Effect of validation procedure on step noise amplitude in LDV spectra evaluation

 The evaluation of turbulence power spectra from velocity data acquired by LDA is considered. An analysis of the effect of the validation procedure, implemented in many data processors, on the power spectrum obtained by the sample and hold method is reported and compared to experimental results. The existence of a new term in the measured power spectrum step noise is predicted and experimentally verified and a procedure for eliminating spectral bias and estimating the Taylor time scale is suggested and applied. Received: 13 May 1997/Accepted: 21 October 1997     

Irregular particle sizing using speckle pattern for continuous wave laser applications

We present velocity power spectra computed by the so-called direct method from burst-type laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) data, both measured in a turbulent round jet and generated in a computer. Using today’s powerful computers, we have been able to study more properties of the computed spectra than was previously possible, and we noted some unexpected features of the spectra that we now attribute to the unavoidable influence of a finite measurement volume (MV). The most prominent effect, which initially triggered these studies, was the appearance of damped oscillations in the higher frequency range, starting around the cutoff frequency due to the finite size of the MV. Using computer-generated data mimicking the LDA data, these effects have previously been shown to appear due to the effect of dead time, i.e., the finite time during which the system is not able to acquire new measurements. These dead times can be traced back to the fact that the burst-mode LDA cannot measure more than one signal burst at a time. Since the dead time is approximately equal to the residence time for a particle traversing a measurement volume, we are dealing with widely varying dead times, which, however, are assumed to be measured for each data point. In addition, the detector and processor used in the current study introduce a certain amount of fixed processing and data transfer times, which further contribute to the distortion of the computed spectrum. However, we show an excellent agreement between a measured spectrum and our modeled LDA data, thereby confirming the validity of our model for the LDA burst processor.     

Spatial resolution and noise considerations in determining scalar dissipation rate from passive scalar image data

The effects of photonic shot noise and finite spatial resolution on the scalar dissipation rate were investigated for the analytical profile of a passive scalar layer subjected to a compressive strain, and the results were applied to interpret measured data from spray mixing data from an internal combustion engine. A Monte Carlo approach was employed. The measured scalar dissipation rate is underestimated, and the layer width measured at 20% of the peak height is overestimated by the finite resolution. The ratio of the local scalar spread value to the noise level, the spread-noise ratio, was found to describe the noise effects, which principally results in an overestimation of the scalar dissipation rate, especially at high resolution levels. The Nyquist resolution provides a good compromise between the sampling bias at low resolution and the noise bias at high resolution. Top hat filtering the raw data prior to calculation of the scalar dissipation rate was found to, effectively, reduce spatial resolution, whereas median filtering preserved the resolution. Both filters had a comparable effect on noise reduction. The evaluation of experimental data showed that a significant fraction of data reside at low spread-noise ratio and are biased by noise. The peak scalar dissipation rate is, however, not biased by noise and a method of estimating spatial resolution based on the peak scalar dissipation rate is described.     

Abridged Continuous Data Assimilation for the 2D Navier–Stokes Equations Utilizing Measurements of Only One Component of the Velocity Field

We introduce a continuous data assimilation (downscaling) algorithm for the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations employing coarse mesh measurements of only one component of the velocity field. This algorithm can be implemented with a variety of finitely many observables: low Fourier modes, nodal values, finite volume averages, or finite elements. We provide conditions on the spatial resolution of the observed data, under the assumption that the observed data is free of noise, which are sufficient to show that the solution of the algorithm approaches, at an exponential rate asymptotically in time, to the unique exact unknown reference solution, of the 2D Navier–Stokes equations, associated with the observed (finite dimensional projection of) velocity.     

金属往复滑动摩擦噪声源的识别

对金属往复滑动摩擦噪声进行了声学和动力学测量 ,通过对声压级和加速度进行时间历程波形分析、功率谱分析 ,确认摩擦噪声是由参加相对滑动的摩擦副的 1个或 2个部件的振动辐射所产生 ,摩擦噪声的声源体为参加摩擦运动的振动部件     

Chebyshev spectral method and Chebyshev noise processing procedure for vorticity calculation in PIV post-processing

Chebyshev spectral method and Chebyshev noise processing procedure are proposed for the calculation of vorticity from PIV experimental data. The Chebyshev spectral method offers superior intrinsic accuracy of derivative calculations. To overcome its noise sensitivity, the Chebyshev noise processing procedure can be applied prior to the derivative calculation to remove the high-frequency noise in the Chebyshev transform space. We compare the Chebyshev spectral method against the least-squares approach and test their performance in the calculation of vorticity with an Oseen vortex and with PIV data of the wake of a trapezoidal mixing tab. It is found that for clean velocity data the Chebyshev spectral method is extremely accurate. However, the Chebyshev spectral method alone is found to be more sensitive to noise than the least-squares method. When the Chebyshev noise processing procedure is applied together with the Chebyshev spectral method it greatly reduces the error and makes the Chebyshev spectral method more accurate than the least-squares method for a wide range of vorticity values. A special requirement imposed by the Chebyshev spectral method is that the PIV velocity processing must be carried out on special grids such as Gauss–Lobatto points.     

基于连续小波变换的风速时程特性识别与分析

由于风速时程属于频域宽和频率变化剧烈的时变信号,需用具有良好时频局部化特性和弹性时．频窗口的小波变换进行分析。本文的目的是在风速时程的描述上较全面地了解风速的时频特性。利用小波分析方法在时域和频域的良好局部化性质,聚焦到风速时程的任意细节并加以分析,快速、准确地提取样本的局部谱密度特征,特别是对在整个时程记录中,具有相同功率谱但时频内容有差别的风速时程。用小波变换分析试验得到的风速时程,并研究和识别试验得到的曲线和实测风速曲线的时频特性、能量关系和局部谱密度特征。     

Numerically induced oscillations in finite element approximations to the shallow water equations

Numerical noise has been a problem with finite element solutions to the shallow water equations. Two methods used to reduce the noise level are evaluated, and these results are compared with published results for equal-order interpolations. The two methods are mixed-interpolation (quadratic interpolation for velocity and linear interpolation for sea level) and a spectral form of the wave equation. Whereas mixed interpolation removes the troublesome sea level mode, it can still have considerable noise in velocity. The spectral wave equation is efficient and does not contain the spurious eigenmodes which contribute to high noise levels.     

Efficient estimation of power spectral density from laser Doppler anemometer data

 A non-biased estimator of power spectral density (PSD) is introduced for data obtained from a zeroth order interpolated laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) data set. The systematic error, sometimes referred to as the “particle-rate filter” effect, is removed using an FIR filter parameterized using the mean particle rate. Independent from this, a procedure for estimating the measurement system noise is introduced and applied to the estimated spectra. The spectral estimation is performed in the domain of the autocorrelation function and assumes no further process parameters. The new technique is illustrated using simulated and measured data, in the latter case with direct comparison to simultaneously acquired hot-wire data. Received: 9 June 1997/Accepted: 14 October 1997     

Determination of correlation functions of turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations by means of ultrasonic technique

An experimental study of the propagation of high-frequency acoustic waves through grid-generated turbulence by means of an ultrasound technique is discussed. Experimental data were obtained for ultrasonic wave propagation downstream of heated and non-heated grids in a wind tunnel. A semi-analytical acoustic propagation model that allows the determination of the spatial correlation functions of the flow field is developed based on the classical flowmeter equation and the statistics of the travel time of acoustic waves traveling through the kinematic and thermal turbulence. The basic flowmeter equation is reconsidered in order to take into account sound speed fluctuations and turbulent velocity fluctuations. It allows deriving an integral equation that relates the correlation functions of travel time, sound speed fluctuations and turbulent velocity fluctuations. Experimentally measured travel time statistics of data with and without grid heating are approximated by an exponential function and used to analytically solve the integral equation. The reconstructed correlation functions of the turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations are presented. The power spectral density of the turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations are calculated.     

Velocity-Gradient Dynamics in Turbulence: Effect of Viscosity and Forcing

The restricted Euler equation is a promising but incomplete model for velocity-gradient dynamics in turbulent flows. While it captures many of the geometric features of the vorticity vector and the strain rate tensor, viscous and anisotropic pressure Hessian effects are not accounted for satisfactorily. Inadequate viscous-effect modeling causes velocity gradients to diverge in finite time, rendering the restricted Euler model unsuitable for practical applications. We perform a Lagrangian frame analysis to comprehend fully the physics of the viscous relaxation time scale and propose a variable time-scale model that can adequately account for deformation history. Most importantly, the finite-time singularity (divergence of velocity gradients) problem is fully resolved with the present model. We also model the effects of forcing that is used in numerical simulations to sustain stationary isotropic turbulence. Detailed comparison of the new model with DNS data reveals good agreement.     

Large eddy simulation and spectrum analysis of flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side

Large eddy simulation cooperated with the second order full extension ETG ( Euler-Taylor-Galerkin ) finite element method was applied to simulate the flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side at a spacing ratio of 1.5. The second order full extension ETG finite element method was developed by Wang and He. By means of Taylor expansion of terms containing time derivative, time derivative is replaced by space derivative. The function of it is equal to introducing an artificial viscosity term. The streamlines of the flow at different moments were obtained. The time history of drag coefficient, lift coefficient and the streamwise velocity on the symmetrical points were presented. Furthermore, the symmetrical problem of the frequency spectrum of flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side were studied by using the spectral analysis technology. The data obtained at the initialstage are excluded in order to avoid the influence of initial condition on the results. The power spectrums of drag coefficient, lift coefficient, the streamwise velocity on the symmetrical points were analyzed respectively. The results show that although the time domain process of dynamic parameters is nonsymmetrical, the frequency domain process of them is symmetrical under the symmetrical boundary conditions.     

Measurement of instantaneous Eulerian acceleration fields by particle image accelerometry: method and accuracy

Acceleration is a fundamental quantity in fluid mechanics because it reflects the sum of all forces (pressure and viscous) present within the flow. However, measurements of acceleration have been difficult to achieve relative to the ease with which fluid velocity can be measured. A particle image accelerometer (PIA) has been developed to measure Eulerian acceleration fields by time-differencing successive measurements of the Eulerian velocity field as measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The measurements can also be made in uniformly translating frames. With current video camera technology, it is often not possible to measure the two velocity fields with a time separation sufficiently small enough to permit accurate finite difference approximation of the time derivative. A two-CCD-camera system has been developed to alleviate this limitation. Polarization filtering is utilized to separate the particle images viewed by each camera. The polarization filtering is achieved using cross-polarized light-sheets and a polarization filter just upstream of the imaging optics of the cameras. In this manner, PIV measurements can be achieved easily at time delays several orders of magnitude smaller than the shutter-time of the CCD cameras. The accuracy of the acceleration measurements is determined by numerical finite differencing errors and random noise and bias errors associated with the measurement of velocity. These errors, and methods of compensating for them, are studied.     

Rayleigh scattering for density measurements in premixed flames

Rayleigh scattering measurements for molecular number density in turbulent, premixed CH₄-air flames are discussed, and data for both flamelet passage time distributions and power spectral density functions are reported and compared to the recent predictions of Bray, Libby and Moss (1984). Measurement problems associated with variations in mixture-averaged Rayleigh scattering cross section, index of refraction fluctuations, finite spatial and temporal resolution and with scattering from particles are discussed. It is concluded that these effects are relatively minor in the reported experiments. Correction procedures are suggested for the effects of cross section variation and of finite resolution. Passage time and spectral data support the Bray, Libby and Moss hypothesis for the passage time distribution function. Furthermore, model predictions for the variation across the flame brush of mean passage times for both reactant and product eddies are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Finally, the data suggest that these mean times scale in part with ū and λ in the reactant flow.     

地震动速度脉冲对高温气冷堆核电厂地震反应的影响

为探讨近断层地震动的速度脉冲对结构抗震能力的影响特征,以某高温气冷堆核电厂结构为研究对象,利用有限元软件建立线性三维模型,选择4组具有速度脉冲特性的近断层地震动加速度记录及人工模拟的具有相同加速度反应谱而无速度脉冲的地震动时程分别作为地震动输入,对模型进行动力时程分析,对比在有、无速度脉冲地震动作用下模型的地震反应。研究发现,虽然反应过程中结构仍处于弹性阶段但是地震动的速度脉冲对结构的位移反应具有一定的不利影响,这一点与已有的基本认识不同。因此对于需要安装对位移反应较为敏感设备的高温气冷堆核电厂房,应充分关注地震动速度脉冲对结构反应的影响。     

Vibro-Acoustic Response of a Pipe Excited by a Turbulent Internal Flow

This article presents an experimental study of the vibro-acoustic response of a pipe excited by a fully-developed turbulent air flow. First, the wall pressure field acting on the internal pipe wall is investigated. The power spectral density of the wall pressure fluctuations is analyzed after cancellation of contaminating background noise. The convection velocity and correlation lengths are calculated from measured cross-spectra, and the cross-spectra are expressed in Corcos model form. Second, the vibro-acoustic response of the pipe is analyzed by referring to the structural modes of the pipe. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dipole nature of sound radiation by free turbulence with shear

The theory of aerodynamic generation of sound, whose fundamental principles were expounded by Lighthill in [1, 2], is used most in studying stream noise. According to this theory, the process of sound generation by free turbulence reduces to a quadrupole radiation mechanism and the sound intensity (without taking account of the effects of refraction and convection) depends on the stream velocity to the eighth power. In later years the Lighthill theory received intensive development in various directions. In particular, a number of papers, for example [3–7], in which the radiation of sound by a free stream was represented as the superposition of “shear noise” and “intrinsic noise” of turbulent pulsations, are devoted to the questions considered here about the influence of the mean velocity shear. A deduction is made in these papers which rely on the Lighthill theory, about the identical order of the intrinsic and shear noises. At the same time, the results of a number of experiments [8, 9] on the noise of subsonic jets show that the noise intensity at low subsonic velocities is proportional to the sixth power of the stream velocity. A dependence of the noise intensity on the sixth power of the velocity has been obtained by computational means in [10, 11] without relying on the Lighthill scheme for the solution. The noise intensity of a subsonic jet for just the shear component of the radiation was computed in [10] on the basis of the general solution of the wave equation, and it has been clarified that for low Mach numbers Maxa [M≤0.5] the sixth-power law is valid. This same law has been obtained in [11] for an acoustic field produced by pairs of moving vortices by using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. An attempt to explain the sixth-power law for the noise intensity of free turbulent streams by starting from the quadrupole radiation scheme was tried in [6], where it was assumed that the velocity pulsations depend on the stream velocity to the 3/4 rather than the first power. Utilization of this argument is inadequate since a direct dimensional analysis of the Lighthill solution results in a 7.5 power-law for shear noise and a seventh power law for the intrinsic noise of turbulent pulsations. This paper is devoted to an analysis of the discrepancy between the Lighthill quadrupole character of the sound radiation and the sixth-power dependence of the sound intensity on the stream velocity obtained as a result of the mentioned calculations [10, 11] and a number of experiments.     

Local time estimation for the slotted correlation function of randomly sampled LDA data

 The task of autocorrelation and power spectral density estimation from velocity data sampled irregularly in time by a laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) is addressed in this article. A new method based on the slotting technique was found to be a very reliable estimator. This article describes specific improvements of the slotting technique, the model-based variance estimation and the spectral transform leading to more accurate estimates of the autocorrelation function and the power spectral density. Furthermore, the new method yields more information especially at short time lags of the autocorrelation function, which can be used to derive improved estimates of the Taylor time scale. Received: 24 April 2001 / Accepted: 8 August 2001     

谱元法和高阶时间分裂法求解方腔顶盖驱动流

详细推导了谱元方法的具体计算公式和时间分裂法的具体计算过程 ;对一般的时间分裂法进行了改进 ,即对非线性步分别用 3阶 Adams-Bashforth方法和 4阶显式 Runge-Kutta法 ,粘性步采用 3阶隐式 Adams-Moulton形式 ,提高了时间方向的离散精度 ,同时还改进了压力边界条件 ,采用 3阶的压力边界条件 ;利用改进的时间分裂方法分解不可压缩 Navier-Stokes方程 ,并结合谱元法计算了移动顶盖方腔驱动流 ,提高了方法可以计算的 Re数 ,缩短了达到收敛的时间 ,并将结果与基准解进行比较 ;分析了移动顶盖方腔驱动流中 Re数对流场分布的影响。