Graphene/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites as Efficient Anodes to Boost the Lifetime and Current Output of Microbial Fuel Cells

The enhancement of microbial activity and electrocatalysis through the design of new anode materials is essential to develop microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with longer lifetimes and higher output. In this research, a novel anode material, graphene/Fe₃O₄ (G/Fe₃O₄) composite, has been designed for Shewanella ‐inoculated MFCs. Because the Shewanella species could bind to Fe₃O₄ with high affinity and their growth could be supported by Fe₃O₄, the bacterial cells attached quickly onto the anode surface and their long‐term activity improved. As a result, MFCs with reduced startup time and improved stability were obtained. Additionally, the introduction of graphene not only provided a large surface area for bacterial attachment, but also offered high electrical conductivity to facilitate extracellular electron transfer (EET). The results showed that the current and power densities of a G/Fe₃O₄ anode were much higher than those of each individual component as an anode.     

Organic–inorganic hybrid membranes prepared from the sol–gel process of poly(butyleneadipate‐co‐terephthalate) and TiO2

Organic–inorganic hybrids based on poly(butyleneadipate‐co‐terephthalate)/titanium dioxide (PBAT/TiO₂) hybrid membranes were prepared via a sol–gel process. The PBAT/TiO₂ hybrid membranes were prepared for various PBAT/TiO₂ ratios. The resulting hybrids were characterized with a morphological structure, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and thermal properties. The results showed that macrovoids underwent a transition into a sponge‐like membrane structure with the addition of TiO₂. After sol–gel transition, a strong interaction between the inorganic network and polymeric chains led to an increase in glass transition temperature (T_g), thermal degrading temperature, and hydrophilicity, and hence a higher biodegradability. According to X‐ray diffraction measurements of the crystal structure of the hybrid, the presence of TiO₂ did not change the crystal structure of PBAT. TiO₂ networks are uniformly dispersed into the PBAT matrix and no aggregation of TiO₂ networks in the hybrid membranes was observed through the small angle X‐ray scattering measurements. Thus, the sol–gel process of PBAT and TiO₂ can be used to prepare a hybrid with higher application temperature and faster biodegradation rate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microwave‐Induced In Situ Synthesis of Zn2GeO4/N‐Doped Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Lithium‐Storage Properties

Zn₂GeO₄/N‐doped graphene nanocomposites have been synthesized through a fast microwave‐assisted route on a large scale. The resulting nanohybrids are comprised of Zn₂GeO₄ nanorods that are well‐embedded in N‐doped graphene sheets by in situ reducing and doping. Importantly, the N‐doped graphene sheets serve as elastic networks to disperse and electrically wire together the Zn₂GeO₄ nanorods, thereby effectively relieving the volume‐expansion/contraction and aggregation of the nanoparticles during charge and discharge processes. We demonstrate that an electrode that is made of the as‐formed Zn₂GeO₄/N‐doped graphene nanocomposite exhibits high capacity (1463 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 100 mA g^?1), good cyclability, and excellent rate capability (531 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 3200 mA g^?1). Its superior lithium‐storage performance could be related to a synergistic effect of the unique nanostructured hybrid, in which the Zn₂GeO₄ nanorods are well‐stabilized by the high electronic conduction and flexibility of N‐doped graphene sheets. This work offers an effective strategy for the fabrication of functionalized ternary‐oxide‐based composites as high‐performance electrode materials that involve structural conversion and transformation.     

Electrospun nanofibers of ZnO‐TiO2 hybrid: characterization and potential as an extracellular scaffold for supporting myoblasts

One‐dimensional nanofibers have attracted tremendous attention because of their potential applications. Electrospinning technology enables industrial production of these nanofibers. This study aims to fabricate one‐dimensional ZnO doped TiO₂ by electrospinning and to characterize these hybrid nanofibers. The nanocomposite was prepared using colloidal gel composed of zinc nitrate, titanium isopropoxide and polyvinyl acetate. X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive x‐ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the purity and crystalline nature of this material, whereas the diameter of these nanofibres estimated from scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission SEM and transmission electron microscopy are between 200 and 300 nm. Cell counting with Kit‐8 assay at regular time intervals and phase‐contrast microscopy data revealed that C2C12 cells proliferated well on ZnO/TiO₂ nanofibers between 1 and 10 µg/ml, and cellular attachments are visible by SEM. The nanostructured ZnO/TiO₂ hybrid nanofibers show higher cell adhesion, proliferation and spreading behavior compared with the titanium substrate and control. Our study suggests that ZnO/TiO₂ nanofibers could potentially be used in tissue engineering applications. The scalability, low cost, reproducibility and high‐throughput capability of this technology is potentially beneficial to examine and optimizing a wide array of cell‐nanofiber systems prior to in vivo experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facile in situ Electrosynthesis and High Electrocatalytic Performance of Interconnected Layered Double Hydroxides/Graphene Hybrids for Dopamine Oxidation: A Comparative Study

We are reporting a facile in situ electrodeposition approach to prepare a rational design of M?Al (M: Ni, Co) layered double hydroxide (LDH)/reduced graphene oxide (G) hybrids and its superior electrocatalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of dopamine. Comparatively, the worm like interconnected nano‐chain networks of as‐prepared NiAl‐LDH/G hybrid modified electrode exhibits better performance than the CoAl‐LDH/G hybrid modified electrode. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity is because of its morphological evolution, which is due to its enhanced reduction rate, attachment pathway and incorporation or heterogeneous combination of Al³⁺ in the bimetallic LDHs/G hybrid. The satisfactory results are obtained for modified electrodes for the real‐time quantitative detection of dopamine in the real injectable medicine as well as human blood serum samples and it has also shown good reproducibility, stability and anti‐interference. This cost‐effective and facile in situ electrodeposition approach will give insights to design high performing hybrid materials and its application to non‐invasive electrochemical sensing which will be useful for daily diagnosis of neurological disorder.     

Compositing Amorphous TiO2 with N‐Doped Carbon as High‐Rate Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Compositing amorphous TiO₂ with nitrogen‐doped carbon through Ti? N bonding to form an amorphous TiO₂/N‐doped carbon hybrid (denoted a‐TiO₂/C? N) has been achieved by a two‐step hydrothermal–calcining method with hydrazine hydrate as an inhibitor and nitrogen source. The resultant a‐TiO₂/C? N hybrid has a surface area as high as 108 m² g^?1 and, when used as an anode material, exhibits a capacity as high as 290.0 mA h g^?1 at a current rate of 1 C and a reversible capacity over 156 mA h g^?1 at a current rate of 10 C after 100 cycles; these results are better than those found in most reports on crystalline TiO₂. This superior electrochemical performance could be ascribed to a combined effect of several factors, including the amorphous nature, porous structure, high surface area, and N‐doped carbon.     

Amorphizing of Ag Nanoparticles under Bioinspired One‐step Assembly of Fe3O4‐Ag/rGO Hybrids via Self‐redox Process with Enhanced Activity

Efficient and reusable nanocatalysts fabricated via a facile assembly are highly desirable for the cost‐effective hydrogenation reduction. Inspired by a fishing process with a fishnet, multifunctional nanostructured catalysts are rationally designed to combine interesting features via the self‐redox assembly of Fe₃O₄‐Ag composites on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (Fe₃O₄‐Ag/rGO). In detail, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) endow the ternary hybrids with superparamagnetism (21.42 emu g^?1), facilitating catalysts to be separated from the reaction system. rGO could provide electron transfer pathways, enhancing catalytic activity. More interestingly, GO and Ag⁺ could behave as oxidants to oxidize Fe²⁺ for the in situ assembly of Fe₃O₄‐Ag/rGO without any addition of reductant/oxidant or organic solvents, and AgNPs endow the ternary hybrids with excellent catalytic behaviour. Meaningfully, the bioinspired process enables the ternary hybrids to possess more abundant micro?/nanopores, larger surface area, and more amorphization. They exhibit exceptional catalytic performance, and could be recycled with excellent activity by means of convenient magnetic separation (at least 7 times). Moreover, the ternary hybrids could degrade methylene blue under UV light due to different valence states of Fe in Fe₃O₄. Therefore, the proposed bioinspired assembly and structure design for hierarchical catalysts would pave a promising way to assemble other catalysts.     

Influence of zinc stannate and graphene hybrids on reducing the toxic gases and fire hazards during epoxy resin combustion

Spinel zinc stannate (Zn₂SnO₄, ZS) was successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route, and graphene(G) was used as the carrier to form graphene‐zinc stannate (G‐ZS) hybrids. The resulted G‐Zn₂SnO₄ (G‐ZS) was incorporated to epoxy resin for the purpose of reducing the toxicity hazards during combustion. Toxic gas analyzer results showed that the ZS hybrids possess high efficiency on reducing the generation of NOx, HCN, and CO. Cone calorimeter results of the G‐ZS/EP composites showed about 40% decrease on peak heat release rate compared with pristine EP which meant better fire performance. Also, TG‐IR technology was used to further investigate the gases release during the EP decomposition process. Particularly, the CO release had decreased about 80% than pure EP. This work constructs a new strategy to make a binary metal oxides system which would be efficient in reducing the toxic gases during polymer combustion. Besides, a proper bridge‐effect is proposed to illustrate the proper mechanism.     

Graphene‐Assisted Room‐Temperature Synthesis of 2D Nanostructured Hybrid Electrode Materials: Dramatic Acceleration of the Formation Rate of 2D Metal Oxide Nanoplates Induced by Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

A new prompt room temperature synthetic route to 2D nanostructured metal oxide–graphene‐hybrid electrode materials can be developed by the application of colloidal reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets as an efficient reaction accelerator for the synthesis of δ‐MnO₂ 2D nanoplates. Whereas the synthesis of the 2D nanostructured δ‐MnO₂ at room temperature requires treating divalent manganese compounds with persulfate ions for at least 24 h, the addition of RGO nanosheet causes a dramatic shortening of synthesis time to 1 h, underscoring its effectiveness for the promotion of the formation of 2D nanostructured metal oxide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the accelerated synthesis of 2D nanostructured hybrid material induced by the RGO nanosheets. The observed acceleration of nanoplate formation upon the addition of RGO nanosheets is attributable to the enhancement of the oxidizing power of persulfate ions, the increase of the solubility of precursor MnCO₃, and the promoted crystal growth of δ‐MnO₂ 2D nanoplates. The resulting hybridization between RGO nanosheets and δ‐MnO₂ nanoplates is quite powerful not only in increasing the surface area of manganese oxide nanoplate but also in enhancing its electrochemical activity. Of prime importance is that the present δ‐MnO₂–RGO nanocomposites show much superior electrode performance over most of 2D nanostructured manganate systems including a similar porous assembly of RGO and layered MnO₂ nanosheets. This result underscores that the present RGO‐assisted solution‐based synthesis can provide a prompt and scalable method to produce nanostructured hybrid electrode materials.     

Synthesis,characterization and photocatalytic application of TiO2/magnetic graphene for efficient photodegradation of crystal violet

A magnetized nano‐photocatalyst based on TiO₂/magnetic graphene was developed for efficient photodegradation of crystal violet (CV). Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping were used to characterize the prepared magnetic nano‐photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized magnetic nano‐photocatalyst was evaluated using the decomposition of CV as a model organic pollutant under UV light irradiation. The obtained results showed that TiO₂/magnetic graphene exhibited much higher photocatalytic performance than bare TiO₂. Incorporation of graphene enhanced the activity of the prepared magnetic nano‐photocatalyst. TiO₂/magnetic graphene can be easily separated from an aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field. Effects of pH, magnetized nano‐photocatalyst dosage, UV light irradiation time, H₂O₂ amount and initial concentration of dye on the photodegradation efficiency were evaluated and optimized. Efficient photodegradation (>98%) of the selected dye under optimized conditions using the synthesized nano‐photocatalyst under UV light irradiation was achieved in 25 min. The prepared magnetic nano‐photocatalyst can be used in a wide pH range (4–10) for degradation of CV. The effects of scavengers, namely methanol (OH^? scavenger), p‐benzoquinone (O₂^?? scavenger) and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (hole scavenger), on CV photodegradation were investigated.     

Synthesis of polyethylene‐octene elastomer/SiO2‐TiO2 nanocomposites via in situ polymerization: Properties and characterization of the hybrid

In this study, a silicic acid and tetra isopropyl ortho titanate ceramic precursor and a metallocene polyethylene‐octene elastomer (POE) or acrylic acid grafted metallocene polyethylene‐octene elastomer (POE‐g‐AA) were used in the preparation of hybrids (POE/SiO₂? TiO₂ and POE‐g‐AA/SiO₂? TiO₂) using an in situ sol‐gel process, with a view to identifying a hybrid with improved thermal and mechanical properties. Hybrids were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ²⁹Si solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and Instron mechanical testing. Properties of the POE‐g‐AA/SiO₂? TiO₂ hybrid were superior to those of the POE/SiO₂? TiO₂ hybrid. This was because the carboxylic acid groups of acrylic acid acted as coordination sites for the silica‐titania phase to allow the formation of stronger chemical bonds. ²⁹Si solid‐state NMR showed that Si atoms coordinated around SiO₄ units were predominantly Q₃ and Q₄. The 10 wt % SiO₂? TiO₂ hybrids gave the maximum values of tensile strength and glass transition temperature in both POE/SiO₂? TiO₂ and POE‐g‐AA/SiO₂? TiO₂. It is proposed that above this wt %, excess SiO₂? TiO₂ particles caused separation between the organic and inorganic phases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1690–1701, 2005     

Graphene‐mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanocomposite: A highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of benzodiazepine derivatives

The potential to bias chemical reaction pathways is a significant goal for physicists and material researchers to design revolutionary materials. Recently, two‐dimensional materials have appeared as a promising candidate for exploring novel catalyst activity in organic reaction. In this context, herein we report an easy and efficient synthesis of substituted benzodiazepines in high yields through the graphene‐based mesoporous TiO₂ nanocomposite (Gr@TiO₂ NCs) catalyst. To validate the merits of the Gr@TiO₂ NCs as a catalyst, we have also designed TiO₂ nanoparticle (NPs) under similar conditions. Successful comprehension realization of Gr@TiO₂ NCs and TiO₂ NPs were concluded from the XRD, SEM, HR‐TEM, EDS elemental mapping, FT‐IR, Raman, UV–Vis and TGA analysis. Gr@TiO₂ NCs has the propitious catalyst performance (~98%) over the TiO₂ NPs (~77%), which could be scrutinized in terms of graphene support toward the TiO₂ NPs and enable the large contact area between graphene and TiO₂ NPs. Incorporated graphene maintaining TiO₂ as a catalytically active and attracting electron to site isolation, as well as protecting TiO₂ from oxidative degradation during the reaction. Moreover, the role of graphene is suggested to prolonged reaction duration, yield and unaltered throughout the reaction because of the π‐π interaction between graphene and TiO₂ NPs. Additionally, the catalyst is recycled by filtration and reprocessed six times without having a significant loss in its catalytic activity.     

Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis Using Cobalt Nanotubes Decorated with Titanium Dioxide Nanodots

TiO₂ Co nanotubes decorated with nanodots (TiO₂ NDs/Co NSNTs‐CFs) are reported as high‐performance earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution. TiO₂ NDs/Co NSNTs can promote water adsorption and optimize the free energy of hydrogen adsorption. More importantly, the absorbed water can be easily activated in the presence of the TiO₂–Co hybrid structure. These advantages will significantly promote HER. TiO₂ NDs/Co NSNTs‐CFs as electrocatalysts show a high catalytic performance towards HER in alkaline solution. This study will open up a new avenue for designing and fabricating low‐cost high‐performance HER catalysts.     

Dual‐Confined Sulfur Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Hollow TiO2 Spheres Wrapped with Graphene for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li?S) batteries are attractive owing to their higher energy density and lower cost compared with the universally used lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), but there are some problems that stop their practical use, such as low utilization and rapid capacity‐fading of the sulfur cathode, which is mainly caused by the shuttle effect, and the uncontrollable deposition of lithium sulfide species. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of dual‐confined sulfur nanoparticles that were encapsulated inside hollow TiO₂ spheres; the encapsulated nanoparticles were prepared by a facile hydrolysis process combined with acid etching, followed by “wrapping” with graphene (G?TiO₂@S). In this unique composite architecture, the hollow TiO₂ spheres acted as effective sulfur carriers by confining the polysulfides and buffering volume changes during the charge‐discharge processes by means of physical force from the hollow spheres and chemical binding between TiO₂ and the polysulfides. Moreover, the graphene‐wrapped skin provided an effective 3D conductive network to improve the electronic conductivity of the sulfur cathode and, at the same time, to further suppress the dissolution of the polysulfides. As results, the G?TiO₂@S hybrids exhibited a high and stable discharge capacity of up to 853.4 mA h g^?1 over 200 cycles at 0.5 C (1 C=1675 mA g^?1) and an excellent rate capability of 675 mA h g^?1 at a current rate of 2 C; thus, G?TiO₂@S holds great promise as a cathode material for Li?S batteries.     

A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on MnO2/graphene oxide nanocomposite

A new electrocatalyst, MnO₂/graphene oxide hybrid nanostructure was successfully synthesized for the nonenzymatic detection of H₂O₂. The morphological characterization was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The MnO₂/graphene oxide based electrodes showed high electrochemical activity for the detection of H₂O₂ in alkaline medium. The nonenzymatic biosensors displayed good performance along with low working potential, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and long-term stability, which could be attributed to the high surface area of graphene oxide providing for the deposition of MnO₂ nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that this new nanocomposite with the high surface area and electrocatalytic activity offers great promise for new class of nanostructured electrode for nonenzymatic biosensor and energy conversion applications.     

Photoactive Polythiophene:Titania Hybrids with Excellent Miscibility for Use in Polymer Photovoltaic Cells

A series of poly{(3‐hexylthiophene)‐co‐[3‐(6‐hydroxyhexyl)thiophene]}:titania (P3HT‐OH:TiO₂) hybrids were synthesized via the in situ polycondensation of titanium (IV) n‐butoxide in the presence of P3HT‐OH. Introducing a hydroxyl moiety onto the side‐chain of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) significantly promotes the polymer‐titania interaction, resulting in the formation of homogeneous hybrid colloids. The UV‐vis spectra of P3HT‐OH:TiO₂ films demonstrate that TiO₂ markedly affects the stacking structure and the chain conformation of P3HT‐OH. The maximum absorption wavelength of these hybrid materials can be tailor‐made by merely varying the weight percentage of TiO₂. Moreover, P3HT‐OH:TiO₂ can be further utilized as an efficient compatibilizer in preparing photoactive P3HT:P3HT‐OH:TiO₂ films with excellent miscibility. The photovoltaic cell based on such a hybrid exhibited a 2.4‐fold higher value of power‐conversion efficiency compared to the cell based on P3HT:TiO₂.

     

SnS2 Nanoplatelet@Graphene Nanocomposites as High‐Capacity Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Na‐ion batteries have been attracting intensive investigations as a possible alternative to Li‐ion batteries. Herein, we report the synthesis of SnS₂ nanoplatelet@graphene nanocomposites by using a morphology‐controlled hydrothermal method. The as‐prepared SnS₂/graphene nanocomposites present a unique two‐dimensional platelet‐on‐sheet nanoarchitecture, which has been identified by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. When applied as the anode material for Na‐ion batteries, the SnS₂/graphene nanosheets achieved a high reversible specific sodium‐ion storage capacity of 725 mA h g^?1, stable cyclability, and an enhanced high‐rate capability. The improved electrochemical performance for reversible sodium‐ion storage could be ascribed to the synergistic effects of the SnS₂ nanoplatelet/graphene nanosheets as an integrated hybrid nanoarchitecture, in which the graphene nanosheets provide electronic conductivity and cushion for the active SnS₂ nanoplatelets during Na‐ion insertion and extraction processes.     

Synthesis of Ultrastable Ag Nanoplates/Polyethylenimine–Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application as a Versatile Electrochemical Sensor

Investigations on Ag nanostructures/reduced graphene oxide composites have been frequently reported, yet the morphology control of those loaded Ag nanocrystals is still challenging. We herein develop a facile method to grow triangular Ag nanoplates (AgP) on polyethylenimine‐modified reduced graphene oxide (AgP/PEI‐rGO). The AgP/PEI‐rGO hybrids show unexpected high stability against chloride ions (Cl^?) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is possibly due to the strong interaction between surface Ag atoms with the amine groups of PEI. In the chronoamperometry measurements for detecting H₂O₂, N₂H₄, and NaNO₂, the AgP/PEI‐rGO hybrid shows very wide linear ranges (usually 10^?6–10^?2 mol L^?1 for H₂O₂, N₂H₄, and NaNO₂) and low detection limits (down to ≈1×10^?7 mol L^?1), which demonstrate the promising electrochemical sensor applications of these metal/graphene hybrids with well‐defined morphologies and facets. In addition, this strategy could be extended to the deposition of other noble metals on rGO with controlled morphologies.     

TiO2–B Nanosheets/Anatase Nanocrystals Co‐Anchored on Nanoporous Graphene: In Situ Reduction–Hydrolysis Synthesis and Their Superior Rate Performance as an Anode Material

A unique hybrid, TiO₂–B nanosheets/anatase nanocrystals co‐anchored on nanoporous graphene sheets, can be synthesized by a facile microwave‐induced in situ reduction–hydrolysis route. The as‐formed nanohybrid has a hierarchically porous structure, involving both mesopores of approximately 4 nm and meso‐/macropores of 30–60 nm in the graphene sheets, and a large surface area. Importantly, electrodes composed of the nanohybrid exhibit superior rate capability (160 mA h g^?1 at ca. 36 C; 154 mA h g^?1 at ca. 72 C) and excellent cyclability. The synergistic effects of conductive graphene with numerous nanopores and the pseudocapacitive effect of ultrafine TiO₂–B nanosheets and anatase nanocrystals endow the hybrid a superior rate capability.     

Core–Shell LiFePO4/Carbon‐Coated Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrids for High‐Power Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathodes

Core‐shell carbon‐coated LiFePO₄ nanoparticles were hybridized with reduced graphene (rGO) for high‐power lithium‐ion battery cathodes. Spontaneous aggregation of hydrophobic graphene in aqueous solutions during the formation of composite materials was precluded by employing hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) as starting templates. The fabrication of true nanoscale carbon‐coated LiFePO₄‐rGO (LFP/C‐rGO) hybrids were ascribed to three factors: 1) In‐situ polymerization of polypyrrole for constrained nanoparticle synthesis of LiFePO₄, 2) enhanced dispersion of conducting 2D networks endowed by colloidal stability of GO, and 3) intimate contact between active materials and rGO. The importance of conducting template dispersion was demonstrated by contrasting LFP/C‐rGO hybrids with LFP/C‐rGO composites in which agglomerated rGO solution was used as the starting templates. The fabricated hybrid cathodes showed superior rate capability and cyclability with rates from 0.1 to 60 C. This study demonstrated the synergistic combination of nanosizing with efficient conducting templates to afford facile Li⁺ ion and electron transport for high power applications.