Evaporation heat transfer coefficient in single circular small tubes for flow natural refrigerants of C3H8, NH3, and CO2

An experimental study of evaporation heat transfer coefficients for single circular small tubes was conducted for the flow of C₃H₈, NH₃, and CO₂ under various flow conditions. The test matrix encompasses the entire quality range from 0.0 to 1.0, mass fluxes from 50 to 600 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, heat fluxes from 5 to 70 kW m⁻², and saturation temperatures from 0 to 10 °C. The test section was made of circular stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm, and a length of 2000 mm in a horizontal orientation. The test section was uniformly heated by applying electric power directly to the tubes. The effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, and inner tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient are reported. Among the working refrigerants considered in this study, CO₂ has the highest heat transfer coefficient. Laminar flow was observed in the evaporative small tubes, and was considered in the modification of boiling heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop correlations.     

Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3/water nanofluid in a two-phase closed thermosyphon

A two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) is a device for heat transmission. It consists of an evacuated-close tube filled with a certain amount of working fluid. Fluids with nanoparticles (particles smaller than 100 nm) suspended in them are called nanofluids that they have a great potential in heat transfer enhancement. In the present study, we combined two mentioned techniques for heat transfer enhancement. Nanofluids of aqueous Al₂O₃ nanoparticles suspensions were prepared in various volume concentration of 1–3% and used in a TPCT as working media. Experimental results showed that for different input powers, the efficiency of the TPCT increases up to 14.7% when Al₂O₃/water nanofluid was used instead of pure water. Temperature distributions on TPCT confirm these results too.     

Magneto-electro-elastic antiplane analysis of a bimaterial BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 composite wedge with an interface crack

The antiplane analysis is made for a bimaterial BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite wedge containing an interface crack. The coupled magneto-electro-elastic field is induced by the piezoelectric/piezomagnetic BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite materials. For the crack problems, the intensity factors of stress, strain, electric displacement, electric field, magnetic induction and magnetic field at crack tips are derived analytically. Also, the energy density criterion is applied to predict the fracture behavior of the interface crack. The numerical results also show that the energy release rate for a crack in a single wedge is negative.     

Fe_3Al/WS_2复合材料的真空摩擦学性能研究

采用热压烧结的方法制备了添加WS2质量百分数为10%、20%和30%的Fe-28Al-5Cr基复合材料,通过XRD和SEM等手段分析了样品的相组成和组织结构.利用自制的真空摩擦试验机测试了样品在4×10-4Pa真空下的摩擦学性能.研究结果显示:通过与WS2的复合能够显著降低Fe3Al基金属间化合物在真空条件下的摩擦系数,但三种不同WS2含量复合材料的摩擦系数差别不大.随着WS2含量增加,复合材料的磨损率逐渐降低,特别是30%复合材料的磨损率较纯Fe-28Al-5Cr的磨损率低约1个数量级.滑动速度和载荷对三种材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均有一定的影响.纯Fe3Al的磨损表面较为粗糙,出现严重的剥落坑和剥落痕迹,磨损机理为严重的疲劳磨损.添加质量百分数为10%WS2的复合材料的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损;添加WS2质量百分数为20%和30%的复合材料,其磨损表面相对较为光滑平整,磨损机理为轻微剥落.因此,在复合材料制备中添加WS2能够显著提高Fe3Al金属间化合物的真空摩擦学性能.     

Growth mechanism of octahedron-like BaMoO4 microcrystals processed in microwave-hydrothermal: Experimental observations and computational modeling

Octahedron-like BaMoO4 microcrystals were synthesized by the co-precipitation method at room temperature and processed in microwave-hydrothermal at 413 K for different times （from 30 min to 5 h）. These microcrystals were analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy （FEG-SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. XRD patterns showed that this material presents a tetragonal structure without the presence of deleterious phases. FEG-SEM and TEM micrographs revealed that the BaMoO4 microcrystals present an octahedron-like morphology with agglomerate nature and polydisperse particle size distribution. These micrographs also indicated that the microcrystals grow along the [0 01 ] direction. The observed crystallographic planes in these structures were modeled computationally and a crystal growth model was proposed in order to explain the morphological changes as a function of processing time.     

反应烧结Ti3SiC2材料的载流摩擦磨损性能

采用HST-100型摩擦磨损试验机,研究了载流条件下法向载荷和电流对Ti3SiC2材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,同时借助JSM-6700F型扫描电子显微镜研究了Ti3SiC2材料的磨损机理.结果表明:当电流为0 A时,Ti3SiC2材料磨损主要以机械磨损为主,随着载荷的增加,摩擦系数逐渐减小,在120 N时达到最小值0.32.在载流条件下,Ti3SiC2材料磨损主要以电弧烧蚀和机械磨损为主,随法向载荷的增加摩擦率逐渐减小,在120 N时磨损率接近于非载流条件下单纯的机械磨损量2.2×10-6mm3/(N.m).在高载荷和不同电流条件下,Ti3SiC2材料均表现出良好的载流摩擦磨损性能.     

含Fe2O3摩擦层的促进形成对H13和45钢磨损性能的影响

Fe_2O_3是钢材高温或高速干滑动表面摩擦氧化物层的重要构成.本文作者通过在H13钢、45钢/GCr15钢的滑动界面添加Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒,试图促进保护性摩擦氧化物层的快速形成,避免了高温恶化材料的机械性能.研究了Fe_2O_3对H13钢和45钢磨损性能的影响,分析了摩擦氧化物层的形成机理,并探讨了基体硬度对摩擦氧化物层的作用.研究结果表明:无添加时,低硬度45钢的耐磨性明显差于高硬度的H13钢;GCr15钢在与45钢对摩时,磨损率也明显大于与H13钢对摩时.添加Fe_2O_3后,纳米颗粒在H13和GCr15钢表面迅速相互黏着并形成保护性的摩擦氧化物层,导致磨损率急剧下降,且随载荷增加仅轻微波动.而较软45钢基体对摩擦氧化物层的支撑能力较弱,摩擦氧化物层破碎,高载下磨损率明显大于低载下.     

Ti_3SiC_2的加入对Ag-MoS_2-graphite复合材料力学及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用热压烧结技术制备了Ag-Mo S2-graphite和Ag-Mo S2-graphite-Ti3Si C2两种银基自润滑复合材料,考察了两种材料的致密度、硬度、弯曲强度及其在不同环境(大气和低真空)中的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:低润湿性使得Ti3Si C2与基体界面处的孔隙增多,降低了致密度和弯曲强度,但对硬度影响不明显;摩擦过程中Ti3Si C2颗粒易于从基体材料表面剥落,阻碍了润滑膜的形成,造成Ag-Mo S2-graphite-Ti3Si C2复合材料的摩擦系数高于Ag-Mo S2-graphite复合材料;但Ti3Si C2的添加能够明显提高复合材料在大气中的耐磨性能,这主要与摩擦过程中的材料转移和摩擦化学反应有关.     

Ti3SiC2、不锈钢和NiCr合金在人工海水中的摩擦学性能

在SRV-1型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了Ti3SiC2、NiCr合金和不锈钢在干摩擦、蒸馏水和人工海水中的摩擦磨损性能,并用扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)及光电子能谱(XPS)对磨痕形貌及成分进行分析.结果表明:Ti3SiC2/Al2O3摩擦副的摩擦系数对摩擦条件变化不敏感,在液体介质中磨损稍有降低.3种摩擦条件下存在机械磨损和摩擦氧化磨损竞争,但机械磨损始终为主要磨损机制,因此摩擦和磨损较大.不锈钢/Al2O3和NiCr合金/Al2O3两摩擦副对摩擦条件变化较敏感,摩擦系数和磨损率在于摩擦、蒸馏水和海水中依次降低,其中NiCr合金降低幅度最大.干摩擦条件下两者以机械磨损为主要磨损机制,表现为黏着磨损和材料转移;蒸馏水中机械磨损和摩擦氧化磨损并存;海水中以腐蚀磨损为主导,腐蚀产物FeCl2、CrCl3或CrO22-或CrO2-等具有减摩抗磨作用.     

An on sun parametric study of solar hydrogen production using WO3 photoanodes

The solar production of hydrogen using photoactive electrodes is a topic receiving much attention in recent years. The use of thin metal oxide films as photoanodes allows the water splitting reaction to occur at a much lower applied voltage than would be necessary with a straight electrolysis process. The University of Nevada Las Vegas in collaboration with the UK based firm Hydrogen Solar and funded by the United States Department of Energy, has developed a prototype of this type of cell using a WO₃ photoanode. An on-sun test facility has been constructed by the UNLV Center for Energy Research (CER) where a study is being conducted with regard to the effects various design parameters on the rate of hydrogen evolution. Parameters being studied include electrolyte temperature, electrolyte flow rate, electrolyte resistivity, applied voltage, and membrane to electrode spacing. The data collected is used in a parametric study of the cell performance. The results of this study are then used to establish general trends as to the effects of these parameters on the performance of the cells outside of a laboratory environment.     

Preparation of spherical Y2SiO5 powders for thermal-spray coating

Yttrium silicate, for its high oxidation resistance, is an important candidate for protective coating for carbon-fiber-reinforced composites at temperatures above 1600 ℃. A novel method, consisting of coprecipitation, spray-drying, heat-treatment and plasma-densification, is developed to prepare Y2SiO5 powders for thermal-spraying. The composition, morphology and flowability of the synthesized Y2SiO5 powders are investigated by XRD, SEM and Hall Flowmeter, respectively. The results show that the synthesized Y2SiO5 powders are nearly spherical with high purity. The apparent density and flowability of the Y2SiO5 powders are 1.87 g/cm^3 and 37 s/50 g, respectively, which lead to a high deposition efficiency of up to 80700 for atmospheric plasma spraying.     

花状O-MoS2添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究

利用一步水热法制备了氧并入二硫化钼(O-MoS_2)纳米花,该纳米花由大量O-MoS_2纳米片组装而成.由于氧元素的并入,使得MoS_2中(002)晶面间距从6.15?增大至10.5?.利用SRV-I微振动摩擦磨损试验机考察了O-MoS_2纳米花作为添加剂在PAO-8基础油中的摩擦学性能,结果表明:O-MoS_2纳米花的加入可显著改善PAO-8油的减摩抗磨性能,这主要是由于膨胀的层间距有利于MoS_2沿(002)晶面发生滑移.其中,当O-MoS_2纳米花的添加含量为0.1 mg/m L时,润滑油的抗磨损性能最佳.     

Analyses of tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3+fcc-Al composites using molecular dynamics simulations

The tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α-Fe₂O₃+fcc-Al composites at room temperature is analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The analyses focus on the effects of variations in grain size and phase volume fraction on strength. For comparison purposes, nanostructures of different phase volume fractions at each grain size are given the same grain morphologies and the same grain orientation distribution. Calculations show that the effects of the fraction of grain boundary (GB) atoms and the electrostatic forces between atoms on deformation are strongly correlated with the volume fractions of the Al and Fe₂O₃ phases. In the case of nanocrystalline Al where electrostatic forces are absent, dislocation emission initiates primarily from high-angle GBs. For the composites, dislocations emits from both low-angle and high-angle GBs due to the electrostatic effect of Al-Fe₂O₃ interfaces. The effect of the interfaces is stronger in structures with smaller average grain sizes primarily because of the higher fractions of atoms in interfaces at smaller grain sizes. At all grain sizes, the strength of the composite lies between those of the corresponding nanocrystalline Al and Fe₂O₃ structures. Inverse Hall-Petch (H-P) relations are observed for all structures analyzed due to the fact that GB sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. The slopes of the inverse H-P relations are strongly influenced by the fraction of GB atoms, atoms associated with defects, and the volume fractions of the Al and Fe₂O₃ phases.     

Cr/Cr2O3多层薄膜的制备、力学及摩擦学性能研究

为了提高Cr2O3陶瓷薄膜的韧性及摩擦学性能,设计制备了Cr/Cr2O3软硬交替的多层薄膜,通过复配韧性层提高Cr2O3陶瓷薄膜的韧性及摩擦学性能,同时研究了调制周期对Cr/Cr2O3薄膜力学性能及摩擦学性能的影响.研究结果表明多层薄膜的韧性和第一临界载荷随调制周期的减小而增大,而其硬度随调制周期的减小而降低.调制周期为1 075 nm的薄膜表现出了最好的综合性能,即薄膜具有较好的膜基结合强度、较高的韧性和硬度,同时薄膜具有最好的抗磨损性能.     

Fe-Si-Cr-Al四元系Fe_3Si基合金在水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能

利用Optimal SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了Fe65Si25Cr5Al5、Fe70Si20Cr5Al5、Fe75Si15Cr5Al5和Fe80Si10Cr5Al5等几种Fe-Si-Cr-Al四元系Fe3Si与Si3N4配副时在水润滑条件下摩擦学性能.结果表明:Fe65Si25Cr5Al5和Fe70Si20Cr5Al5的磨损率低于纯Fe3Si和AISI 304不锈钢,同样,与这两种材料配副的Si3N4对偶材料磨损率也相对较低;Fe75Si15Cr5Al5和Fe80Si10Cr5Al5的磨损率则高于Fe3Si和AISI 304不锈钢.Fe70Si20Cr5Al5中Cr元素的化学活性高于其中Al元素的化学活性,材料表面富集的Cr2O3有效阻碍了Si3N4与水的摩擦化学反应,从而使Fe70Si20Cr5Al5在水环境中的摩擦学性能Fe3Si显著提高,在载荷分别为30、50、70和90 N条件下,Fe70Si20Cr5Al5比Fe3Si的磨损率分别降低了15.5%、20.2%、31.8%和38.2%;对偶材料Si3N4的磨损率则分别降低了67.9%、36.9%、46.6%和50.6%.     

Ag-Cu-MoS2复合材料的真空载流磨损性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备了含有不同Cu质量分数(2%~4%)的Ag-Cu-MoS_2复合材料,并对其力学性能、电学性能和真空载流磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明:较高Cu质量分数的Ag-Cu-MoS_2复合材料表现出较高的硬度和抗弯强度;中等Cu质量分数(2.5%和3%)的Ag-Cu-MoS_2复合材料电刷表现出较低的电压降和电噪声;滑动速度的增加会降低材料间的接触稳定性,进而导致较高的电压降和较大的电噪声.在真空载流条件下与Ag合金盘滑动摩擦过程,不同Cu质量分数的Ag-Cu-MoS_2复合材料电刷均表现出较低的磨损,其磨损率在1×10~(–14)m~3/(N·m)~2.5×10~(–14)m~3/(N·m)范围,其磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损以及黏着磨损.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer in vertical upward and downward supercritical CO2 flow in a circular tube

An experimental investigation of turbulent heat transfer in vertical upward and downward supercritical CO₂ flow was conducted in a circular tube with an inner diameter of 4.5 mm. The experiments were performed for bulk fluid temperatures from 29 to 115 °C, pressures from 74.6 to 102.6 bar, local wall heat fluxes from 38 to 234 kW/m², and mass fluxes from 208 to 874 kg/m² s. At a moderate wall heat flux and low mass flux, the wall temperature had a noticeable peak value for vertical upward flow, but increased monotonically along the flow direction without a peak value for downward flow. The ratios of the experimental Nusselt number to the value obtained from a reference correlation were compared with Bo^* and q⁺ distributions to observe the buoyancy and flow-acceleration effects on heat transfer. In the experimental range of this study, the flow acceleration predominantly affected the heat-transfer phenomena. Based on an analysis of the shear-stress distribution in the turbulent boundary layer and the significant variation of the specific heat across the turbulent boundary layer, a new heat-transfer correlation for vertical upward and downward flow of supercritical pressurized fluid was developed; this correlation agreed with various experimental datasets within ±30%.     

激光熔覆原位制备Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层结构及摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆原位合成技术在纯钛表面制备了Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层.用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析了涂层的组成和组织结构.在UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机上对Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层在不同载荷和不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试.结果表明:Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层的主要组成物相为Ti3Al,涂层与基材冶金结合,涂层显微组织结构主要为树枝状晶,涂层的平均显微硬度约为HV0.2530,涂层的摩擦系数随载荷和滑动速度的增加而减小,磨损体积随载荷和滑动速度的增加而增加.Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层相对于钛基材耐磨性能显著提高.     

Etude de la détonation de mélanges pauvres H2NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous H₂NO₂/N₂O₄ mixtures in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.25 and 0.7 show that for 0.25Φ0.4 the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps characterised by different chemical characteristic times. As for rich mixtures, the first exothermic step is mainly due to the reaction NO₂ + H → NO + OH, but the second one is different since it results from the exothermic decomposition of NO into N₂ and O₂. For Φ=0.3 the measured detonation velocity in a tube of 52 mm internal diameter is very much smaller than the calculated value and the mean size of the cellular structure is very much larger than the value extrapolated from data obtained with mixtures of higher but close equivalence ratio. All these results show that the detonation, though self-sustained and steady, is ‘non-ideal’, i.e. it is supported only by a part of the available chemical energy, that provided mainly by the first exothermic step. To cite this article: D. Desbordes et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Contribution of point defects to the temperature anomaly of the yield stress in single crystals of the Ni<Subscript>3</Subscript>Ge alloy

The temperature dependence of the yield stress τ_* Ni ₃ Ge single crystals is studied. The temperature dependence τ_*(T) in the high-temperature region (above 420 K) is found to be conditioned by thermally activated accumulation of the density of non-screw components of superdislocations. Interaction of point defects with edge dislocations and its effect on the temperature anomaly of the yield stress in Ni ₃ Ge single crystals are analyzed. The calculated results are found to agree with experimental data. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 154–161, July–August, 2007.