钙钛矿太阳能电池中小分子空穴传输材料的研究进展

有机-无机钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)从2009年低于5%的能量转换效率到现在经过认证的超过22%的效率,成为科研热点和最有希望商业化的新型太阳能电池。在高性能的PSCs中,空穴传输材料是关键的一环,起到从钙钛矿活性层材料到对电极有效抽取和传输空穴的作用。本文在现有研究成果的基础上,对有机分子空穴传输材料在PSC中的应用进行总结,并强调分子材料结构对PSC器件性能(效率和稳定性)的影响。     

有机空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池(PSCs)由于其诸多优点得到广泛关注,而有机固态空穴传输材料(HTMs)代替液体电解质使其得到飞速的发展,提升了电池的效率和稳定性,已经成为PSCs的重要组成部分。目前应用于PSCs的空穴传输材料分为有机空穴传输材料和无机空穴传输材料两大类。无机空穴传输材料的可选择范围较窄,对应器件的光电转换效率相对较低。开发各类能级匹配、空穴迁移率高的有机空穴传输材料是提高器件效率和稳定性的有效手段,成为相关领域的研究热点。本文依据相对分子质量的大小,将应用于PSCs中的有机空穴传输材料分为小分子类和聚合物类空穴传输材料,详细评述了有机空穴传输材料分子结构对PSCs光电转换效率、填充因子、开路电压、短路电流和稳定性的影响,并对其能级、空穴迁移率的高低、添加剂的使用等进行了讨论。最后详细论述了有机空穴传输材料未来的研究重点和发展趋势。     

基于WOx/PEDOT:PSS复合空穴传输层的高效稳定平面异质结钙钛矿太阳电池

在基于钙钛矿/富勒烯平面异质结的钙钛矿太阳电池中,PEDOT:PSS是最常使用的空穴传输材料. 但PEDOT:PSS呈酸性,会腐蚀金属氧化物透明电极,使器件的电极界面稳定性欠佳. 本文将高功函的氧化钨（WO_x）插入到PEDOT:PSS和FTO之间,形成WO_x/PEDOT:PSS复合空穴传输层,这样既可以避免PEDOT:PSS与FTO直接接触,提高器件的稳定性,又可以进一步降低电极界面的接触势垒,从而提升器件的性能. 作者研究了复合传输层对透光率、钙钛矿形貌、钙钛矿结晶、光伏性能及器件稳定性的影响. 基于WO_x/PEDOT:PSS复合空穴传输层的电池效率可以达到12.96%,比单纯的PEDOT:PSS的电池效率(10.56%)提升了22.7%,同时器件的稳定性也得到大幅改善.     

掺杂PEDOT：PSS空穴传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)因易于制备、生产成本低和能量转换效率高而受到广泛关注。聚乙撑二氧噻吩-聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT∶PSS)由于具有易低温加工、透光度高和适宜空穴迁移率等特点而成为PSCs中空穴传输层的研究热点。本文简述了倒置PSCs的结构及工作原理,重点介绍了掺杂PEDOT∶PSS空穴传输层在PSCs领域的研究现状。分别从有机化合物掺杂剂、无机化合物掺杂剂和表面活性剂掺杂剂三个类别概述了掺杂PEDOT∶PSS空穴传输层对PSCs性能的影响。最后,对该领域存在的问题提出潜在措施以改善PEDOT∶PSS掺杂层在PSCs中的应用。     

多功能可交联材料在聚合物太阳能电池中的应用

近年来,可交联材料在有机光电器件领域,尤其是聚合物太阳能电池领域,得到了广泛的应用研究。可交联材料作为活性层中的给体材料或受体材料以及制作有序本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池,可以提高器件的稳定性及光电转化效率。可交联材料应用于聚合物太阳能电池的电子传输层或空穴传输层,可以提高器件的开路电压、转化效率、稳定性等各项性能参数。本文根据可交联材料在聚合物太阳能电池中的功能的不同,详细地描述了可交联材料的官能团种类、处理时间、温度以及引发剂等因素对聚合物太阳能电池光电性能的影响,同时评述了可交联材料应用于聚合物太阳能电池的缓冲层及制作有序本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池的研究进展,最后展望了可交联材料在该领域的发展前景。     

基于吡嗪空穴传输层的合成及在p-i-n型钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

钙钛矿太阳能电池由于具有高的光电转换效率,简单的溶液加工工艺,较低的成本等优势因而拥有广阔的应用前景。有机小分子空穴传输层材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中扮演着极其重要的角色。在本工作中,我们设计和合成了基于吡嗪为分子中心核,三苯胺为分枝的X型空穴传输层材料PT-TPA。与Si-OMeTPA对比,吡嗪的引入不仅不会影响其结晶性,并且能够改善其电荷转移特性和分子中心共平面性,从而显著提升了PT-TPA的空穴迁移率。在非掺杂的情况之下,基于PT-TPA空穴传输层的p-i-n型钙钛矿太阳能电池展现出17.52%的光电转换效率,与相同条件下基于Si-OMeTPA空穴传输层的器件相比,效率提高了近15%。     

有机太阳能电池空穴传输材料研究进展

有机太阳能电池(OSCs)是一种使用有机半导体作为光活性层材料的太阳能电池。其中空穴传输层对OSCs的载流子输运、能级调节、优化光活性层形貌等方面起到了显著提升的作用，因此开发和研究空穴传输材料具有重要意义。详细综述了近几年OSCs中聚合物及金属化合物空穴传输材料的研究进展，其中对聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT∶PSS)、MoO₃、WS₂等传输材料的修饰和改善进行了重点讨论，并归纳了其提升器件光电转换效率(PCE)和稳定性的原因。为进一步选择和设计空穴传输层以此提升OSCs的性能提供了参考。     

有机太阳能电池性能衰减机理研究进展

近年来随着非富勒烯Y系列明星分子受体的出现, 单结有机太阳能电池的光电转换效率已经突破19%, 但是器件在运行条件下缺乏良好的稳定性, 严重制约了其商业化发展. 因此越来越多的研究聚焦于造成有机太阳能电池性能衰减的原因以及如何提高有机太阳能电池的稳定性. 由于有机太阳能电池复杂的器件结构、不尽相同的活性层材料以及在稳定性研究中条件的差异, 造成了对有机太阳能电池器件衰减研究的困难. 为了更全面地了解有机太阳能电池的衰减过程, 对近些年有机太阳能电池器件衰减过程的研究成果进行综述, 总结了由于给受体材料化学分解、活性层形貌变化、传输层和电极腐蚀以及界面反应等原因造成的器件性能衰减, 并介绍了近些年关于提高器件稳定性的一些策略, 最后对有机太阳能电池的未来发展进行了展望.     

反式钙钛矿电池超薄空穴传输层研究进展

空穴传输层(HTLs)厚度对反式钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)性能具有重大影响,因其显著影响太阳光透过和HTLs的空穴传输性能。几个纳米至十几个纳米厚度的超薄HTLs在减少伴生吸收、电荷传输损失和材料消耗等方面具有明显优势。目前,有许多成熟的制备超薄无机HTLs的方法,并在反式和叠层PSCs中得到广泛研究与应用。最近,一些关于有机超薄HTLs的新型制备方法也展现出良好的性能并逐渐引起相关领域研究者关注。在此,本文主要总结反式PSCs中超薄HTLs的研究进展与应用,关注其未来发展的挑战和方向,为该领域进一步的研究提供参考。     

低成本富勒烯衍生物电子传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池的应用（英文）

有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)近几年吸引了众多的关注。目前,在反式平板异质结钙钛矿太阳能电池中,最普遍使用的电子传输层材料是富勒烯衍生物PCBM,但是由于其价格昂贵,将会影响钙钛矿太阳能电池的最终产业化。本文开发出一种新的低成本富勒烯衍生物N-甲基-2-戊基[60]富勒烯吡咯烷(NMPFP)来取代PCBM,用于反式钙钛矿太阳能电池的电子传输层。和PCBM电子传输层相比,NMPFP具有更快的电子传输速率。用NMPFP制作的钙钛矿太阳能电池几乎没有迟滞现象,取得了13.83%的光电转换效率,和PCBM电池性能相当。而且,由于NMPFP更强的疏水性,其电池的稳定性优于PCBM电池。本研究表明NMPFP是一种非常有前景的电子传输材料,用于反式平板钙钛矿太阳能电池,可以有效的取代PCBM。     

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的制备及稳定性

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池因其热稳定性好、载流子迁移率高,可用于制备叠层电池等优点备受关注。随着人们对全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的深入研究和制备工艺的持续优化,全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率已经突破19%。然而,全无机钙钛矿材料相稳定性较差,这使得实现全无机钙钛矿太阳电池在空气环境下制备和长期使用面临巨大挑战。众多科研工作者通过分析全无机钙钛矿材料的相变机制,有针对性地提出了包括添加剂工程、界面工程和开发全无机钙钛矿量子点电池等多种方式来改善全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的长期稳定性。本综述从全无机钙钛矿材料与电池的结构、活性层制备方法和稳定性研究三个方面总结了近年来关于全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的研究进展。     

Inorganic p-type semiconductors and carbon materials based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells

Incorporation of proper inorganic p-type semiconductors as hole transport layer has great potential to increase long-term stability while maintaining high power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells with low material cost.     

反式锡基钙钛矿光伏电池的制备及稳定性策略

近年来,钙钛矿光伏电池（PSCs）取得了突飞猛进的发展,迄今最高认证光电转换效率达到25.7%,但是钙钛矿材料常使用有毒的重金属元素铅,对环境和人体都有极大的危害,不利于其实际应用,因此发展无铅PSCs受到越来越多的关注。锡基钙钛矿材料具有优异的光电性质,特别是带隙窄、载流子迁移率高和激子复合能低,是无铅钙钛矿中最具有潜力的材料。反式（p-i-n型）锡基PSCs由于低迟滞效应、可低温制备及低成本等优点获得普遍关注,取得了一系列重要突破,目前最高效率已经突破14%,具有巨大的发展潜力。鉴于反式锡基钙钛矿太阳能的迅速发展,本文系统综述了反式锡基PSCs制备及稳定性研究进展,尤其关注反式锡基PSCs的界面修饰、锡基钙钛矿材料性能、构筑高质量锡基钙钛矿薄膜的方法以及提高稳定性的策略,并讨论了锡基PSCs的前景展望。     

Progress of all-perovskite tandem solar cells:the role of narrow-bandgap absorbers

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have gained increasing attention due to their excellent photovoltaic performance,achieving certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.2%.To further enhance PCE and break the Shockley-Queisser limit of the single junction PSCs,great efforts have been made in tandem solar cells based on perovskite,including perovskite/Si,and perovskite/perovskite(all-perovskite).Among them,all-perovskite tandem solar cells exhibit unique advantages of both lowcost fabrication and high efficiency.They have advanced rapidly in these years,due to the realization of stable and efficient narrow-bandgap perovskites.In this work,we review the development of monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells and highlight the critical role of narrow-bandgap perovskites in recent progress of all-perovskite solar cells.We also propose our perspective of future directions on this subject.     

碳量子点纳米材料在铅卤钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用研究进展

碳量子点（CQDs）是一类粒径较小,光学性能显著,且电荷传输性能优异的类半导体纳米材料,在钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能调控和改善中得到广泛的应用。从CQDs纳米材料的合成、性能及应用出发,综述了CQDs纳米材料在钙钛矿太阳能光电器件中电子传输层、钙钛矿光吸收层和空穴传输层等方面的应用进展,并展望了该类材料调控钙钛矿太阳能器件性能的发展趋势。     

Perovskite solar cells: Thermal and chemical stability improvement,and economic analysis

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are highly efficient and are comparatively cheaper than the large silicon crystals primarily used in solar cells. Their outstanding photovoltaic performance makes them a potential alternative to silicon solar cells. While efficiency and photovoltaic performance have been investigated in recent decades, a knowledge gap on the degradation, economic feasibility and stability of PSCs exists, and their poor stability remains a barrier to commercialization. Thus, this review aims to fill this knowledge gap by focusing on approaches to improve PSCs’ thermal and chemical stability, and their economic viability under different conditions. The structure and manufacture of PSCs are also discussed along with an economic analysis of different perovskite devices. Improvements in thermal stability can be reached by incorporating inorganic materials into the PSC. A PSC model optimized with ZnO improves chemical stability by 8% and works well under low temperatures. To make PSCs more economically feasible, certain parts like counter electrodes (CE) and hole transport materials (HTMs) can be replaced with alternative elements like carbon and inorganic HTMs, respectively. PSCs with long durability and high conversion efficiency will expand the commercial prospects for this material. To bridge the lack of knowledge, further investigation is required on the sustainability and longevity of PSCs.     

卟啉/酞菁配合物修饰钙钛矿太阳能电池研究

为解决资源短缺和环境污染问题,太阳能电池应用研究引起了广泛的科学关注。在过去的十年间,钙钛矿太阳能电池作为一种新型的电池技术得到了快速发展,逐渐成为目前商业化硅基太阳能电池最有力的竞争对手之一。然而,钙钛矿薄膜在低温溶液制备过程中不可避免地形成缺陷,这些缺陷是严重制约钙钛矿太阳能电池光电转化效率与长期运行稳定性得到进一步提高的主要因素。利用功能化有机分子钝化钙钛矿薄膜表面及晶界处缺陷是提升电池性能及稳定性的有效手段。卟啉/酞菁金属配合物具有良好的稳定性和优异的光电特性,利用卟啉/酞菁金属配合物修饰钙钛矿薄膜是提高钙钛矿太阳能电池性能和稳定性的有效方法之一。本文综述了卟啉/酞菁金属配合物界面调控实现高效稳定钙钛矿太阳能电池组装的研究进展,并对其存在的问题及今后可能的发展方向进行了总结与展望。     

Material and Interface Engineering for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells: A Personal Journey and Perspective

Hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a shining star in the photovoltaic field due to their spectacular increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8 % to over 23 % in just few years, opening up the potential in addressing the important future energy and environment issues. The excellent photovoltaic performance can be attributed to the unique properties of the organometal halide perovskite materials, including high absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, high defect tolerance, and excellent charge transport characteristics. The authors entered this field when pursuing research on dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) by leveraging nanorods arrays for vectorial transport of the extracted electrons. Soon after, we and others realized that while the organometal halide perovskite materials have excellent intrinsic properties for solar cells, interface engineering is at least equally important in the development of high‐performance PSCs, which includes surface defect passivation, band alignment, and heterojunction formation. Herein, we will address this topic by presenting the historical development and recent progress on the interface engineering of PSCs primarily of our own group. This review is mainly focused on the material and interface design of the conventional n‐i‐p, inverted p‐i‐n and carbon electrode‐based structure devices from our own experience and perspective. Finally, the challenges and prospects of this area for future development will also be discussed.     

Large area,waterproof, air stable and cost effective efficient perovskite solar cells through modified carbon hole extraction layer

The conventional unstable and expensive hole transporting materials (HTM) has been replaced by cost effective modified carbon hole extraction layer. Herein, we demonstrated a new recipe toward air stable and waterproof modified carbon hole extraction layer for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The commercial available carbon ink modified with methylammonium lead iodide (MAI) has been used as hole extraction layer for ambipolar perovskite solar cells. The fabricated optimized perovskite solar cell having Glass/FTO/mp-TiO₂/MAPbI_3-xCl_x/carbon + MAI/Carbon configuration exhibited η = 13.87% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with open circuit voltage (V_OC) 0.997 V, current density (J_SC) = 21.41 mAcm^?2 and fill factor (FF) 0.65. Furthermore, the air stability were tested at room temperature in open atmosphere. The water proof stability was tested under water flushing. Our results revealed that, although our carbon based devices show lower PCE (η = 13.87%) compared to spiro-MeOTAD HTM (η = 15%), the fabricated PSCs could even retain >90% after water exposure >20 times and ambient air stability more than 160 days. Further the large area device (>1 cm²) device shows 13.04% PCE with Jsc = 21.47 mAcm^?2, V_OC = 0.996 V and FF = 0.61. We have also demonstrated >13% efficiency for large area device (>1.1 cm²), demonstrating that the developed method is simple, cost effective and promising towards large area device fabrication. The developed methodology based on low cost carbon hole extraction layer will be helpful towards waterproof and air stable perovskite solar cells for large-area devices.     

1D Choline-PbI3-Based Heterostructure Boosts Efficiency and Stability of CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

Defects in perovskite are key factors in limiting the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Generally, choline halide (ChX) can effectively passivate defects by binding with charged point defects of perovskite. However, we verified that ChI can react with CsPbI₃ to form a novel crystal phase of one-dimensional (1D) ChPbI₃, which constructs 1D/3D heterostructure with 3D CsPbI₃, passivating the defects of CsPbI₃ more effectively and then resulting in significantly improved photoluminescence lifetime from 20.2 ns to 49.4 ns. Moreover, the outstanding chemical inertness of 1D ChPbI₃ and the repair of undesired δ-CsPbI₃ deficiency during its formation process can significantly enhance the stability of CsPbI₃ film. Benefiting from 1D/3D heterostructure, CsPbI₃ carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs) delivered a champion efficiency of 18.05 % and a new certified record of 17.8 % in hole transport material (HTM)-free inorganic C-PSCs.