一种用于研究鹰蛾悬停飞行的扑翼实验装置

研制了一套新型的能够在空气中模拟鹰蛾悬停飞行的扑翼模型实验装置。装置由模型翼面和主体、舵机驱动单元、运动控制与检测、测力天平和采集系统等五部分构成。模型在计算机的控制下按照鹰蛾悬停飞行的活体观测数据完成扑翼运动。与此同时,系统采集得到扑翼的实际运动曲线以及模型所受到的非定常气动力。实验结果表明,模型扑翼运动能很好地复现鹰蛾悬停飞行的动态过程;所测得的气动升力与鹰蛾的悬停条件相一致;由模型实验的升阻力数据所得的挥拍面前倾角也与活体观测结果相吻合。该模拟实验装置运动调节灵活,执行便捷,操控可靠,且能够测量空气中的微小非定常气动力,这为进一步深入研究扑翼运动的机理提供了方便的手段。     

当地DFD方法在扑翼流动数值模拟中的应用

应用当地DFD（Domain-Free Discretization）方法对包含复杂运动边界的扑翼流场进行了数值模拟。该方法通过壁面法线方向的外插确定外部相关点上的流动变量值,同时强加相应的边界条件。应用这种方法,动边界流动的模拟可以在固定网格上实现,无需为了跟随物体的运动而在每个时间步上对网格进行实时更新。对三种拍动模式的双翅流场进行了数值模拟,升、阻力系数时间历程的计算结果与参考文献的实验数据吻合很好,验证了当地DFD方法处理复杂动边界问题的可靠性。最后,数值模拟了完整昆虫模型的扑翼流场,并详细分析了涡系结构和飞行机理。     

仿生扑翼飞行机器人翅型的研制与实验研究

模仿昆虫和小鸟飞行的扑翼飞行机器人将举升、悬停和推进功能集于一个扑翼系统,与固定翼和旋翼完全不同,因此研究只能从生物仿生开始。生物飞行的极端复杂性使得进行完整和精确的扑翼飞行分析非常复杂,因此本文在仿生学进展基础上,通过一些合适的假设和简化,建立了仿生翅运动学和空气动力学模型,并以此为基础研制了多种翅型。研制了气动力测量实验平台,对各种翅型进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,研制的翅型都能产生一定的升力,其中柔性翅具有较好的运动性能和气动性能,并且拍动频率和拍动幅度对升力有较大影响。     

基于三路舵机驱动的扑翼飞行模型气动特性研究

扑动而形成非定常气动现象是扑翼飞行过程中产生高升力的主要原因。本文以Ellington实验的鹰蛾翅膀为原形,设计扑翼实验及数值计算模型。通过压差传感器对翅膀模型上翼面固定位置进行测压,分析前缘涡的产生及脱落情况(考虑动压效应)。测量上下翼面固定位置处的压差,揭示扑翼飞行中产生高升力的主要原因。利用烟风洞观察扑翼模型周围流场结构及特殊涡产生变化情况。另外,根据Ellington提供的升力关系式估算了扑翼模型在一个周期内的平均升力。最后,基于三维欧拉方程对扑翼飞行气动特性进行数值模拟,计算结果与实验吻合良好。     

添加聚合物对混合层流场特性影响的实验研究

叙述了适用于粘弹性流体混合层流场的实验装置的设计和研制．采用二维激光多普勒系统对混合层流场进行了测量，得到了平均速度剖面、动量厚度、湍流脉动强度、雷诺应力等一些流场的基本特征量．结果表明，混合层中加入聚合物后流场将有较大的变化，同时也说明本文所研制的实验装置满足实验的要求．     

一种平行曲柄连杆扑翼机构的设计、优化与实现

提出了一种来自于昆虫结构启发的平 行曲柄连杆的扑翼机构. 该机构依靠两组平行布置的曲 柄连杆和连杆间的翼面控制机构实现, 既能够保证扑翼运动左右翼面的对称性, 又能够实现挥拍 攻角的调节和控制, 采用MATLAB的非线性优化工具对该扑翼机构进行了运动参数的 优化, 并设计制作了大比例的实物扑翼模型进行测力分析. 结果验证了这种扑 翼机构能够给出非定常高升力.     

点起爆炸药驱动圆板击靶波形的数值模拟研究

用自行研制的二维流体动力学程序TDY2D对点起爆驱动圆板运动的3个模型进行数值模拟计算,得到的飞片击靶波形与实验波形均符合较好,具有较高的计算精度,验证了该程序的准确性和有效性。通过对爆轰驱动飞片运动过程数值模拟结果的分析,得到了装置参数对飞片击靶波形影响规律的初步认识。     

双差动声-光频移二维激光测速系统及其应用

我们研制了一种双差动声-光频移二维激光测速系统。全套系统由偏振分离二维光路、双差动声-光频移装置、信号和微机数据处理系统等组成,具有功能广、信噪比较高、信息利用率高等特点,为测量二维复杂流动提供了比较完整的技术和手段。应用此系统测量了非对称突扩管道和气流绕矩形障碍物上下游的二维湍流分离流场,得到了二维平均速度、湍流度、雷诺应力分布以及速度概率密度函数和湍流功率谱等流动参数。实验雷诺数对非对称突扩水流为Re_H=5900,对绕障碍物气流为Re_H=4500。     

圆柱空腔内涡破裂的LDA三维流动测量

针对旋转圆柱空腔内旋转流场泡状涡破裂现象,设计了实验装置,分析了实验系统中光路设置、折射率补偿、示踪粒子选择等关键问题的处理方法,采用激光多谱勒速度测量技术ＬＤＡ（ＬａｓｅｒＤｏｐｐｌｅｒＡｎｅｍｏｍ ｅｔｒｙ）进行测量,给出了圆柱空腔内子午面上二维速度全场和涡破裂区域的内部三维流动测量结果． 同时给出的数值计算模拟结果和实验测量结果非常吻合．     

前后双扑翼水平距离及相位差对其气动性能的影响

通过在动态网格上求解Navier-Stokes方程,对前后双扑翼的非定常粘性流场进行了数值模拟和气动干扰分析,考察了前后翼不同水平距离和不同相位差对其气动力和气动效率的影响。结果表明,扑动前翼和静止后翼间的气动干扰在各种不同水平距离下都有利于气动特性的改善,但气动干扰的作用随着前后翼水平距离的增大而减弱;前后双翼扑动的相位差是影响气动性能的重要参数,两翼间的气动干扰是否有利则与相位差和水平距离有直接联系。     

Three-dimensional particle image velocimetry for use in three-phase fluidization systems

A three-dimensional particle image velocimetry (3-DPIV) system is developed to measure the three-dimensional local flow properties of gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid fluidization systems. The 3-DPIV system requires one camera to simultaneous record orthogonal views of the flow field created by a special optical arrangement. The 3-DPIV has been successfully calibrated and is capable of providing qualitative and quantitative flow information including three-dimensional, full-field, instantaneous velocities, accelerations and holdups of each phase. In this study, sample results of the application of the 3-DPIV technique to a three-dimensional gas-liquid-solid fluidization system operating in the dispersed bubble flow regime demonstrate that the 3-DPIV technique is an effective instrument in studying the local, transient flow phenomena in multiphase systems.Notation D focal length of camera - d _a horizontal offset - l particle displacement - t time interval between consecutive video frames - U particle velocity - Ul superficial liquid velocity - Ug superficial gas velocity - V virtual viewpoint of orthogonal projection - x, y, z spatial coordinates - z _a vertical offset This work was supported by the NSF Grant CTS-9200793.     

A two-dimensional lagrangian technique for flow field measurement under high dynamic pressure

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) Langrangian technique for flow field measurement under high dynamic pressure is presented, which included a set of experimental device and 2-D Lagrange composite manganin-constantan ring gages. With this kind of gage, the histories of pressure and radial displacement can be measured simultaneously at different Lagrange positions in an axisymmetric shock loading flow field. The technique has some advantages over the 1-D one, such as, simplified loading device, continuously adjustable output pressure, no restriction on sample length and the availability for the study of lateral rarefaction in shock propogation. As a preliminary application, the processes of 2-D shock initiation and attenuation in compacted TNT are measured.     

水垫塘三元流态及消能特征的数值和实验研究

采用数值模拟和实验测试相结合的方法对水利工程中高拱坝泄洪水垫塘三元流场进行研究．获得了详细的流态特征，得到了水垫塘三元典型流态概化图．研究了水垫塘消能特性，并据此将塘内水体划分为剪切消能区、撞击消能区和混掺消能区．计算和实验所得的速度场及底板最大冲击动压相比较，二者基本一致．     

流动显示技术及其现代发展概况

本文回顾了流动显示发展的历史,以及它在流体力学研究中所起的作用。根据获取流动信息的方式不同,流动显示技术可分为两大类型。作为近代技术发展的例子,三维非对称流干涉图的定量计算、片光技术、散斑照相术、激光诱导萤光法、多普勒干涉图象显示速度场、光电信号转换激光干涉仪、以及图象处理和计算机产生数字流谱技术均作了简要的介绍。     

Two approaches to modeling unstable flow and mixing of variable density fluids in porous media

Density variation of aqueous phase fluids flowing in a porous medium, resulting from spatial and temporal variation of solute concentration, often gives rise to unstable flow, and therefore has a significant effect on solute transport. Studies on simulating unstable flow and mixing of variable density fluids in seemingly homogeneous porous media are rare. In this study, a three-dimensional (3-D) and a one-dimensional (1-D) model were developed to simulate unstable flow and mixing in a vertical, nominally 1-D system. In the 3-D model, the fluid flow and solute transport equations were solved numerically with a very fine spatial discretization. The 1-D numerical model was derived from a theoretical model to simulate the flow and mixing of fluids with variable density and viscosity at the field scale. To evaluate the models, simulated results were compared with experimental data from displacement experiments in a vertical sand column. The results show that the 1-D model provides fairly good prediction of breakthrough curves and that the 3-D model is able to qualitatively simulate breakthrough curves for highly unstable flow and mixing.Contribution from the Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. as AAES Journal No. 3-955037.     

数字图像相关方法若干关键问题研究进展

本文报道了作者及其所在课题组近期在数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法上取得的重要研究进展。主要包括:(1)通过对DIC方法中反向组合高斯-牛顿算法的理论误差分析,提出了新的理论误差公式,进一步证明了反向组合高斯-牛顿算法在提高计算速度和测量精度方面的综合优势;(2)采用提出的理论误差公式,发展了数字散斑场的优化及制作方法,保证了测量结果的一致性和正确性;(3)基于相机阵列和图像拼接技术,发展了超分辨率数字图像相关方法,大大提高了DIC测量方法的应变测量分辨率;(4)提出了大视场条件下的三维系统标定方法,实现了三维测量系统的外参实时标定和多相机测量系统中相机位姿的自动矫正;(5)研制了便携式原位三维测量仪和多尺度DIC测量系统,实现了三维实时数字图像相关测量,进一步满足了DIC方法在工业在线检测和医学领域中的应用需求。     

The movement and thermal history of an aluminium particle in a RF plasma generator

In previous studies on plasma-particle interaction, as far as we know, the rf plasma flow and temperature fields are all simulated by the non-self-consistent one-dimensional electromagnetic (1-D EM) field model. In the present paper, the complete self-consistent two-dimensional electromagnetic (2-D EM) field model incorporating the axial Lorentz force component, which is neglected in the 1-D model, is firstly adopted to calculate the aluminium particle trajectory and thermal history in atmospheric rf Ar plasma with the particle evaporation effect included. The crucial effect of reverse flow within the coil region on the particle trajectory is discovered and the results show that the 2-D EM field model must be adopted instead of the 1-D model when the plasma-particle interaction is studied. The effect of carrier gas flux on the particle movement and heating are also studied, resulting in some useful conclusions for both plasma theory and application. recommended by Prof. Wu Chengkang The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Investigation of flow mechanism of a robotic fish swimming by using flow visualization synchronized with hydrodynamic force measurement

When swimming in water by flapping its tail, a fish can overcome the drag from uniform flow and propel its body. The involved flow mechanism concerns 3-D and unsteady effects. This paper presents the investigation of the flow mechanism on the basis of a 3-D robotic fish model which has the typical geometry of body and tail with periodic flapping 2-freedom kinematical motion testing in the case of St = 0.78, Re = 6,600 and phase delay mode (φ = −75°), in which may have a greater or maximum propulsion (without consideration of the optimal efficiency). Using a special technique of dye visualization which can clearly show vortex sheet and vortices in detail and using the inner 3-component force balance and cable supporting system with the phase-lock technique, the 3-D flow structure visualized in the wake of fish and the hydrodynamic force measurement were synchronized and obtained. Under the mentioned flapping parameters, we found the key flow structure and its evolution, a pair of complex 3-D chain-shape vortex (S–H vortex-rings, S₁–H₁ and S₂–H₂, and their legs L₁ and L₂) flow structures, which attach the leading edge and the trailing edge, then shed, move downstream and outwards and distribute two anti-symmetric staggering arrays along with the wake of the fish model in different phase stages during the flapping period. It is different with in the case of St = 0.25–0.35. Its typical flow structure and evolution are described and the results prove that they are different from the viewpoints based on the investigation of 2-D cases. For precision of the dynamic force measurement, in this paper it was provided with the method and techniques by subtracting the inertial forces and the forces induced by buoyancy and gravity effect in water, etc. from original data measured. The evolution of the synchronized measuring forces directly matching with the flow structure was also described in this paper.     

高频热等离子体发生器数值模拟最近进展

高频感应耦合热等离子体发生器中的流动与传热和电磁场强烈耦合,它的数值模拟经历了从最简单的一维模型到比较完善的二维数值模拟的几个发展阶段.以前的基于一维非自洽电磁场解的模拟方法,最近已为包括自洽电磁场解的新方法所取代.新方法还能容易地推广到三维情形,从而为发生器的性能预估及参数优化提供有力的工具.本文概述了最近这一进展的产生背景及研究情况.