected to transverse normal loading the composite showed evident differences in the increase and the spread of locally plastic regions. All critical deformation states were reached by the Transition Flow Potential at lower loading.

     

Analytic Solution to a Problem of Seepage in a Chequer-Board Porous Massif

A study is made of steady two-dimensional seepage in a porous massif composed by a double-periodic system of white and black chequers of arbitrary conductivity. Rigorous matching of Darcy's flows in zones of different conductivity is accomplished. Using the methods of complex analysis, explicit formulae for specific discharge are derived. Stream lines, travel times, and effective conductivity are evaluated. Deflection of marked particles from the natural direction of imposed gradient and stretching of prescribed composition of these particles enables the elucidation of the phenomena of transversal and longitudinal dispersion. A model of pure advection is related with the classical one-dimensional vective dispersion equation by selection of dispersivity which minimizes the difference between the breakthrough curves calculated from the two models.     

Inhomogeneous ‘longitudinal’ plane waves in a deformed elastic material

By definition, a homogeneous isotropic compressible Hadamard material has the property that an infinitesimal longitudinal homogeneous plane wave may propagate in every direction when the material is maintained in a state of arbitrary finite static homogeneous deformation. Here, as regards the wave, homogeneous means that the direction of propagation of the wave is parallel to the direction of eventual attenuation; and longitudinal means that the wave is linearly polarized in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation. In other words, the displacement is of the form u = ncos k(n · x – ct), where n is a real vector. It is seen that the Hadamard material is the most general one for which a longitudinal inhomogeneous plane wave may also propagate in any direction of a predeformed body. Here, inhomogeneous means that the wave is attenuated, in a direction distinct from the direction of propagation; and longitudinal means that the wave is elliptically polarized in the plane containing these two directions, and that the ellipse of polarization is similar and similarly situated to the ellipse for which the real and imaginary parts of the complex wave vector are conjugate semi-diameters. In other words, the displacement is of the form u = {S exp i(S · x – ct)}, where S is a complex vector (or bivector). Then a Generalized Hadamard material is introduced. It is the most general homogeneous isotropic compressible material which allows the propagation of infinitesimal longitudinal inhomogeneous plane circularly polarized waves for all choices of the isotropic directional bivector. Finally, the most general forms of response functions are found for homogeneously deformed isotropic elastic materials in which longitudinal inhomogeneous plane waves may propagate with a circular polarization in each of the two planes of central circular section of the ⁿ -ellipsoid, where is the left Cauchy-Green strain tensor corresponding to the primary pure homogeneous deformation.     

Face-Centered and Volume-Centered Discrete Analogs of the Exterior Differential Equations Governing Porous Medium Flow I: Theory

This paper presents a physics-oriented approach to approximate the continuum equations governing porous media flow by discrete analogs. To that end, the continuity equation and Darcys law are reformulated using exterior differential forms. This way the derivation of a system of algebraic equations (the discrete analog) on a finite-volume mesh can be accomplished by simple and elegant translation rules. In the discrete analog the information about the conductivities of the porous medium and the metric of the mesh are represented in one matrix: the discrete dual. The discrete dual of the block-centered finite difference method is presented first. Since this method has limited applicability with respect to anisotropy and non-rectangular grid blocks, the finite element dual is introduced as an alternative. Application of a domain decomposition technique yields the face-centered finite element method. Since calculations based on pressures in volume centers are sometimes preferable, a volume-centered approximation of the face-centered approximation is presented too.     

Brittle to Quasi-Brittle Transition

Abstract. The present study focuses on the kinetic and non-deterministic aspects of the brittle to quasi-brittle transition. A solid is approximated by a lattice formed by the interacting continuum particles and the evolution of damage is estimated using particle dynamics. The onset of transition is measured by the rate of the change of correlation length. The proposed method is illustrated on the examples of creep rupture, strain localization and dynamic expansion of a circular void in a brittle plate.Sommario. Viene posta l'attenzione sugli aspetti cinetici e non deterministici della transizione dal comportamento fragile a quello quasi-fragile. Un solido viene approssimato da un reticolo formato da particelle interagenti e l'evoluzione del danno viene stimata tramite la dinamica delle particelle. L'inizio della transizione viene misurato tramite la variazione della lunghezza di correlazione. Il metodo proposto viene illustrato su esempi di rottura per creep, localizzazione della deformazione e l'espansione di un foro circolare in una piastra fragile.     

Elliptic Two-Dimensional Invariant Tori for the Planetary Three-Body Problem

The spatial planetary three-body problem (i.e., one star and two planets, modelled by three massive points, interacting through gravity in a three dimensional space) is considered. It is proved that, near the limiting stable solutions given by the two planets revolving around the star on Keplerian ellipses with small eccentricity and small non-zero mutual inclination, the system affords two-dimensional, elliptic, quasi-periodic solutions, provided the masses of the planets are small enough compared to the mass of the star and provided the osculating Keplerian major semi-axes belong to a two-dimensional set of density close to one.     

Normal and oblique collisions of a vortex ring with a wall

The oblique collision of a vortex ring with a solid wall, atRe=/=1389, has been analysed by the direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. In accordance with a previous experimental study [1], the secondary vorticity produced at the wall is organized into a loop-like vortex in the region of the ring furthest away from the wall. As the ring approaches the wall, the region closest is subjected to a high rate of stretching which increases the vorticity in the core. The vorticity gradients along the core generate bi-helical vortex lines continually displaced towards the region of the ring furthest away from the wall. The analysis of the vorticity and straining fields revealed that the pressure gradient along the core is responsible for the convective motion that displaces these vortex lines and accumulates secondary vorticity in the region far from the wall. This vorticity rolls up and forms a secondary structure which by self-induction moves away from the wall.The fundamental role of the differential stretching has been demonstrated by comparing the case of oblique collision with that of normal collision and with the collision of a two-dimensional vortex pair with an oblique wall.

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Sommario L'interazione di un vortice ad anello con una parete obliqua, aRe=1389, è stata analizzata mediante la simulazione diretta delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes in coordinate cartesiane. In accordo con un precedente esperimento [1] è stato evidenziato che la vorticità secondaria, prodotta alla parete, si organizza in una strutura vorticosa a loop nella regione dell'anello più lontana dalla parete. Quando il vortice si avvicina alla parete, la parte più vicina è soggetta ad un'elevata deformazione che aumenta il valore della vorticità nel core. La distribuzione non uniforme di vorticità lungo il core del vortice genera delle linee di vorticità elicoidali che vengono transportate verso la regione dell'anello più lontana dalla parete. L'analisi dei campi di vorticità e di deformazione ha rivelato che il gradiente di pressione, dovuto al campo di deformazione non uniforme lungo il core del vortice, è responsabile di un moto convettivo che trasporta le linee di vorticità ed accumula la vorticità secondaria nella regione del vortice più lontana dalla parete, dove la struttura secondaria viene generata.Il ruolo fondamentale della deformazione non uniforme è stato evidenziato mediante il confronto della collisione obliqua coni casi di collisione normale e di collisione di una coppia di vortici bidimensionali con una parete obliqua.

     

On the separation of stress-induced and texture-induced birefringence in acoustoelasticity

In this paper we develop a simple micromechanical model of a prestressed polycrystalline aggregate, in which the texture-induced and stress-induced anisotropies of the aggregate are precisely defined; here the word texture always refers to the texture of the aggregate at the given prestressed configuration, not to that of a perhaps fictitious natural state of the aggregate. We use this model to derive, for a prestressed orthotropic aggregate of cubic crystallites, a birefringence formula which shows explicitly the effects of the orthotropic texture on the acoustoelastic coefficients. From this formula we observe that, generally speaking, we cannot separate the total birefringence into two distinct parts, one reflecting purely the influence of stress on the birefringence, and the other encompassing all the effects of texture. The same formula, on the other hand, provides for each material specific quantitative criteria under which the separation of stress-induced and texture-induced birefringence would become meaningful in an approximate sense.     

Structural Health Monitoring Through Chaotic Interrogation

The field of vibration based structural health monitoring involves extracting a feature which robustly quantifies damage induced changes to the structure in the presence of ambient variation, that is, changes in ambient temperature, varying moisture levels, etc. In this paper, we present an attractor-based feature derived from the field of nonlinear time-series analysis. Emphasis is placed on the use of chaos for the purposes of system interrogation. The structure is excited with the output of a chaotic oscillator providing a deterministic (low-dimensional) input. Use is made of the Kaplan–Yorke conjecture in order to tune the Lyapunov exponents of the driving signal so that varying degrees of damage in the structure will alter the state space properties of the response attractor. The average local attractor variance ratio (ALAVR) is suggested as one possible means of quantifying the state space changes. Finite element results are presented for a thin aluminum cantilever beam subject to increasing damage, as specified by weld line separation, at the clamped end. Comparisons of the ALAVR to two modal features are evaluated through the use of a performance metric.     

A Capillary Microstructure of the Wetting Front

This article reports the experimental results of a study of the wetting-front microscale structure formed only by capillary forces in homogeneous and random etched glass capillary models. In the homogeneous model, water propagates through the capillary system, evenly filling the capillaries across the direction of flow. Air is trapped by the pinch-off mechanism inside the pore bodies in the form of individual bubbles. The experiments specified three consecutive steps of the pinch-off mechanism, film flow, snap-off, and interface movement. In the random model, both the bypass and pinch-off, forming bypass/cut-off mechanism, create residual air structure. Bypass traps air inside large capillary-pore aggregates which are bounded by small-diameter capillaries in where pinch-off traps air in the adjacent pores. An analysis of the residual air distribution versus depth below the surface in the homogeneous and random micromodels made it possible to identify three successive zones, namely a transition zone, a transmission zone, and a wetting-and-front zone. In the transition zone, the residual air content increases with depth from zero to the constant value in the transmission zone where it remains practically constant. The capillary processes within the wetting-and-front combined zone govern air replacement with wetting and formation of the transmission zone.     

Designing multi-link function mechanisms by passing conventional boundaries

The mechanism synthesis concerning pure numerical methods can only be realized below given boundaries — and this because of the high power of the system equations. For some time the author has been using graphical methods to pass those boundaries concerning multilink mechanisms. By means of the Drawing-Following Method developed by the author, simple but highly accurate computer programs are now available. As a fundamental rule, reductions are used by the coincidences of several poles. Additionally, the new methods are based on the first deviation of correlation of point positions and relative angles, i.e. by the use of the momentary velocity ratios. By this the torque and force relationships are also immediately given.This paper is a renewed part of a series of lectures given by the author between 25 and 28 September 1972 at the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Udine, Italy. The lectures were entitled Theory of mechanisms, dimensional synthesis of linkages by geometrical and graphical methods (10 lecture hours). In the meantime those lectures have been computer programmed using the so-called Drawing-Following Method developed by the author.     

On the vanishing of the additive measures of strain and rotation for finite deformations

Explicit formulae for the finite strain and rotation measures are given, in the cases when either one of the infinitesimal tensors of strain and rotation vanishes. Conversely, when the finite strain or rotation measure vanishes, explicit formulae for the infinitesimal tensors of strain and rotation are also obtained.     

On ‘roller-coaster’ experiments for nonlinear oscillators

We consider the dynamics of roller-coaster type experimental models used as analog devices for nonlinear oscillators. It is shown how to chose the shape of the track in order to achieve a desired oscillator equation, in terms of the are length coordinate or its projection onto the horizontal. Explicit calculations are carried out for the linear oscillator, the so-called escape equation, the two-well Duffing oscillator, and the pendulum.     

Determination of normal stress differences in steady shear flow

Summary Using the cone- and-plate apparatus ofAdams andLodge, values of pressure gradient,r-d¯p/dr in a range 300 to 3000 dyn/cm², have been measured to an accuracy of 1% at shear rates near 10 sec^–1 in liquids of viscosity less than 200 poise. Using the constancy of pressure gradient at a given shear rate as an indicator of liquid stability, it was found that a polyisobutene liquid containing 2% of Oppanol B 200 in Oppanol B I, when stored at rest at 25 °C, was stable during a certain 7-day period after dissolution and unstable during the subsequent 30 days.     

New trends in the analysis of masonry structures

The modern theory of masonry structures has been set up on the hypothesis of no-tension behaviour, with the aim of offering a reference model, independent of materials and building techniques employed. This hypothesis gives rise to inequalities which have to be satisfied by the stress tensor components and, as a dual aspect, to the kinematic behaviour characteristics of media which can be classified as lying between solids and fluids: the structure of the masonry material consists of particles reacting elastically only when in contact. An examination of the plane-stress problem leads us to define, within the prescribed domain under admissible loads, three different subdomains with null, regular, or non-regular principal stress tensors, respectively. As the boundaries of such subdomains are not known a priori, the problem can be classified as a free boundary value problem. The analysis concerns mainly the subdomains where the stress tensor is non-regular; and a non-regularity condition det =0 is added to the equilibrium equations. This condition makes the stress problem isostatic and leads to a violation of Saint-Venant's compliance conditions on strains. Hence there is a need to introduce a strain tensor, not related to the stress tensor, which can be decomposed into an extensional component and a shearing component; we prove that such strains, of the class ^c, are similar to those of the theory of plastic flow. From the point of view of computational analysis the anelastic strains are considered as given distortions; they are computed by means of the Haar-Kármán principle, modified for computational purposes by an idea of Prager and Hodge.

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Sommario La moderna teoria delle strutture murarie, fondata sulla rigorosa non reagenza a trazione del materiale, ha lo scopo di fornire un modello di riferimento indipendente sia dalle caratteristiche del materiale sia dalle techniche costruttive impiegate. L'ipotesi di non reagenza a trazione si traduce in disuguaglianze che le componenti del tensore di stress devono verificare; dualmente il comportamento caratteristico cinematico può esser classificato di confine, come del resto la stessa statica, tra solidi e fluidi: la struttura ipotizzata del materiale muratura consiste di particelle che reagiscono solo se sono in contatto. L'esame del problema piano porta a definire all'interno del dominio di definizione tre differenti tipi di sub-regioni in cui lo stress è nullo, canonico, o singolare. Poiché le frontiere di queste sub-regioni non sono note a priori il problema può anche essere classificato di frontiera libera. L'analisi concerne fondamentalmente la sub-regione in cui il tensore è non regolare, perché deve verificare anche la condizione det =0. Ciò rende isostatico il problema e conduce anche alla violazione della condizione di integrabilità delle deformazioni. Questo passaggio può essere superato introducendo un tensore di deformazioni a tensioni nulle che si può decomporre in una componente estensionale ed in una componente di scorrimento; si dimostra che queste deformazioni sono equivalenti a quelle che intervengono nella Teoria del flusso plastico. Dal punto di vista computazionale le deformazioni anelastiche sono considerate come distorsioni impresse determinate attraverso il principio di Haar-Kármán modificato, per le techniche computazionali, su idee di Prager e Hodge.

     

Analysis of the USBM wettability test

In this paper, we analyse the capillary pressure curves obtained by the centrifuge method in order to perform the USBM wettability test. The physical displacement mechanisms present both in the porous plate and in the centrifuge method, are described for different cases of wettability of the pore surface.The wetting fluid is defined as the fluid being at the lower pressure while displacing the other fluid, and this displacement is defined as imbibition. On the other hand, the process in which the fluid under the lower pressure is the displaced fluid is defined as drainage. The capillary pressure is defined as the positive pressure difference between the two fluids. By adhering to these definitions, there is a unique and consistent terminology for the same physical process: the displacement of oil by water in an oil wet system and the displacement of water by oil in an water wet system are both designated as drainage.An important result is that the centrifuge method is limited to the determination of drainage capillary pressure curves for strongly oil or water wet samples. There is no capillary equilibrium possible when a water wet sample is centrifuged under water because the wetting phase is under higher pressure than the nonwetting phase; the resulting forced imbibition curve should not be called a capillary pressure curve. For samples with bicontinuous fractional wettability, the curves obtained by the centrifuge method correspond to combination displacement, i.e. a combination of equilibrium drainage and forced imbibition coupled with blob mobilisation.     

A new statistical approach to study and to predict wall turbulence

A new analysis method is developed to study the double- and triple-correlations of velocity fluctuations inside a stationary three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer (3D-TBL). Experimental eigenvalues and eigenvectors of measured Reynolds stress-tensors are obtained by diagonalization; a set of semi-empirical relationships is derived and these are interpreted (qualitatively) in terms of statistics of gas dynamics. Sample-averaged double- and triple-correlations are Monte Carlp (MC-) simulated, simultaneously, with 3 independent perturbed centered-Gaussians (trial probability density functions) along experimental eigenvectors. Comparisons with corresponding time-averaged measurements show excellent agreement for the double-correlations and qualitative agreement for the triple-correlations. Also, a statistical model for the double-correlations is presented: it can predict the -profiles inside the S-shaped wind tunnel at EPFL, given .     

Analysis of Wind Fluctuations Using the Orthogonal Wavelet Transform

This paper presents a study of velocity fluctuations occurring in the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer over an Antarctic ice shelf. The approach is based on wavelet analysis which has advantages over conventional Fourier analysis. Two case studies are presented, comprising: pure turbulent flow and a large amplitude solitary wave.     

A refined theory for laminated beams: Part I—A new high order approach

This paper presents a new displacement-based one-dimensional model for the analysis of multilayered composite beams. The kinematic restriction of cross sections rigid in their own planes is introduced. The axial displacements over the cross sections are represented in terms of explicitly defined piecewise polynomial warping functions with discontinuous derivatives at the interlaminae, whereas the amplitude of the displacements along the beam axis is established by means of a variational formulation. It is proved that the proposed representation of the axial displacements yields the exact solution of the interior domain problem for a beam subjected to a transverse load varying according to a polynomial law. It is shown that two or three coordinate functions are sufficient to yield continuous distributions of equilibrated stresses except for small neighborhoods of the constrained cross sections, where a higher number of warping functions could be used in order to obtain a better accuracy. The numerical results show excellent agreement with plane stress finite element and plane strain exact solutions.

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Sommario In questo lavoro viene presentato un nuovo modello monodimensionale per l'analisi di travi composite multistrato. Viene introdotta l'ipotesi di indeformabilita delle sezioni nel proprio piano mentre gli spostamenti assiali nella sezione sono rappresentati facendo uso di funzioni ingobbamento definite sull'intera altezza e con derivata discontinua all'in erlamina. Infine, l'ampiezza degli spostamenti lungo l'asse della trave è determinata facendo uso di una formulazione variazionale. Si mostra come la rappresentazione degli spostamenti assiali proposta sia in grado di fornire la soluzione esatta, all'interno del dominio, per una trave soggetta ad un carico trasversale variabile con legge nolinomiale. Due o tre funzioni coordinate sono sufficienti a fornire distribuzioni di sforzi che verificano l'equilibrio anche all'interlamina, a meno di zone rislrette in vicinanza di sezioni vincolate. I risultati numerici mostrano un eccellente accordo con soluzioni agli elementi finiti in stato piano di tensione e con soluzioni esatte in stato piano di deformazione.

     

Technical Note: Percolation Thresholds and Conductivities of a Uniaxial Anisotropic Simple-Cubic Lattice

We have investigated the percolation and transport behavior of uniaxial anisotropic networks, in which the bond occupation probability in one, perpendicular, direction is different from that in the other two, parallel, directions. The percolation threshold in the perpendicular direction depends on the bond occupation probability in the parallel directions, and vice versa. We report simulation results for these thresholds, and for the conductivity of finite-sized lattices, and some extrapolated estimates of percolation thresholds of infinite anisotropic lattices.