利用造纸污泥制备木素基阳离子絮凝剂及其性能的研究

以造纸污泥中提取的木质素为原料,合成了木素基阳离子絮凝剂。研究了催化剂种类、反应物配料比、反应温度、反应时间等对合成产物脱色性能的影响,确定了较佳合成工艺条件为:引发剂K2S2O8用量为木质素磺酸钠质量的0.7%,活化时间1.5 min,木质素磺酸钠与单体质量比为1∶1.5,反应温度为70℃,反应时间1.5 h,采用红外光谱对产物结构进行了表征。产物对几种模拟染料废水具有良好的脱色性能,在酸性(pH1～2)条件下,脱色率均达84.4%以上。通过比较木质素与接枝产物的絮凝效果以及絮体的微观形貌,对其絮凝机理进行了初步探讨。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对于模拟油田聚驱污水的絮凝性能

用絮凝剂二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)的均聚物和共聚物处理了模拟油田聚驱污水.考察了影响絮凝效果的因素,并进行了与无机絮凝剂的复配研究.实验结果表明:DMDAAC的均聚物和共聚物的最佳絮凝温度分别为30℃和33℃;最佳投药量范围与污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度有关;残留聚合物含量低,阳离子度高时,絮凝效果较好;与聚合氯化铝(PAC)的复配可以实现优势互补,达到较理想的聚驱污水处理效果.     

Model prediction of batch emulsion copolymerization as a function of conversion: A sensitivity analysis

Recently a model has been developed capable of predicting absolute monomer concentrations and their ratios in the polymer, aqueous, and monomer droplet phases as a function of conversion in batch emulsion copolymerizations without using any adjustable parameters. In this article the sensitivity of model predictions of composition drift toward deviations of 10% in all model parameters (maximum swellabilities of monomer in the polymer phase, water solubilities, reactivity ratios, and monomer and polymer densities) was estimated using the monomer combination methyl methacrylate-styrene as an example. From the sensitivity analysis it can be concluded that the reactivity ratios are the most important parameters affecting composition drift. The effects of deviations in maximum swellabilities and monomer and polymer densities on composition drift can be neglected, while the water solubility is important only in those cases where the amount of monomer in the aqueous phase cannot be neglected as compared with the total monomer amount. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of styrene: Pseudo‐semicontinuous approach

The sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by a water‐soluble initiator at different temperatures has been investigated. The rate of polymerization (R_p) versus conversion curve shows the two non‐stationary‐rate intervals typical for the polymerization proceeding under non‐stationary‐state conditions. The shape of the R_p versus conversion curve results from two opposite effects—the increased number of particles and the decreased monomer concentration at reaction loci as the polymerization advances. At elevated temperatures the monomer emulsion equilibrates to a two‐phase or three‐phase system. The upper phase is transparent (monomer), and the lower one is blue colored, typical for microemulsion. After stirring such a multiphase system and initiation of polymerization, the initial coarse polymer emulsion was formed. The average size of monomer/polymer particles strongly decreased up to about 40% conversion and then leveled off. The initial large particles are assumed to be highly monomer‐swollen particles formed by the heteroagglomeration of unstable polymer particles and monomer droplets. The size of the “highly monomer” swollen particles continuously decreases with conversion, and they merge with the growing particles at about 40–50% conversion. The monomer droplets and/or large highly monomer‐swollen polymer particles also serve as a reservoir of monomer and emulsifier. The continuous release of nonionic (hydrophobic) emulsifier from the monomer phase increases the colloidal stability of primary particles and the number of polymer particles, that is, the particle nucleation is shifted to the higher conversion region. Variations of the square and cube of the mean droplet radius with aging time indicate that neither the coalescence nor the Ostwald ripening is the main driving force for the droplet instability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 804–820, 2003     

环硅氧烷开环聚合反应的机理及动力学研究

环硅氧烷在亲核或亲电催化剂、温度或辐射作用下,可开环聚合生成线型聚硅氧烷,聚合方法主要有本体聚合和乳液聚合.本体聚合可分为阴离子聚合和阳离子聚合,阴离子聚合就是在碱性催化剂(亲核试剂)作用下,使环硅氧烷开环聚合成线型聚硅氧烷的过程;阳离子聚合就是环硅氧烷在酸性催化剂(亲电试剂)作用下的开环聚合反应.乳液聚合则是单体和水(或其它分散介质)并用乳化剂配成乳液状态进行聚合,按所采用的乳化剂种类不同,主要有阴离子型和阳离子型两种类型.本文总结了近几年国内外环硅氧烷本体聚合和乳液聚合的开环聚合机理及动力学研究情况,并对今后此方面的研究进行了展望.     

PTFE辐射接枝对苯乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷制备质子交换膜

采用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜室温下共辐射接枝单体p-苯乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(StSi),之后经磺化和水解缩聚制备了含有亲水性的—Si—O—Si—交联结构和Si—OH基团的质子交换膜.研究了溶剂、吸收剂量、吸收剂量率以及单体浓度等参数对接枝率的影响,并对质子交换膜的离子交换容量(IEC)、吸水性、尺寸稳定性及电导率等性能进行了分析.结果表明,实验条件下接枝率随吸收剂量和单体浓度增加而增加,采用3mol·L-1的单体浓度减少均聚物;吸收剂量率为10～43Gy·min-1时,接枝率随剂量率变化不明显;以甲苯做溶剂可获得较高接枝率并保持膜的机械强度;IEC值、吸水性和电导率随接枝率增加而增大,是—SO3H、—Si—O—Si—交联结构和Si—OH基团共同作用的结果.接枝率72.5%时膜的IEC值为1.53mmol·g-1,高于Nafion117(0.89mmol·g-1),90℃吸水率为63%,尺寸稳定(优于Nafion117),质子电导率达1.5×10-2S·cm-1,获得了低于Nafion117的甲醇透过性,接枝率50.1%时甲醇透过系数0.82×10-6cm2·s-1.     

Development of an ab initio emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization: from microemulsion to emulsion

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully extended to an ab initio emulsion system using a "two-step" procedure, in which the final emulsion polymerization system was formed by adding monomer to an ongoing microemulsion ATRP. The newly developed AGET (activators generated by electron transfer) initiation technique was employed in the first stage of this ab initio ATRP. It allows using oxidatively stable Cu(II) species that is reduced in situ by ascorbic acid. The surfactant concentration in the final emulsion system was efficiently decreased to approximately 2 wt % (approximately 10 wt % vs monomer) by decreasing the catalyst concentration and changing the ratio of the monomer added at the microemulsion stage to the monomer added during the second stage. This two-step procedure avoids the necessity of transporting catalysts through the aqueous media during polymerization, resulting in a controlled emulsion polymerization, as evidenced by a linear first-order kinetic plot and formation of a polymer with a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.2-1.4). The polymerization typically reached 70-90% monomer conversion in 5-6 h. The resulting polymer had high chain-end functionality and was successfully chain extended to form in situ block copolymers by adding the second monomer to an ongoing emulsion polymerization. The stable latex from the ab initio emulsion ATRP had a particle size approximately 120 +/- 10 nm.     

具有聚集诱导发光效应的咔唑基三苯乙烯衍生物单体及聚合物

合成了一类新的咔唑基三苯乙烯衍生物单体及其聚合物.利用示差扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TGA)、紫外可见分光光度法和荧光分光光度法等对单体和聚合物的性能进行了初步的表征.实验结果表明,该单体和聚合物具有较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),分别为210℃和229℃;单体和聚合物均具有很高的热稳定性,热失重5%的温度分别为466℃和467℃;单体具有明显的聚集诱导发光性能(AIE),而聚合物则具有聚集诱导增强发光性能(AIEE);所合成的单体和聚合物有望在OLED器件以及化学传感器上得到应用.     

环硅氧烷负离子乳液聚合中活性中心浓度的变化规律

以八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)为单体,十二烷基二甲基苄基氢氧化铵(BDAH)为乳化剂兼催化剂,进行环硅氧烷负离子乳液聚合,采用凝胶色谱(GPC)测定聚合产物的转化率及分子量.在此基础上,分析基元反应,提出活性中心生成机理,并应用环硅氧烷开环聚合普适动力学模型计算乳液聚合平衡之前的活性中心浓度变化规律.结果发现,聚合温度较低时,活性中心浓度随时间逐渐增加,最终恒定;聚合温度较高时,活性中心浓度随时间仅单调递增.结果与机理相符.     

燃料电池用侧链型磺化聚砜质子交换膜的性能

在制备氯甲基化聚砜(CPS)的基础上,以1,2-二羟基苯-3,5-二磺酸钠为试剂,通过亲核取代反应制备一种侧链末端为磺酸基团的侧链型磺化聚砜(PS-BDS),并采用溶液浇注法制备相应的质子交换膜(PEM),研究温度对PEM性能的影响规律。 结果表明,由于亲水基团远离疏水聚合物主链,该PEM能够形成亲水微区远离疏水微区的相分离结构,亲水区域对主链的影响较小,该PEM在高磺化度下仍能保持较好的尺寸稳定性,随着温度的升高,PEM的吸水率(WU)、吸水溶胀率(SW)和质子传导率(PC)升高,其中PS-BDS-4(离子交换容量为1.57 mmol/g)在25和85 ℃时的SW仅为22.1%和55.0%,甲醇的渗透率(DK)仅为10.17×10^-7 cm²/s,低于商业化的Nafion115(16.8×10^-7 cm²/s)和Nafion117(23.8×10^-7 cm²/s),表现出很好的综合性能。     

化学混凝法处理废纸制浆废水的研究

在对瓦楞箱板纸废纸制浆废水的特性作了较系统的分析研究的基础上 ,采用自制的混凝剂LPAS及商品絮凝剂聚合氯化铝PAC ,研究了二者的最佳使用条件与对该废水的处理效果 ,结果表明 :混凝剂LPAS比商品絮凝剂PAC对该废水有更好的处理效果 ,当混凝剂LPAS用量为1 50mg/L时 ,废水CODcr、TSS的去除率分别达 71 .8%和 83.6 % ,添加助凝剂FO4 2 4 0可使絮层的沉降速度加快。     

GROUP TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYL ACRYLATE WITH LEWIS ACID CATALYST

This paper reports the kinetics of group transfer polymerization (GTP)of ethyl acrylate (EA)with zinc iodide catalyst in 1,2-dichloroethane using dimethyl ketene methyl trimethylsilyl acetal (MTS) as initiator at 0℃and above 0℃. The amount of catalyst used was studied. When zinc iodide catalyst used is more than 10mol% relative to monomer, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the concentration of monomer, whereas zinc iodide catalyst used is less than 10 mol% of the monomer, the rate of polymerization is independent of the monomer concentration.In the GTP of EA an induction period was observed when the zinc iodide contents are less than l0mol%. If the reaction temperature is over 0℃, living species become unstable and diminish, leading to incomplete monomer conversion. The reaction curves equations are obtained. The polymers have narrow molecular weight distributions which are not changed as decreasing zinc iodide contents. The polydispersity is about 1.2.     

Preparation of emulsion‐templated fluorinated polymers and their application in oil/water separation

A series of emulsion‐templated fluorinated polymers (polyHIPEs) were first synthesized with introducing 2‐(perfluorohexyl)ethyl methacrylate (PEM) to the external phase of water‐in‐styrene high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templates. The morphology (i.e., void size and its distribution) of these porous materials could be tuned simply by changing PEM and/or surfactant amount. The synergistic effect between the surface chemistry and surface architecture allowed the polyHIPEs to possess hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 151°. The superhydrophobicity and oleophilicity of the polyHIPEs, together with their highly open porous structure, make the material a very competitive candidate as a filtration material for oil/water separation in practice with the efficiency of separating dichloromethane from the oil/water mixture of 95%. Such oil/water separating capacity was maintained after 10 cycles of filtration of oil/water, indicating the cyclic usage of the polyHIPE is feasible. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 1508–1515     

在无机SiO2纳米粒子存在下的苯丙乳液共聚合

研究了在无机SiO₂纳米粒子存在下的苯丙乳液共聚合.选择了能使苯丙乳液稳定存在的乳化剂体系,研究了温度和SiO₂的加入对聚合过程转化率的影响,结果表明,SiO₂的加入对聚合过程有阻聚作用,使单体的转化率降低.SEM照片证明SiO₂粒子已经进入苯丙乳液粒子中,而且SiO₂的加入对乳液制成的膜断面形态有一定影响.实验发现在无机SiO₂纳米粒子存在下,苯丙乳液共聚合时有较多残渣出现,对此通过改进乳液聚合进行了有效地改善.同时对制成的复合材料进行了力学性能和热学性能的测定.     

Synthesis of cationic polyacrylamide via inverse emulsion polymerization method for the application in water treatment

In order to improve the flocculent efficiency of wastewater treatment, a cationic flocculant poly (acrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride) (P (AM-DMC)) (CPAM) has been synthesized successfully via an inverse emulsion polymerization. Acrylamide (AM) and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) were served as monomers. The molecular structure of CPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (¹H-NMR). The morphology of CPAM particles has been investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results showed that CPAM was the copolymer of AM and DMC and the particles of CPAM were uniform spheres (the size was about 200?nm). The synthetic conditions of CPAM have been studied and optimized by single-factor experiments. An optimized product was obtained at an intrinsic viscosity of 560?mL/g with a total monomer concentration of 25% and initiator concentration V50 of 0.2% (based on the total monomer mass). The amount of emulsion was 6% and the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile-Balance) of emulsion was 7.3. In addition, the flocculation property of CPAM was evaluated with kaolin suspension using jar test, and the result demonstrated that the flocculation property of CPAM performed better than kaolin flocculation.     

氯丁胶乳乳液接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯的反应动力学

采用乳液聚合法将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)接枝到氯丁胶乳上,红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱证实了接枝产物的生成。 研究了反应温度、乳化剂浓度、引发剂浓度和单体浓度对表观聚合速率的影响。 结果表明,当反应温度为50 ℃,引发剂叔丁基过氧化氢 四乙烯五胺（t-BHP/TEPA）用量为氯丁胶乳干重的0.5%,单体/聚合物质量比m(M)∶m(P)=3∶5,乳化剂十二烷基连苯醚二磺酸钠（DSB）用量为单体总质量1%时,单体转化率和接枝效率分别为99.1%和54.9%。 聚合反应动力学关系式为：Rp=Kc(E)0.15c(I)0.30c(MMA)1.41,式中,K为常数,在40~55 ℃范围内,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea＝60.2 kJ/mol。 接枝聚合基本符合自由基反应机理。     

Emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene with redox system containing tert-butylperbenzoate. II. Polymerization mechanism

Emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and propylene (P) initiated by trilon-rongalite catalytic system containing tert-C₄H₉OH, initial monomer mixture, emulsifier (C₇F₁₅COONH₄) concentration, and monomer mixture/water ratio on the polymerization rate (R) and molecular weight (M?_n ) was investigated. Both R and M?_n increased considerably with TFE content in monomer mixture up to 75 mol %. Alternating rubber-like copolymers in a wide range of initial monomer mixture (from 55–85 mol %) were obtained. The reactivity ratio was found to be r_TFE = 0.005 ± 0.04 and r_p = 0.17 ± 0.07. Above the critical miscelle concentration, the effects of the initiating system Is and emulsifier Cs on R and M?_n were found to obey the following relations: according to which emulsion copolymerization proceeds by the I case of Smith-Ewart theory. Polymerization mechanism of the reaction studied was suggested. The copolymerization is mainly terminated by degradative chain transfer of the propagating radicals to propylene. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

醇溶性聚丙烯酸酯乳液的合成及性能研究

以丙烯酸乙酯(EA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为主单体,采用过硫酸盐作引发剂,经预乳化乳液聚合工艺合成了聚丙烯酸酯乳液.讨论了乳化剂种类、单体种类以及功能性单体、引发剂加入工艺对乳液聚合过程及乳液产品性能的影响.结果表明:单体组成为m(MMA)∶m(EA)∶m(MAA)=45∶40∶15所得乳液聚合物能满足使用性能要求;种子引发剂加入质量控制在单体总质量的0.3%,而总的引发剂用量占单体总质量的0.8%较适宜.用差热分析仪和凝胶渗透色谱仪对乳液聚合物进行了表征.     

FLOW PROPERTIES OF WEATHERED CRUDE OILS AND THEIR EMULSIONS

The present paper proposes the emulsification of weathered crude oils in water as a competitive and cost effective method for reducing their viscosities. Weathered crude oil samples were collected from major Kuwaiti oil lakes. Emulsion preparation involved using, either a nonionic surfactant or alkali, as well as both alkali and fatty acid. The obtained emulsions were characterized by measuring the droplet size distribution of the dispersed phase using optical microscopy. Emulsion stability was also examined in terms of the system breakdown. The rheological properties were measured using a concentric cylinder rotary rheometer. The emulsion rheological behavior has been studied as a function of composition, temperature, and shear rate. A constitutive model was developed to characterize the pseudoplastic behavior of the crude oil and the emulsion systems. The model fitted well the experimental results with a correlation coefficient higher than 95%. Associated with the pseudoplastic behavior, viscoelastic behavior has been observed with emulsions and some oils at high shear rates.

The results of this investigation indicated that the examined weathered crude oils can be transported through pipelines as emulsions of up to 80 vol.% oil concentrations. The proposed method of treatment with NaOH and oleic acid offers several advantages over the surfactant treatment. It exhibited comparable rheological behavior at lower cost and less mixing energy. It also provided higher emulsion stability, which favors oil transportation for longer distances.     

Emulsion polymerization of hydrophobia monomers

Emulsion polymerization is the most important industrial polymerization process for manufacturing water based polymers. The heterogeneous nature of the process requires the diffusion of monomers from the emulsified droplets, through the aqueous medium, into the polymer particles where the polymerization takes place. Adequate solubility of the monomer is necessary for the diffusion process to occur effectively. Consequently, very hydrophobic monomers cannot be readily incorporated by emulsion polymerization. The use of a catalytic level of cyclodextrin allows the use of very hydrophobic monomers in emulsion polymerization.^[1] The mechanism of the process is believed to involve a catalytic cycle in which cyclodextrin acts as a “Phase Transport Catalyst”, continuously complexing and solubilizing the hydrophobic monomers and releasing them to the polymer particles. The kinetics and thermodynamics are favorable for the reaction to proceed.