黄河大堤历史口门的工程地质勘察方法研究

通过总结黄河堤防工程地质勘察的经验 ,就黄河大堤历史口门的工程地质勘察方法问题进行了系统的研究 ,针对历史口门工程地质勘察所需解决的三大问题 ,提出了有效的勘察方法 ,以更好地为堤防工程地质勘察方案的科学决策服务。     

南水北调西线工程及其主要工程地质问题

首先介绍了南水北调西线工程区及各河段枢纽的工程地质条件 ,工程区岩性以砂岩、板岩为主 ,地层褶皱强烈 ,活断裂发育 ,地表覆盖厚 ,地质条件相对复杂。讨论了西线工程可能遇到的主要工程地质问题 ,如地应力和岩爆、软岩蠕变、突水、碎屑流、活断层的突发性位错及高地温灾害等 ;一期工程的地质问题主要集中在深埋长隧洞和引水明渠方面 ,其中 ,输水明渠的工程地质问题主要为边坡稳定和水文地质条件评价     

黄河下游拟建堤防截渗墙的工程地质问题分析

根据黄河下游堤防区的工程地质勘察资料 ,分析和阐述了堤防区拟建截渗墙段的工程地质条件 ,针对堤基土渗透变形破坏、堤基土液化、不均匀沉陷、大堤隐患等主要工程地质问题进行了专门研究 ,并提出了有意义的处理措施 ,对黄河下游堤防工程的实施具有重要的实际意义。     

南水北调工程概况及其主要工程地质问题

南水北调跨流域调水工程 ,有东、中、西三条引水线路。由于南水北调工程规模巨大 ,跨过多个流域 ,其工程地质条件表现出多样性、复杂性等特点 ,有些问题也是调水工程特有的工程地质问题。本文简要介绍了南水北调东中西三条线的工程概况及其主要工程地质问题     

三峡引水工程秦巴段主要地质灾害及其工程影响

为了研究三峡引水工程秦巴段的地表地质灾害特征及其工程影响,本文在简要分析秦巴山地区域工程地质条件和线路工程地质条件的基础上,重点分析秦巴山区典型地质灾害分布特征及其对引水工程的影响,初步揭示：(1)秦巴山区浅表层地质灾害具有类型多、成群带分布、规模大小差异明显;(2)秦巴山区地质灾害形成发展的主要影响因素是构造地貌、高陡边坡、斜坡结构和易滑地层组合,主要诱发因素为局部集中强降雨和线性工程（主要是公路）切坡及河流冲蚀作用;(3)地表地质灾害主要影响引水设施施工安全、施工便道、主要场地（水库和渡槽）等的安全,需要引起重视。     

当前国际环境地质工程(环境岩土工程)研究的热点领域及其相关技术

当前环境地质工程(或称环境岩土工程)(EnvironmentalGeotechnology)国际学术讨论会的频繁召开, 反映了世界各国对解决环境问题的迫切愿望, 预示着一个世纪性的环境地质工程研究热潮已经到来。结合我国的国情分析这些会议所研讨的内容, 将有助于提高对当前环境地质工程热点研究领域的认识, 从而在解决国家所面临的环境问题及经济社会可持续发展中发挥应有的作用。本文是作者对当前国际环境地质工程(环境岩土工程)研究热点领域及其相关技术的集成。由于环境问题的广泛性, 对于国内的传统环境工程地质和地质灾害内容不加重复, 但它们同样重要。     

黄河下游堤防地质险段研究

由地质作用影响形成的易出险堤段称为地质险段 ,主要包括活断层作用影响形成的堤基易渗漏段、强地震高发区段和地基稳定性差段等。构造节点是识别地质险段的重要的河流地貌标志之一。根据成因 ,本文将黄河下游的地质险段分为三类 ,即新构造险段、沉降险段、断裂复活险段。针对黄河下游堤防地质特征 ,圈定出东坝头、大刘屯—董口黄河南岸和路那里—十里堡黄河南岸地质险段 ,提出了治理的有关措施     

超前地质预报在隧道工程中的应用

前方地质情况不明常常给隧道施工带来危险, 为解决这一问题, 超前地质预报工作应运而生。通过长梁山隧道的工程实践, 进一步证明了开展超前地质工作的重要性。     

小浪底工程中的关键力学问题

黄河小浪底工程规模宏大，地理位置重要、地质条件复杂、运用要求严格、水沙条件特殊，被称为世界上最具挑战性的水利工程之一，坝址区复杂的地质和黄河高含沙水流是小浪底工程技术复杂的主导因素，在土力学和土动力学、岩石力学、结构力学和结构动力学、水工水力学等多个力学领域中解决了关键技术问题，在一定程度上推动了工程力学中的试验分析方法和分析手段的发展。     

中国21世纪若干重大工程地质与环境问题

21世纪中国的大规模的国家建设不可避免地导致大量的工程地质与环境问题。 2 1世纪中国西部高山峡谷地区主要工程地质问题有: 构造活动带岩土体动力稳定性, 高地应力下岩体应变储能与岩体性质, 高陡边坡的变形及尺寸效应和动力稳定性, 深埋长大隧洞的地温与地压, 深埋隧洞岩体结构探测与施工地质超前预报, 大跨度复杂洞群变形与稳定性的群洞效应, 冻土的冻融变形、稳定性及其处理技术, 可溶岩岩溶规律与岩体利用问题, 河床深厚覆盖层的处理与利用等问题; 中国东部及沿海地区工程地质问题包括: 高速交通网建设中软土地基变形与稳定性及处理技术, 深井采矿中软岩巷道大变形与处理技术, 深厚松散堆积层上大型桥梁桥基变形与稳定性, 海底隧道围岩工程地质与水文地质问题, 城市多层地下空间开发中的工程地质问题等; 此外, 水土流失与北方大规模荒漠化问题, 黄河下游地上悬河与长江下游塌岸和堤防稳定性问题, 黄河断流引起的下游地区环境问题, 我国北方干旱地区水资源长期匮乏问题, 城市化中的环境破坏与污染控制等问题, 将是中国 2 1世纪突出的环境问题。中国工程地质工作者应当在结构土力学与岩体结构力学、工程地质学的基本理论与工程地质动力学、人 地相互作用机制与环境工程地质学、地质工程理论与方法。     

A finite element/volume method model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D shallow water equations

Analysis of surface water flows is of central importance in understanding and predicting a wide range of water engineering issues. Dynamics of surface water is reasonably well described using the shallow water equations (SWEs) with the hydrostatic pressure assumption. The SWEs are nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations that are in general required to be solved numerically. Application of a simple and efficient numerical model is desirable for solving the SWEs in practical problems. This study develops a new numerical model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D SWEs referred to as 2D finite element/volume method (2D FEVM) model. The continuity equation is solved with the conforming, standard Galerkin FEM scheme and momentum equations with an upwind, cell‐centered finite volume method scheme, utilizing the water surface elevation and the line discharges as unknowns aligned in a staggered manner. The 2D FEVM model relies on neither Riemann solvers nor high‐resolution algorithms in order to serve as a simple numerical model. Water at a rest state is exactly preserved in the model. A fully explicit temporal integration is achieved in the model using an efficient approximate matrix inversion method. A series of test problems, containing three benchmark problems and three experiments of transcritical flows, are carried out to assess accuracy and versatility of the model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A single cell high order scheme for the convection-diffusion equation with variable coefficients

A new finite difference scheme for the convection-diffusion equation with variable coefficients is proposed. The difference scheme is defined on a single square cell of size 2h over a 9-point stencil and has a truncation error of order h⁴. The resulting system of equations can be solved by iterative methods. Numerical results of some test problems are given.     

数值模拟在钱塘江涌潮分析中的应用──Ⅰ.数值计算方法

利用数值模拟的方法对钱塘江涌潮从杭州湾口开始形成、发展直至消失的全过程进行了深入全面的描写．从杭州湾口到钱塘江出口,采用二维圣维南浅水波方程描述水波的运动,而在钱塘江河内采用一维圣维南浅水波方程描写涌潮的发展过程．详细描述用于一维和二维圣维南方程计算钱塘江涌潮的数值计算方法,首次把无结构网格上的NND格式应用于求解二维圣维南方程,并给出了详细的推导过程．对上下游水边界分别采用无反射边界条件和特征线方法,而对于动边界问题本文也给出了相应的处理方法．     

求解浅水波方程的半离散中心迎风方法

将Jin's的界面方法应用到求解双曲守恒型方程的半离散中心迎风方法中,给出了一种新的求解浅水波方程的半离散中心迎风差分方法。对于源项,不是采用传统的单元均值而是采用单元界面处的值来近似,使所得格式对稳定态的求解是均衡的。且已证明所给的二阶精度的求解格式保持水深的非负性,这一特性使其能够较好的处理干河床问题。使用该方法产生的数值粘性(与O(Δ2r-1)同阶)要比交错的中心格式小(与O(Δx2r/Δt)同阶),而且由于数值粘性与时间步长无关,从而时间步长可根据稳定性需要尽可能的小,因此适用于稳定态的求解。     

A coupled solution of the vorticity–velocity formulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

A relatively novel formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is used for obtaining solutions of two dimensional incompressible fluid flow and convective heat transfer problems. A vorticity transport equation along with two Poisson equations for the velocity components and the energy equation are solved by a finite difference scheme. A coupled solution procedure is used for solving simultaneously the dependent variables along a line, using a block tridiagonal matrix algorithm. The formulation is found to be stable and has features that may be desirable for solving a wide variety of flow and heat transfer problems.     

Large eddy simulation of free surface shallow‐water flow

Shallow‐water flow with free surface frequently occurs in ambient water bodies, in which the horizontal scale of motion is generally two orders of magnitude greater than the water depth. To accurately predict this flow phenomenon in more detail, a three‐dimensional numerical model incorporating the method of large eddy simulation (LES) has been developed and assessed. The governing equations are split into three parts in the finite difference solution: advection, dispersion and propagation. The advection part is solved by the QUICKEST scheme. The dispersion part is solved by the central difference method and the propagation part is solved implicitly using the Gauss–Seidel iteration method. The model has been applied to free surface channel flow for which ample experimental data are available for verification. The inflow boundary condition for turbulence is generated by a spectral line processor. The computed results compare favourably with the experimental data and those results obtained by using a periodic boundary condition. The performance of the model is also assessed for the case in which anisotropic grids and filters with horizontal grid size of the order of the water depth are used for computational efficiency. The coarse horizontal grid was found to cause a significant reduction in the large‐scale turbulent motion generated by the bottom turbulence, and the turbulent motion is predominately described by the sub‐grid scale (SGS) terms. The use of the Smagorinsky model for SGS turbulence in this situation is found inappropriate. A parabolic mixing length model, which accounts for the filtered turbulence, is then proposed. The new model can reproduce more accurately the flow quantities. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a parallel storm surge model

A new parallel storm surge model, the Parallel Environmental Model (PEM), is developed and tested by comparisons with analytic solutions. The PEM is a 2‐D vertically averaged, wetting and drying numerical model and can be operated in explicit, semi‐implicit and fully implicit modes. In the implicit mode, the propagation, Coriolis and bottom friction terms can all be treated implicitly. The advection and diffusion terms are solved with a parallel Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme developed for this study. The model is developed specifically for use on parallel computer systems and will function accordingly in either explicit of implicit modes. Storm boundary conditions are based on a simple exponential decay of pressure from the centre of a storm. The simulated flooding caused by a major Category 5 hurricane making landfall in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida is then presented as an example application of the PEM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new flux-limiting approach–based kinetic scheme for the Euler equations of gas dynamics

This paper proposes a new kinetic-theory-based high-resolution scheme for the Euler equations of gas dynamics. The scheme uses the well-known connection that the Euler equations are suitable moments of the collisionless Boltzmann equation of kinetic theory. The collisionless Boltzmann equation is discretized using Sweby's flux-limited method and the moment of this Boltzmann level formulation gives a Euler level scheme. It is demonstrated how conventional limiters and an extremum-preserving limiter can be adapted for use in the scheme to achieve a desired effect. A simple total variation diminishing criteria relaxing parameter results in improving the resolution of the discontinuities in a significant way. A 1D scheme is formulated first and an extension to 2D on Cartesian meshes is carried out next. Accuracy analysis suggests that the scheme achieves between first- and second-order accuracy as is expected for any second-order flux-limited method. The simplicity and the explicit form of the conservative numerical fluxes add to the efficiency of the scheme. Several standard 1D and 2D test problems are solved to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy.     

A coupled WC-TL SPH method for simulation of hydroelastic problems

A coupled weakly compressible (WC) and total Lagrangian (TL) smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is developed for simulating hydroelastic problems. The fluid phase is simulated using WCSPH method, while the structural dynamics are solved using TLSPH method. Fluid and solid components of the method are validated separately. A sloshing water tank problem is solved to test the WCSPH method while oscillation of a thin plate and large deformation of a cantilever beam are simulated to test the TLSPH method. After validating each component, the coupled WC-TL SPH scheme is used to simulate two benchmark hydroelastic problems. The first test case shows the evolution of water column with an elastic boundary gate, and the second one investigates the breaking water column impact on elastic structures. The agreement between WC-TL SPH results and literature data shows the ability of the proposed method in simulating hydroelastic phenomena.