2006年全国高考理综卷Ⅰ物理试题分析

1理综物理试题的总体评价 2006年理科综合试卷物理部分与2005年相比，试题总体难度略有下降．其中选择题和计算题难度有所下降，实验题难度基本持平．试题总体特点是稳中有变．保持较稳定的方面有：（1）试卷形式保持稳定，选择题仍为不定项选择，选择题量仍为8个题，每题分值为6分，主观性试题的题量仍为4道题，分值为72分，物理学科总分数为120分，占理综分值的40％．（2）考试内容保持稳定，试题能按照《考试大纲》的要求设计，考查的知识较全面，强化对考生基础知识、基本能力的考查，体现了近几年高考理科综合能力测试“以能力测试为主导，考查考生所学相关课程的基础知识、基本技能的掌握程度和综合运用所学知识分析、解决问题的能力”这一命题指导思想．（3）试题的变化，计算题题干表述更精炼更新颖．     

一题多变是提升学生分析综合能力的有效途径

分析综合能力的考查是近年来高考物理学科考查的热点，特别是2005、2006年高考考试大纲中出现不定项选择题之后，这项能力的考查在试卷中的体现尤为突出．而一题多解、一题多变、多题归一又是考查考生分析综合能力和知识迁移能力的有效途径，在一轮复习中学生要根据物理现象或物理规律相同或相似的性质，从不同侧面、多层次、多角度提出相关的问题，深化对知识内涵的理解，将已有的知识内化成能力．一题多变一般是指题目中给定的相关物理条件或背景材料的时问、空间的变化或适当添加主客观因素，从而改变题型的表面形式，以达到培养锻炼学生分析综合能力的目的．实例如下．     

小议物理阅读能力的培养

物理阅读能力是指学生通过阅读物理资料，获取物理知识，并应用这些知识解决物理问题的能力．在近几年的高考物理试卷中，由于试卷长度的增加和信息给予题的大量使用（约占试题总量的35％），对学生物理阅读能力的要求越来越高．那么，如何培养和提高学生的物理阅读能力呢？本文就课前、课堂、课后三个环节谈谈自己在培养和提高学生物理阅读能力方面的一些做法．     

重视高考计算题中的非智力因素得分

历年高考都把对能力的考核放在首位,而物理计算题可以综合地考查学生的物理知识和应用能力.因此很多考生认为物理计算题情境复杂,突出考查学生综合分析能力,很难得分,所以宁愿放弃这几道计算题,把时间放在化学和生物上面,而高考物理试题中,计算题部分所占比分较大,约为50%,一般是三道大题,单题分值近20分,2008年全国理综试卷第25题的分值22分.     

物理教学应在实验室中进行

运用实验法进行教学,是新课标实施以后的重中之重． 实验教学是物理教学的主要方法．近年来物理试卷对实验的考查,已从简单的背诵实验知识转向考查对实验的思想、原理、方法的理解上,重在考查学生的实验能力和综合分析能力．但目前物理教学中,实验教学仍是一个薄弱的环节．     

教学中要注意对学生估算能力的培养

估算问题在高考中经常出现，科学研究和实际生活中也需要对一些问题进行估算，从而大致把握一些事物的发展．因此估算题的考查，实际上是对考生综合能力的考查，有利于开发学生的智力和灵活运用知识的能力．因此，在实际教学中要特别注意培养学生的估算能力．本文将结合近几年的高考题目和同学们一起探讨如何估算的问题．     

从高考试题谈学生思维品质的培养

１．纵观近几年的高考物理试题，在注重考查基础知识的同时，对考生能力要求越来越高。尤其９７年高考物理试题对学生的思维品质几乎作了全方位的透视。下面仅以９７年高考物理第２６题（题略）学生的解答抽样情况为例作一浅析。１．１考查思维的深刻性在解答该题时思维的...     

研究天体运动要理清的几个概念

近几年的高考试卷，几乎都出现过与万有引力有关的物理问题．分析其原因，万有引力有关的物理问题涉及的知识面比较宽，可以考查学生的相关的空间想象能力，建立物理模型的能力，物理知识的迁移能力，学科综合能力等等．本文谈谈运用好万有引力定律研究天体运动必须要理清的几个概念．     

2006年高考物理大轴题分析及对2007年命题的展望

1 2006年高考物理大轴题（最后一题）命题特点分析 2006全国高考共命制了6套理科综合卷和3套单科物理卷，纵观这些试卷中的物理大轴题，均突出考查了学生对物理“综合”问题的分析能力，具体统计如表1所示．     

谈设计性实验题的解题方法

从对近几年高考试卷的分析可见，高考对物理实验能力的要求逐年提高，考查面也更加深广，高考命题已不再局限于课本上规定的内容，设计性实验的出现，将实验的考查推向了更新高度，因而提高物理实验能力，开展有效的物理实验复习，既是完善自身物理素质的需要，也     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.