GGBS及其激发剂固化合肥湖积软土的试验研究

将CaO和石膏作为激发剂掺入粒化高炉矿渣微粉(GGBS)制备GGBS+CaO+石膏固化黏土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律,基于正交试验确定GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量的最佳配合比。研究表明:单掺GGBS对软土有一定的固化效果,但固化速度慢、效果差;将CaO、石膏和GGBS混合后固化效果明显,固化土3d(天)即可形成一定强度。养护28d后,固化黏土最大强度可以达到2.9MPa;利用极差分析得出石膏掺量变化对抗压强度的影响最大,GGBS次之,CaO影响最小;GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量固化黏土最佳配合比分别为11%、3.5%和5%。上述研究成果为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供了理论依据。     

改性氨基四官能环氧基固体润滑涂层的研究

用差动扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了AG-80环氧树脂与钛酸丁酯混合体系的固化特性,确定了该体系中固化剂的最佳含量为20～25％(wt),固化起始温度为150℃,然后缓慢升温至175℃恒温1h,接着再升温到250℃便能使树脂充分固化。试验结果表明,经有机钛及活性氧化铜改性的AG-80环氧树脂具有较好的机械性能和耐温性能;有机钛可以作为环氧树脂的改性剂,也是环氧树脂的一种很好的固化剂,添加少量的活性氧化铜可以改善涂层的热性能和摩擦学性能;在制膜工艺上于喷膜后室温下放置2～5h可以明显改善涂层的摩擦学性能(特别是耐磨性)。     

固化滨海盐渍土路用性能的室内试验与现场测试

渤海湾西海岸带地区的路堤多为填方型式,且以滨海盐渍土为主要填料。以滨海盐渍土填筑路堤,须解决土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化带来的强度下降和稳定性降低问题,以进行土的改性或固化处理。为降低工程费用,固化材料应以常规的无机材料为主,辅助少量的高分子材料。为研究滨海盐渍土填筑路堤的力学性能,完成了石灰固化土和石灰+SH固土剂固化土的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂法抗拉强度、三轴抗剪强度和加州承载比等室内试验,同期还进行了固化土的现场碾压试验,检测了碾压固化土的压实度、平整度、回弹弯沉、加州承载比和回弹模量等指标。试验与研究结果显示:(1)石灰固化土和石灰+SH固土剂固化土均满足填筑路堤的强度和变形指标要求,后者的力学性能优于前者; (2)SH固土剂干燥后的胶膜包裹了土颗粒,且在颗粒间形成了抗水的胶结联结,胶丝在土的孔隙内形成了絮状联结网。胶膜和胶丝网共同作用,提高了固化土的强度、抗变形能力和水稳性; (3)2种固化土的现场碾压试验效果都很好,碾压固化土的现场测试结果与固化土的室内试验结果相一致。石灰+SH固土剂固化土的碾压性能和力学指标均满足"公路路基设计规范"的要求,效果良好,这种固化方法适宜在滨海盐渍土地区推广使用。     

应用碱性水泥外掺剂固化天津海积软土的试验研究

天津海积软土具有高含水量、低强度、高压缩性、低pH值等特征,不能直接满足工程建设需要,必须进行人工处理。在水泥土搅拌法中使用适量碱性外掺剂NaOH或Na2CO3,可以提高桩身水泥土强度和复合地基承载力,同时能节省大量水泥,降低工程费用。现场试验中将海积软土与分别掺入0.5%NaOH和0.5%Na2CO3的10%水泥就地搅拌,形成两种新型水泥土,在与原状土及20%纯水泥土进行比较后,发现碱性外掺剂可以促使生成大量针状、棒状或纤维状水化硅酸钙晶体,抑制了能产生膨胀作用的钙矾石的生成,同时,有Ca(OH)2晶体析出,它们共同构成土颗粒间和土颗粒表面的充填物和包裹物,使水泥固化土的孔隙明显减小,密度和强度得到极大提高。检测结果显示水泥土强度提高了20%以上,复合地基承载力不小于120kPa。     

基于Box-Behnken法的合肥湖积软土固化配方优化的试验研究

选择CaO和纯碱作为激发剂掺入GGBS(粒化高炉矿渣微粉)制备GGBS+CaO+纯碱固化合肥湖积软土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律。以GGBS、CaO和纯碱的掺量作为影响因子,以7d和28d固化土的无侧限抗压强度作为响应值,基于Box-Behnken法确定3种外添剂的最佳配合比。研究表明:GGBS掺量的变化对强度响应影响最大,且其敏感程度随龄期的增大而增大;而对于CaO和纯碱,情况则相反。养护7d后,各因素对强度的线性效应和曲面效应均显著,CaO与纯碱的交互作用显著;养护28d后,GGBS与纯碱的交互作用显著。最终得出:GGBS、CaO和纯碱三掺量固化黏土最佳配比分别为13.08%、4.89%和1.25%;在最佳配合比下,7d和28d的预测强度分别达到550.904kPa和665.953kPa。最后对实测值与预测值进行了对比分析。研究成果可为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供理论依据。     

聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

在45#钢块表面采用喷涂方法制备了聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层和聚四氟乙烯粘结复合涂层,采用傅立叶红外光谱仪分析聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层在不同固化温度下的结构变化,在国产MHK-500型摩擦磨损试验机上考察固化温度、载荷及速度对2种复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察复合涂层磨损表面及其偶件环磨损表面的形貌.结果表明:固化温度对聚四氟乙烯粘结复合涂层耐磨寿命的影响不大,而对聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层的耐磨寿命影响很大;在120 ℃固化时聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层的耐磨寿命比在常温固化时提高1倍;速度与载荷对聚四氟蜡粘结复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响较大,在低载荷、高速试验条件下,复合涂层具有良好的减摩耐磨性能.     

B4C/hBN复相陶瓷与球墨铸铁配副摩擦学性能研究

本文中以热压烧结法制备不同hBN质量分数(0%、10%、20%和30%)的B4C/hBN复相陶瓷作为销试样,与球墨铸铁(QT)盘试样在空气润滑条件下进行销-盘式摩擦磨损试验,滑动速度为0.66 m/s,磨程为850 m,载荷为5 N.借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察摩擦表面和磨屑的形貌特征,利用X光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段表征磨面和磨屑的物质组成,得出复相陶瓷成分、试验参数对配副摩擦学性能的影响.研究表明:hBN质量分数为0%和10%的复相陶瓷(BN00、BN10)与铸铁配副时,磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,摩擦系数为0.5,h BN质量分数为20%和30%的复相陶瓷(BN20、BN30)与铸铁配副时,陶瓷销表面出现连续的表面膜,该表面膜主要由Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4、B_2O_3、B_4C及h BN等物质组成,摩擦系数降低至0.2;随着载荷的升高,QT-BN00与QT-BN10配副磨损机制仍以黏着磨损为主,摩擦系数与5 N载荷无明显变化,而QT-BN20与QT-BN30配副摩擦系数随载荷上升而升高,当载荷为10 N时,摩擦系数升至0.6.     

CMSC型固化剂改良土的新型CBR试验研究

针对苏北某高速公路沿线特殊软土的特点,采用两种方案按全粉料配料的方法配制CMSC型固化剂,并按一定剂量掺入土中。同时,考虑当地的水文气候因素,针对传统钢制击实筒的饱水条件偏保守的特点,研制了新型击实筒,在新型击实筒内制备试件并养护至规定龄期,采用新型浸水装置饱水,进行贯入试验。结果表明,试件的各向饱水条件更接近实际工况,增强了CBR值的可信度。CMSC型固化剂改良土的改良效果优于石灰改良土,且固化剂掺入剂量存在最佳掺量,同时分析了CMSC型固化剂的加固机理,为进一步研究和工程应用提供了参考。     

复合表面径向滑动轴承的概念和性能预报

近年来的研究发现固液界面的滑移可以减小表面摩擦,但也会造成流体动力效应下降甚至消失.本文提出了复合表面滑动轴承的概念,轴套表面由具有不同吸附和滑移特性的复合表面组成,发现复合表面轴承比普通轴承有许多优点.通过改变轴套表面的滑移特性可以改变和优化轴承的各种性能,例如摩擦系数、承载力、润滑剂流量、承载角等.数值解表明,在轴承高压区改变轴套表面滑移特性,轴承的整体性能会有大幅度提高.例如,本文给出的初步优化设计方案使得摩擦系数降低50%以上,同时承载力可提高20%,并且承载角可以降低33%.本文提出的设计理念不但可用于设计出具有更优异特性的径向滑动轴承,而且可以设计出具有复合表面的轴向滑动轴承或滑块轴承.复合表面滑动轴承在降低轴承摩擦、提高承载能力方面有很大的空间可以探索.     

纳米Sm2O3增强TiC/Co基复合涂层微观组织和耐磨性能研究

利用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层，系统研究了纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基复合涂层宏观形貌、微观组织和耐磨性能的影响. 结果表明:纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层主要由γ-Co、Cr₂₃C₆、TiC、Co₃Ti和Fe₇Sm相组成. 纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层呈现出与基体形成更加优良的冶金结合和优良的润湿性，显微组织明显细小均匀. 随着纳米Sm₂O₃含量增加，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能均先增加后降低，当纳米Sm₂O₃质量分数为1.5%时，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能分别提高了10.1%和17.1%. 添加纳米Sm₂O₃的复合涂层的磨损机理均为磨粒磨损. 应用多元统计分析的结果也表明纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基合金涂层有着显著影响.      

New coating formulation for the slow release of urea using a mixture of gypsum and dolomitic limestone

The use of urea and urea-based fertilizers has increased considerably over the past 15 years. They currently account for approximately 51% of the world's agricultural nitrogen consumption. However, about 20–70% of the applied urea fertilizer is lost to the environment, causing serious pollution and increasing costs. These losses come from leaching, decomposition, and ammonium volatilization in the soil during handling and storage. Controlled release by coating can be used to increase urea fertilizer efficiency. We studied the use of gypsum, sulfur, and ground magnesium lime as cost-effective coating materials. All these coating materials contain nutrients required by plants. The effects of the coating composition and proportion of sealant on the rate of urea release and the crushing strength of the coated urea were investigated. We found that coated urea with the same proportion of gypsum–ground magnesium lime (GML) exhibited low urea release and high crushing strength. The performance was enhanced when using polyols as a sealant on the surface of the coated urea. A surface morphology analysis indicated a uniform and smooth surface on the coated film. The efficiency of the coated urea improved by 34.2% when using gypsum–GML (1:1 ratio) containing 1.1% polyols.     

Preparation of calcium sulfate whiskers from FGD gypsum via hydrothermal crystallization in the H2SO4–NaCl–H2O system

Little attention has thus far been paid to the potential effect of solution composition on the hydrothermal crystallization of calcium sulfate whiskers prepared from flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. When purified FGD gypsum was used as raw material, the morphology and phase structure of the hydrothermal products grown in pure water, H₂SO₄–H₂O, NaCl–H₂O, and H₂SO₄–NaCl–H₂O solutions as well as the solubility of purified FGD gypsum in these solutions were investigated. The results indicate that calcium sulfate whiskers grow favorably in the H₂SO₄–NaCl–H₂O system. When prepared using 10–70 g NaCl/kg gypsum −0.01 M H₂SO₄–H₂O at 130 °C for 60 min, the obtained calcium sulfate whiskers had diameters ranging from 3 to 5 μm and lengths from 200 to 600 μm, and their phase structure was calcium sulfate hemihydrate (HH). Opposing effects of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride on the solubility of the purified FGD gypsum were observed. With the co-presence of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride in the reaction solution, the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ can be kept relatively stable, which implies that the crystallization of the hydrothermal products can be controlled by changing the concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.     

水硬性石灰合成及拉破坏特性试验研究

水硬性石灰在欧洲石质文物修复和加固中获得了很大成功。我国的石质文物主要是砂岩,水硬性石灰的修复效果不好。为满足我国石质文物修复和加固的需求,本文以石灰石和黏土为原料,在950℃煅烧不同时间,制备出水硬性石,对试样的成分、微观形貌、收缩率、抗拉强度和拉破坏过程等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)试样中含有水硬性成分2CaO·SiO2(C2S);煅烧8h时,成分与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5接近;1.5CaO·SiO2·xH2O(C-S-H)和CaCO3的含量随龄期的增加逐渐增加。(2)龄期1~3d,收缩率较小;龄期4~6d,收缩率以线性规律增加;7d以后,收缩率趋于稳定。(3)局部变形区随拉应力的增加而变大,邻近局部变形区逐渐合并,形成面积更大的应变局部化带;载荷超过峰值后,产生微裂隙;随载荷进一步增加,微裂隙扩展,贯穿整个试件,发展成宏观裂隙,使试件破坏。(4)抗拉强度随龄期的增加而增加,水硬性石灰中C-S-H、CaCO3等相互交织,构成空间致密体,使试件力学强度提高。合成的水硬性石灰物理力学性能与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5相近,并且成分均匀、可控,在石质文物修复和加固工程中具有良好应用前景。     

石灰膨胀土团聚体微结构的扫描电镜分析

石灰改良土为团聚体骨架结构,骨架是由团聚体构成,孔隙是由团聚体间的孔隙和团聚体内部微孔隙组成,粒间孔包括胶结物孔隙和压实时团聚体之间形成的孔隙。实验证明团聚体越小越有利于石灰与土的结合,微结构为链状结构;石灰掺量主要影响团聚体的表面微结构。在饱和状态时,钙离子浸入团聚体的内部,团聚体的内层也出现与外层类似结构。相同石灰掺量的样品,饱和状态和非饱和状态时钙的重量相对含量的分布有不同,非饱和状态时表面的钙相对较多,越往内部越少,内外差异很大;而饱和状态时,外层的钙比内层稍多,内外差异较小,团聚体内部形成较大的微集聚体。     

膨胀土掺石灰对土的工程特性影响机制探讨

结合工程实践,通过对南阳膨胀土特性研究,尤其是对2∶8 灰土垫层和原状膨胀土做了对比试验,并探讨了膨胀土掺石灰对土的工程特性的影响机制。     

3D打印石膏试件力学性质实验

3D打印技术目前已广泛应用在医疗、航空、汽车、建筑等领域,文中做了3D打印技术在岩石力学领域的应用尝试.利用3D打印技术制作两种类型的石膏试件进行实验室单轴压缩试验.实验表明:3D打印技术可以快速、精确、灵活地制作出所需复杂尺寸的试件;打印石膏试件密度较低;3D打印石膏试件具有强度低和塑性强的特性;简单标准试件的力学性质具有可重复性,含裂纹试件力学性质差异较大;含裂纹试件的制作尚存在技术上的困难.     

SYNTHESIS OF HIGH PURITY TiO2 NANOPARTICLES FROM Ti（SO4）2 IN PRESENCE OF EDTA AS COMPLEXING AGENT

TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a homogeneous controlled precipitation method using industrial titanium sulfate （Ti（SO4）2）. The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and ICP plasma spectrometer. EDTA was used as complexing agent to improve the purity and the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental results indicated that the high-purity TiO2 nanoparticles were 20 nm in mean size and nearly monodispersed.     

Direct transformation of FGD gypsum to calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers: Preparation,simulations, and process analysis

Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) whiskers were synthesized by phase transition in CaCl₂ solution under atmospheric pressure. Analytical-grade calcium sulfate dihydrate (AR CSD) was used as the raw material for the synthesis of CSH whiskers, according to orthogonal experiments. The effects of reaction temperature, AR CSD content, H₂SO₄ content, and reaction time were investigated, and the crystallization conditions were optimized. The as-prepared CSH whiskers displayed a regular morphology and a highly uniform size, with an aspect ratio of 105. A simulation system was also established by blending various sulfates with AR CSD, to evaluate the effects of impurities in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. The main aim was to prepare CSH whiskers directly from FGD gypsum, without any purification, using the optimized conditions. This is a facile potential alternative process for large-scale production of CSH whiskers using abundant FGD gypsum as source materials.     

Effect of mixing structure on the hygroscopic behavior of ultrafine ammonium sulfate particles mixed with succinic acid and levoglucosan

Understanding the interactions between water and atmospheric aerosols is critical for estimating their impact on the radiation budget and cloud formation. The hygroscopic behavior of ultrafine (<100 nm) ammonium sulfate particles internally mixed with either succinic acid (slightly soluble) or levoglucosan (soluble) in different mixing structures (core-shell vs. well-mixed) were measured using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). During the hydration process (6–92% relative humidity (RH)), the size of core-shell particles (ammonium sulfate and succinic acid) remained unchanged until a slow increase in particle size occurred at 79% RH; however, an abrupt increase in size (i.e., a clear deliquescence) was observed at ∼72% RH for well-mixed particles with a similar volume fraction to the core-shell particles (80:20 by volume). This increase might occur because the shell hindered the complete dissolution of the core-shell particles below 92% RH. The onset RH value was lower for the ammonium sulfate/levoglucosan core-shell particles than the ammonium sulfate/succinic acid core-shell particles due to levoglucosan's higher solubility relative to succinic acid. The growth factor (GF) of the core-shell particles was lower than that of the well-mixed particles, while the GF of the ammonium sulfate/levoglucosan particles was higher than that of ammonium sulfate/succinic acid particles with the same volume fractions. As the volume fraction of the organic species increased, the GF decreased. The data suggest that the mixing structure is also important when determining hygroscopic behavior of the mixed particles.