Mg-Si-Sn-Bi材料退火过程中微结构演变与热电性能

利用单质粉末冷压成型及高真空500℃-2h烧结制备了Mg-Si-Sn-Bi材料,随后对制备材料在真空下600℃退火处理,并对制备材料的组成和热电性能进行研究.结果表明,500℃烧结材料仅仅由Mg2Sn和Mg2Si两相混合物构成.材料600℃退火,部分化合物分解,Sn和Si首先以单质形式存在;随后Si融入剩余的Mg2Sn结构中,形成Mg2(Sn,Si)固溶体;Sn以金属纳米尺寸状态存在;分解的Mg与真空石英玻璃管内残留的氧反应生成MgO相.而且,退火时间延长,Mg2(Sn,Si)固溶体和纳米尺寸的金属Sn含量增多.材料中Mg2(Sn,Si)固溶体含量越多,Seebeck系数绝对值越大;材料中纳米尺寸的金属Sn含量越多,电阻率越小.含有纳米尺寸金属Sn的Mg-Si-Sn-Bi材料因Seebeck系数绝对值大和电阻率小,具有较大的功率因子.     

Tb掺杂CaMnO3氧化物材料热电输运性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法结合陶瓷烧结工艺制备了Tb掺杂CaMnO3基氧化物热电材料,系统研究了Tb掺杂材料物相组成、微观组织和和电输运性能.结果表明,Tb掺杂试样均为单一物相的CaMnO3晶体材料.随着Tb掺杂量的增加,试样晶粒逐渐细化.所得CaMnO3基材料内部晶粒互连,试样结构较为致密.所有Tb掺杂试样电阻率随温度升高而降低,呈明显的半导体传输特性,其中Tb掺杂量为0.14的试样电阻率最低.Tb掺杂试样Seebeck系数绝对值随掺杂量的增加而降低,这是由于Tb掺杂引入的电子型载流子造成的.所有试样功率因子均随温度升高而逐渐增加,并且所有Tb掺杂试样的功率因子均大于未掺杂试样.其中Tb掺杂量为0.08的块体试样功率因子在测试温度最高点973 K时达到最大值2.0×10-4 W·m-1·K-2,远高于未掺杂试样,通过稀土元素Tb掺杂可以优化CaMnO3基过渡金属氧化物材料的电性能.     

硅锗合金Seebeck系数影响因素的研究

作为一种洁净能源,硅锗合金的热电转换性能的研究越来越受到人们的重视.本文重点研究了不同Ge浓度的硅锗合金以及Si、Ge单晶在300～1100K温度范围内,Seebeck系数随温度的变化.并对组分相同导电类型不同、晶向不同以及结晶状态不同的样品的Seebeck系数进行了比较.在研究温度区间,Seebeck系数的绝对值大小一般在200～600μV/K之间,随温度不同连续变化.通过对比发现SiGe合金的Seebeck系数大小不仅与Ge的浓度和温度有关,其他因素对其绝对值也有影响,其中晶向最为明显,表现出了明显的各向异性.此外,材料本身的电阻率除了作为一个热电参数影响最优值外,其大小还对Seebeck系数的绝对值有影响,即掺杂济浓度对Seebeck系数的影响.     

稀土元素Ce掺杂对CaMnO3基热电材料的微观结构及高温电性能的影响

CaMnO3因其结构中元素在自然界中的丰度大、低毒和具有高温热和化学稳定性等优势而被认为是一类具有潜力的热电材料,但其较大的电阻率影响了热电性能的进一步提高.在钙位掺杂高价态稀土金属离子是降低其电阻率的有效途径.采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Ca1-xCexMnO3(x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.10)热电材料.利用XRD,SEM等方法对材料的物相及断面形貌进行了表征,利用四探针法同时测量了CaMnO3材料的电阻率,Seebeck系数.XRD结果显示所有样品都为单相CaMnO3结构,扫描电镜显示Ce掺杂CaMnO3材料结构致密,具有较小和分散均匀的粒径.样品的电阻率和Seebeck系数的绝对值随着Ce掺杂量的增加而变小,Ca0.9Ce0.1MnO3的功率因子最大,为2.76×10-4W·m-1 ·K-2.     

n型Ge基Ba_8Ga_(16-x)Zn_xGe_(30) I-型笼合物的制备及电传输特性

用熔融法结合放电等离子体烧结技术,采用Zn掺杂制备了具有半导体传导特性的n型Ba_8Ga_(16-x)Zn_xGe_(30) I-型笼合物,研究了Zn部分置换Ga对化合物电传输特性的影响.研究表明所制备的化合物为单相的具有空间群Pm3-n的I-型笼合物.Zn掺杂前对应化合物表现为金属传导特性,Zn掺杂后对应化合物表现为典型的杂质半导体传导特性.室温下,随Zn掺杂量的增加,化合物的载流子浓度和载流子有效质量逐渐降低;Zn掺杂对室温载流子迁移率无明显影响.在300～900 K温度范围内,随Zn掺杂量的增加对应化合物的电导率逐渐降低,Seebeck系数逐渐增加.Zn掺杂后对应化合物的功率因子与掺杂前相比有所降低,且达到最大值的温度都向低温方向偏移.     

Ca3-xCexCo4O9+δ陶瓷的制备与电输运性能

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺Ce的钴酸钙(Ca3Co4O9+δ)陶瓷,通过TG-DSC、XRD和SEM对样品进行表征,研究了Ce掺杂对电导率、Seebeck系数和功率因子的影响。结果表明:陶瓷样品的断面形貌呈片层状。随着Ce掺杂量的增加,样品的导电机制发生变化,测试温度范围内样品的电导率和功率因子下降,Seebeck系数先增加后下降。     

灰锡自溶剂法Ba/Eu复合填充Ⅷ型Sn基单晶笼合物的制备及电传输特性

采用灰锡自溶剂法制备Ⅷ型Sn基单晶笼合物,并通过Eu对其进行掺杂.研究表明所制备样品均为空间群为I(4)3m的p型Ⅷ型Sn基单晶笼合物,Eu原子趋于取代Ba原子,且随着Eu元素起始含量的增加,材料晶格常数减小,熔点升高,较低的载流子浓度与较高的载流子迁移率使得材料Seebeck系数与电导率都有所提升,Eu起始含量x =0.50的样品其ZT值在480 K处获得最大值0.87.     

Al掺杂Ⅷ型Sn基单晶笼合物载流子调制对其热电传输特性的影响

本文采用Sn自熔剂法,通过调节Ga的起始含量(Ba∶ Ga∶ Al∶ Sn =8∶x∶6∶50;x=10,20,30)实现对载流子进行调制,制备出具有p型和n型传导的Ⅷ型Sn基单晶笼合物,并对其结构和热电特性进行研究.研究结果表明,随着Ga起始含量的增加,Al在化合物中的固溶度减小,材料的晶格常数也随之减小;x=10的样品Seebeck系数全部为负值,x=30的样品Seebeck系数全部为正值,而x=20的样品在450 K后由于本征激发Seebeck系数显著降低,在550 K附近由p型传导转变为n型传导;室温下具有p型传导的化合物具有较高的载流子浓度,但其迁移率显著降低,从而导致其相应的化合物具有较高的电阻率,因此通过对Ga起始含量的改变能够对化合物的载流子实现有效调控;此外,在300 ～600 K内均具有p型传导的样品室温下的载流子有效质量较n型样品的高;通过估算的热导率κ、实测电阻率和Seebeck系数,计算出x=30的p型单晶样品在457 K处获得最大ZT值0.86.     

Fe掺杂CoSb3化合物的热电性能及电子结构研究

采用机械合金化结合冷等静压的方法制备了Co4-xFexSb12化合物,探讨了Fe掺杂对化合物热电性能的影响;利用基于密度泛函理论赝势平面波的方法对Fe掺杂前后的CoSb3的电子结构进行了计算.结果表明:在Co4-xFexSb12化合物中Fe的固溶极限x在0.3～0.5之间;CoSb3的费米而位于导带和价带之间,其电阻率随温度的升高而降低,为非简并半导体;Fe掺杂后费米面进入价带,使其成为P型简并半导体,电阻率较掺杂前大大降低并随温度的升高而增加;本实验条件下,Co37Fe0.3Sb12化合物的功率因子在600 K时出现1406.31μW/ m·K2的最高值,是未掺杂试样的功率因子最高值的7.4倍.     

Al掺杂ZnO多晶的热电输运性质研究

采用固相反应法制备了六方纤锌矿结构Zn1-xAlxO(0≤x≤0.03)系列多晶,探究了Al掺杂对ZnO多晶的微观形貌和热电输运性质的影响.结果表明,Al掺杂促使ZnO晶粒长大联结,晶界减少,x＞0.003时出现在晶界分布的ZnAl2O4尖晶石相.掺杂后样品由ZnO的半导体行为转变为电阻率显著下降的金属行为,且x=0.003有最小的室温电阻率～1.7 mΩ·cm,主要由于掺杂使样品载流子浓度和迁移率显著提高,x=0.003时载流子浓度和迁移率为最高,分别为1.05×1021 cm-3和20 cm2/V·s;300 ～900 K下掺杂样品热电势的绝对值和功率因子均随温度升高而增大,x =0.003时有最大的室温功率因子～0.4mW/m·K2.综合得到ZnO中Al掺杂的饱和固溶度x≈0.003.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

Features of transformations in REE-containing systems of nitrate precursors in preparatory processes of formation of multifunctional oxide materials

Abstract

The complex study provides a reliable idea of ??the trends in the joint behavior of structural components in the water-salt systems of nitrate precursors of REE, alkaline, alkaline earth metals in the preparatory stages of the processes of forming multicomponent oxide polyfunctional materials on their basis with thermal activation. Stages of such transformations are revealed; The regularities of complex and phase formation in systems and factors influencing them are determined; A number of physicochemical properties of the intermediate phases formed - coordination lanthanides nitrates: their composition, types of compounds, atomic-crystalline structure, regularities of transformations during heat treatment were studied.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.