一维二嵌段高聚物中电荷输运的分子弹性效应

基于扩展SSH(Su-Schrieffer-Heeger)模型并采用动力学方法讨论了一维二嵌段高聚物中分子弹性对电荷输运的影响。我们发现,由于两嵌段高聚物中分子弹性的差异,在其交界处会形成一个载流子跃迁势垒。增大注入电子的动能将有效降低电子隧穿的临界电场,而加大两段高聚物弹性的差别将增大临界电场的强度。     

共轭高聚物双分子结构中激子电致解离的动力学研究

通过绝热动力学方法,研究了共轭高聚物双分子结构中激子对外加电场的响应.当外电场强度超过某个临界值时,激子会被解离成一对自由的电子与空穴.对于双分子结构中的激子,其临界解离电场除了受电子与电子相互作用以及电声相互作用影响之外,还受分子间相互作用的影响.由动力学演化的计算得到,激子临界解离电场强度随分子间相互作用强度的增大而呈非线性降低;随电子与电子相互作用强度的增大呈非线性减小的变化;但是,随电声耦合强度的增大却呈现出线性增大的变化.     

共轭高分子链中极化子间相互作用对电荷迁移率的影响

基于综合考虑了电子与声子以及电子与电子相互作用的理论模型,采用数值方法计算了在外电场作用下共轭高聚物分子中电荷的迁移率,讨论了大小极化子共存并相互作用对分子链内电荷迁移率的影响。研究发现,电荷迁移率明显受大小极化子的载荷性质的影响,当大小极化子具有相同电性时,在低电场范围内,分子内电荷迁移率由大极化子运动性质主导,而在高电场范围内,分子内电荷迁移率由小极化子主导;另一方面,当大小极化子具有相反电性时,电荷迁移率只由大极化子运动性质主导,与电场强度无关。此外,还讨论了电子与电子相互作用对电荷迁移率"的影响。     

PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物与没食子酸丙酯的相互作用研究

PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物在水溶液中能够形成稳定的胶团结构,可作为疏水药物的有效载体[1]。然而,PEO-PPO-PEO与疏水药物在分子水平的作用机理尚未清楚,本工作以没食子酸丙酯(PG)为模型分子,采用动态光散射和核磁共振技术研究了其与嵌段共聚物P123之间的相互作用。研究发现,P123在水溶液中的临界胶团温度(CMT)随PG浓度增加而降低,且较高浓度的PG还能引起P123胶团尺寸的增加。PG烷基链与PPO嵌段甲基间存在较强疏水作用,该作用能促进PPO嵌段的去水化过程,从而降低P123在水溶液中的临界胶团温度(CMT)。此外,PG的酚羟基与嵌段共聚物PEO和PPO嵌段醚氧原子间均存在氢键作用。     

氯乙烯在外电场下的激发态结构研究

采用密度泛函B3P86方法在6-311G基组上优化了不同外电场作用下氯乙烯分子的基态几何结构、电偶极矩和分子的总能量,然后利用杂化CIS-DFT方法(CIS-B3P86)在相同基组下探讨了无电场时氯乙烯分子前9个激发态的激发能、波长和振子强度和外电场对氯乙烯分子激发态的影响规律.结果表明,分子的几何构型与外电场大小有着强烈的依赖关系.随着外电场的增大,分子总能量先增大后减小,电偶极矩μ先减小后增大.激发能随电场增加快速减小,表明在外电场作用下,氯乙烯分子易于激发和离解.激发态波长随电场的增大而不断增大,且其电子跃迁光谱都集中在紫外区.     

聚苯乙烯-聚丁二烯嵌段共聚物的固体NMR研究

采用我们前期发展的测定多相高聚物中界面相厚度及相区尺寸的NMR新方法对两种不同嵌段结构的聚苯乙烯-聚丁二烯嵌段共聚物进行了研究,并与关于界面相厚度的高分子物理理论结果进行对比. 该NMR方法采用偶极滤波-自旋扩散技术分别测定非界面相的柔性区与界面相中质子的百分含量,然后根据界面相与柔性相的几何关系计算界面相厚度. 研究结果表明这两种嵌段共聚物具有几乎相同的界面相厚度,该结果与Helfand等人关于多相高聚物中界面相厚度的自洽场理论预言基本符合.     

共轭高分子链中大极化子与小极化子的弹性碰撞

基于Su-Schrieffer-Heeger(SSH)模型,考虑电子-电子相互作用,以及在哈密顿量中引入Brazovskii-Kivova对称破缺项,采用动力学演化的方法研究了在外电场作用下共轭高聚物分子链中大极化子与小极化子之间的弹性散射过程.研究发现,载流子的载荷性质不但决定大小极化子之间的相互作用性质,也深刻地影响了其发生散射后的载流子输运性质.在较低电场的作用下,当两载流子电性相同时,发生碰撞后,小极化子将推动着大极化子一起运动;而当两者电性相反时,碰撞后,大极化子将拖曳着小极化子一起运动.当电场强度超过临界值时,将产生量子隧穿效应,即,大小极化子相互迅速穿透,且不受载流子的载荷影响.     

强外电场作用下BF分子结构和激发特性

采用密度泛函(DFT)方法LSDA在6-311++G(d,p)基组水平上优化得到了分子轴方向不同电场(-0.03～0.05a.u.)作用下,BF分子的基态结构参数、电偶极矩μ、电荷分布、HOMO能级、LUMO能级等。在优化构型下,用同样的基组采用杂化CIS-DFT方法(CIS-LSDA)研究了同样外电场条件下对BF分子的激发能和振子强度的影响。结果表明:随着电场的增加,分子结构与外电场有着强烈的依赖关系,且对电场方向的依赖呈现非对称性。分子总能量先增大后减小,电偶极矩μ先增大,后减小,最后不断增大。电场对振子强度的影响比较复杂,有的增大有的减小,表明电子跃迁光谱强度受外场影响。     

电场对分子线电荷密度的影响

本文以分子2-氨基5-硝基-1,4-二乙炔基-4'-苯硫醇基苯为研究对象,该分子通过硫氢官能团化学吸附于两金表面构成一分子线.从第一性原理出发利用密度泛函理论优化了该分子体系的几何结构,计算了分子线的电子结构.外加电场将影响分子的电子结构,从而进一步影响电子在分子线内的输运,本文主要对不同电场下分子线的电荷密度分布进行了讨论与计算.该工作将有利于未来分子电子学器件的设计.     

13C及29Si核磁共振研究苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物的弛豫及分子运动

用¹³C及²⁹Si核磁共振研究了苯乙烯(S)及二甲基硅氧烷(Si)嵌段共聚物中硅氧烷软段的固体及溶液谱的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T₁。固态嵌段共聚物主链²⁹Si及侧甲基¹³C的T₁都与均聚物的T₁相近,但在CdCl₃溶液中各种嵌段共聚物的T₁与均聚硅氧烷相差颇大。用偶极-偶极相互作用来解释高聚物的自旋-晶格弛豫。苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物具两相结构,所以嵌段共聚物中软段及硬段微区中链段的运动与在均聚物分子中链段的运动模式基本相同。而CdCl₃对聚苯乙烯或聚硅氧烷都是良溶剂,软段硬段之间有相互影响。所以其链段运动与均聚物不同,从而导致链段运动的相关时间τ_c变短和T₁的增长。     

Polymer-like Behavior of Inorganic Nanoparticle Chain Aggregates

Studies of the behavior of nanoparticle chain aggregates (NCA) have shown properties similar to those of molecular polymers. Like polymer chains, NCA tend to gather up and become more compact when heated. Under tensile stress, folded chain segments pull out and the NCA elongates. When the tension is relaxed, the chains contract. The stretching of NCA may contribute to the ductility of compacts made from nanoparticles, a subject of current research interest. In a well established technological application, carbon black and pyrogenic silica NCA produce remarkable increases in elastic modulus and tensile strength when added to commercial rubber. This may be due to the mechanical interaction between the polymer chains and NCA. However, basic mechanisms of NCA elasticity differ from those of molecular polymers. The alignment of chain segments when the NCA are subjected to tension probably results from rotation and translation at grain boundaries between neighboring nanocrystals. The elastic properties depend on the van der Waals forces between segments of the chain that fold to minimize surface free energy. Under tension, these segments pull out, but tend to reform when the tension is relaxed. The processes that lead to NCA formation and control the strength of interparticle bonds are briefly reviewed.     

共轭高聚物中极化子散射引起的激子迁移(英文)

基于Su-Schrieffer-Heeger(SSH)模型并考虑到Brazovskii-Kirova对称破缺项,研究了共轭聚合物中注入极化子和激子在外电场下的散射过程.研究发现在外场作用下极化子总是能通过激子,而激子的运动行为则密切依赖于电场的强度.如果电场大于临界电场3.0×10~5V/cm,那么激子与极化子散射后并不发生任何运动;然而当电场小于此临界值时,激子将在极化子运动的相反方向上有一个明显的位移.激子在弱电场下所发生的这种迁移运动,是由于同极化子发生了慢散射作用.     

Phase behavior and charge regulation of weak polyelectrolyte grafted layers

The stability of weak polyelectrolytes end grafted to a planar surface has been studied with a molecular theory. The effective quality of the solvent is found to depend on the interplay between polymer grafting density, acid-base equilibrium, and salt concentration. Our results reveal that increasing salt concentration results in a thermodynamically more stable layer. This reverse salt effect is due to the competition between the solvent quality and the dual role of the ionic strength in screening the electrostatic interactions (reducing stability with increasing salt concentration), and regulating the charge on the polymer (increasing charge with increasing salt concentration). Grafted weak polyelectrolyte layers are found to be thermodynamically unstable at intermediate surface coverages. Additionally, it is established that the increased solubility of the layer at low surface coverage is due to the relatively large charge of the grafted polymers. The range of stability of the film with regard to polymer surface coverage, temperature, bulk pH and salt concentration is demonstrated.     

电场和温度对聚合物空间电荷陷阱性能的影响

模拟分子的结构和行为有助于更深刻地分析空间电荷陷阱性能变化的微观机理.利用Materials studio软件建立聚乙烯模型,通过分子链段运动产生的能量和自由体积变化对微观结构和电荷陷阱进行分析.结果表明:温度由298 K逐渐升高至363 K的过程中,聚合物分子热运动加剧导致的滑移扩散现象,使自由体积和陷阱能级在363 K处分别出现1542.07 ~3和0.66 eV的最大值和最小值.然而在Z轴方向施加0.0007 Hartree/Bohr(1 Hartree/Bohr=5.2×10~(11)V/m)电场作用时,由于电致伸缩产生Maxwell应力,使分子链段出现局部有序排列,增大范德瓦耳斯能至-360.18 kcal/mol(1 kcal/mol=4.18 kJ/mol),而自由体积降低了279.77 ~3,导致陷阱能级减小0.45 eV.当363 K和0.0007 Hartree/Bohr联合作用时,聚乙烯的陷阱能级相比同温无电场作用降低0.17 eV.分子模拟结果与实测结果相符.利用分子热运动和电致伸缩效应,初步探讨了材料自由体积和范德瓦耳斯相互作用能变化的微观机理,证实分子链段运动改变了微观结构,从而影响电荷陷阱特性.并且与温度相比,电场作用会使材料产生更低能级的空间电荷陷阱.     

The effect of interface hopping on inelastic scattering of oppositely charged polarons in polymers

The inelastic scattering of oppositely charge polarons in polymer heterojunctions is believed to be of fundamental importance for the light-emitting and transport properties of conjugated polymers. Based on the tight-binding SSH model, and by using a nonadiabatic molecular dynamic method, we investigate the effects of interface hopping on inelastic scattering of oppositely charged polarons in a polymer heterojunction. It is found that the scattering processes of the charge and lattice defect depend sensitively on the hopping integrals at the polymer/polymer interface when the interface potential barrier and applied electric field strength are constant. In particular, at an intermediate electric field, when the interface hopping integral of the polymer/polymer heterojunction material is increased beyond a critical value, two polarons can combine to become a lattice deformation in one of the two polymer chains, with the electron and the hole bound together, i.e., a self-trapped polaron-exciton. The yield of excitons then increases to a peak value. These results show that interface hopping is of fundamental importance and facilitates the formation of polaron-excitons.     

Controlling Surface Interactions with Grafted Polymers

The interactions between surfaces modified with grafted polymers is studied theoretically. The aim of this work is to find polymer surface modifications that will result in localized attractive interactions between the surfaces. The practical motivation of the work is to find means to control the distance between bilayers and solid supports in supported membranes. Two theoretical approaches are used, the analytical treatment of Alexander and a molecular theory. It is found that grafting each end of the polymer to each surface results in an interaction with a well defined minimum. The location of the minima is found to be very close to the thickness of the polymer layer when the chains are grafted to only one of the surfaces. The predictions of the analytical theory are in excellent agreement with the molecular approach in this case. It is found that increasing the surface coverage increases the strength of the interaction. However, increasing the polymer chain length at fixed surface coverage results in a decrease of the free energy cost associated with separating the surfaces from their optimal distance. For the cases in which grafting to both surfaces is not possible, the molecular theory is used to study the effect of functionalizing segments of the chain to achieve an attractive well. It is found that by functionalizing the free end-groups of the polymers with segments attracted to the membrane, the range of the attractive interaction is significantly larger than the thickness of the unperturbed layer. Functionlizing the middle segments of the chains results in a shorter range attraction but of the same strength as in the end-functionalized layers. The optimal polymer modification is found to be such that the functionlized groups are attracted to the bare surface but are not attracted to the grafting surface. The relevance of the results to the design of experimental surface modifiers is discussed.     

Specific features of the temperature characteristics of electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of polymer composites containing Cu(II)/Cr(III) heterometallic complexes

The temperature characteristics of the electric current and the photocurrent in films of composites based on electrically neutral poly(vinyl butyral) with additions of Cu(II)/Cr(III) heterometallic cation-anion complexes are investigated. The electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of the polymer composite films in the visible optical range increase with a decrease in the distance between the metal centers in the complexes and upon introduction of acceptor additions of the C₆₀ fullerene into the composition of the polymer binder and increase exponentially with increasing temperature. The activation energy of electrical conduction and photoconduction exceeds 1 eV and depends weakly on the strength of the external electric field. The temperature characteristics of the electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of the materials under investigation are explained by the specific features of trapping of charge carriers at the interface between particles of the heterometallic complex and the polymer binder.     

空间多能电子辐照聚合物充电过程的稳态特性

空间同步轨道上多能电子辐照聚合物的充电过程及其稳态特性是研究和抑制通信卫星静电放电的基础.在同步电子散射-输运微观模型的基础上,采用具有10—400 keV积分能谱分布的多能电子辐照聚酰亚胺样品,进行了多能电子辐照聚酰亚胺充电过程的数值模拟,获得了空间电荷密度、空间电位、空间电场分布和聚合物样品参数条件下的表面电位和最大场强.结果表明,多能电子与样品发生散射作用并沉积在样品内形成具有高密度的电荷区域分布,同时在迁移和扩散的作用下输运至样品底部形成样品电流;充电达到稳态、电子迁移率较小时(小于10-10cm2·V-1·s-1),表面电位绝对值和充电强度随电子迁移率的降低明显加强,捕获密度较大时(大于1014cm-3),表面电位绝对值和充电强度随捕获密度的增大明显加强;聚合物样品厚度对表面电位和充电强度的影响大于电子迁移率、捕获密度和相对介电常数的影响.研究结果对于揭示空间多能电子辐照聚合物的充电现象及微观机理、提高航天器故障机理研究水平具有重要科学意义和价值.