水平管外混合制冷剂的降膜滴状流动数值研究

降膜滴状流动因高传热和低成本等优点应用十分广泛,本文采用数值计算方法研究了水平管外混合制冷剂的降膜滴状流动和换热特性。首先采用流型和分离长度验证的方法提出一种可行的模拟计算方法,通过与实验对比验证了此方法和模型的可靠性,然后分别研究了雷诺数与管间距对管外降膜滴状流动形态和换热特性的影响。结果表明管间距为5 mm时,随着雷诺数变大,对流换热系数逐渐变大;当雷诺数为80时,随着管间距的增大,对流换热系数变化幅度较小。本文的研究方法和结果可以为混合制冷剂的降膜滴状流动的流型与传热研究提供参考。     

强化管表面水降膜蒸发的实验研究

本文研究了三种强化管对降膜蒸发换热效果的影响,利用热阻分析的方法,求得不同工况下降膜蒸发的换热系数。以水为介质,实验在绝对压力为1000Pa的条件下进行。通过对换热系数与降膜流量之间关系的研究,发现随着流量的增大,降膜蒸发过程分成管壁部分干涸以及全湿润两个状态;当流量处于转变值时,降膜蒸发的换热系数达到最大值。另外结果表明,当降膜雷诺数在10～110范围内,Turbo-CAB(26fpi)管表面的降膜蒸发换热系数是光管的3～5倍;但当液膜完全覆盖Turbo-CAB的翅片时,其强化换热效果将变差。     

半椭圆管水平降膜液膜厚度图像数字化处理研究

在不同喷淋量Q、管间距S、布液高度H下对半椭圆管水平降膜液膜厚度变化进行研究,同时与圆管、椭圆管的液膜厚度进行了对比,运用图像数字化处理得到降膜过程的气液界面线以及半椭圆管液膜厚度随管壁周向角变化情况。结果表明:对于相同截面周长的圆管、椭圆管和半椭圆管,在相同工况下,半椭圆管的平均液膜厚度最小;随着喷淋量的增加,液膜厚度先增加后变小;随着布液高度的增加,液膜厚度逐渐变薄;随着管间距增加,液膜厚度逐渐变薄;截面周长为79.8 mm、长短轴比为2.1的半椭圆管在喷淋量Q为0.14 L/min、布液高度H为15 mm、管间距S小于20 mm,液膜厚度稳定,有利于充分换热。     

垂直管外降落液膜的流动和传热特性

本文报道对过冷薄层水膜沿均匀加热竖管外壁向下流动时的流动和传热特性而作的实验研究。详细描述了液膜流态和液膜破断临界现象。根据实验数据拟合出液膜破断临界热流密度经验公式,同时还拟合出正常液膜和接近破断临界时的液膜的换热系数综合关系式。实验中液膜雷诺数的变化范围是800—6800;最大热流密度达8.67x10~4W/m~2。     

吸收器水平管外降膜流动数值模拟研究

建立了吸收式制冷机组吸收器水平管外气液降膜流动数值模型,分析了布液高度、布液孔大小、水平管直径及液体入口速度对液膜流动特性的影响,探讨了不同液体入口温度下液膜表面的温度分布。结果表明:液体铺展过程中液膜前端出现小液滴的分离;液膜厚度随周向角的增加先减小后增加,液膜Y方向速度呈相反的变化趋势;随液体入口流速的增加,液膜厚度增加,管壁下方的"干区"面积随之增加;随布液孔孔径的增大,液膜厚度及Y方向速度增加;随布液高度及降膜管直径的增加,液膜厚度减小,Y方向速度增加;随周向角的增加,液膜表面温度逐渐降低,并随着温差的增加,液膜温度降低幅度较大。     

涡轮机匣内部冷却结构换热特性的实验研究

为获得涡轮机匣内部冷却结构的换热特性,利用瞬态液晶技术测量了动力涡轮机匣中环腔及机匣后腔内表面的换热系数,获得了进口雷诺数(Re=3.0×10~4～9.5×10~4)和出流比(M=0.5～2.0)影响下机匣内表面的换热规律。结果表明:机匣内表面换热系数随射流雷诺数的增大而升高,冲击射流在轴向及周向的发展使得环腔表面形成三角形和圆形高换热区。射流冲击倾斜靶面后,贴壁射流对后腔上表面形成二次冲击,提升了局部换热系数。对后腔下表面而言,随着出流比的增加,冲击靶面上游区域平均努塞尔数逐渐增加,最大增幅分别为8.5%和12.3%,而靶面下游区域平均努塞尔数逐渐减小,最大降幅分别为18.5%、26.3%和34.6%。对后腔上表面而言,出流比的增大对换热系数影响很小。     

水平微细圆管内膜状凝结换热特性的研究

实验研究了微细圆管内凝结换热特性,实验中采用四种不锈钢管,其内径范围为289-997μm。基于实验结果, 分析了换热温差、蒸汽进口雷诺数Rein和管径对管内膜状凝结换热系数的影响,发现温差对管内膜状凝结换热的影响很小, Nu随蒸汽进口雷诺数Rein增加而增大,随管径减小而降低,而对流换热系数随管径减小而显著增大。     

微圆管进口区气体流动与换热特性研究

对微圆管进口区运用一阶速度滑移和温度跳跃边界,考察了Kn、动量调和及热调和系数对流动与换热特性的影响机理和规律.模拟结果表明:流动进口段长度随Kn增加而增加,但随动量调和系数减小而减小;热进口段长度随Kn增加而增加,但随动量调和系数及热调和系数减小而减小;Nu数随Kn增加及热调和系数减小而减小,但随动量调和系数减小而增加.     

低温开架式气化器表面结冰数值模拟

针对开架式气化器(ORV)建立4组不同海水液膜厚度下的换热管模型,基于Realizable k-ε及SolidificationMelting模型进行流固耦合传热计算,分析不同海水液膜厚度以及不同海水入口流速对换热管外海水结冰的影响。海水入口流速在0.5m/s~1m/s范围内变化时,海水入口流速越小,液膜厚度越薄,换热管外海水越易结冰;当液膜厚度为1mm、海水入口流速为0.5m/s时,结冰长度达到454mm。可见,换热管外海水结冰受液膜厚度与海水入口流速影响很大。海水从上往下流动过程中,换热管外海水结冰率逐渐增大,冰层逐渐增厚,且结冰重点区域位于换热管翅片缝隙及换热管连接处。因此在ORV实际运行中,为防止换热管结冰,应合理布置海水分布装置,并对换热管外翅片夹角、形状及换热管连接结构进行优化设计,以增强ORV传热效果。     

超临界二氧化碳在突扩管中对流换热的流动特性研究

对流动分岔后的超临界二氧化碳在平面对称突扩管中进行强迫对流换热进行了数值模拟,研究了热流密度在流体发生流动分岔现象后流动特性的影响。计算结果表明:随着热流密度的增加,临界雷诺数和转换雷诺数减小,流动稳定性遭到削弱;对应于相同的雷诺数,由于流动分岔引起的不对称压力分布随着热流密度的增加对应于突扩管上、下半部有不同变化规律,这使得对应回流区的大小分别减小和增大。     

Heat transfer at evaporation of falling films of Freon mixture on the smooth and structured surfaces

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of falling films of binary mixtures of R21 and R114 freons on the surfaces with complex configuration. The vertical tubes of 50-mm diameter with the smooth and structured surfaces, made of D16T alloy, were used as the working sections. The range of film Reynolds number at the inlet to the working section was Re =10÷155. The image of wave surface of the falling liquid film was visualized and recorded by a high-speed digital video camera. At evaporation the heat transfer coefficients on the smooth and structured surfaces are determined by the liquid flow rate and weakly depend on the heat flux. At low liquid flows, the heat transfer coefficients on the structured surface decrease in comparison with the smooth surface because of liquid accumulation and enlargement of efficient thickness in microtexture channels. At high liquid flows, a change in the structure of the wave film surface leads to an increase in heat transfer coefficients in comparison with the smooth surface.     

Numerical Simulation for Falling Film Flow Characteristics of Refrigerant on the Smooth and Structured Surfaces

Flow characteristics of a liquid film flowing over a smooth surface and structured surface with the Reynolds number range from 10 to 1121 are studied. The mixture of R21 and R114 refrigerants is used as the test liquid. The 3D transient simulations are taken to capture the liquid film’s dynamic characteristics and spatial distribution. Effects of the inlet dimension, inlet flow rates, surface tension, and surface structuring on the wettability, average velocity, and film thickness are studied systematically. The obtained results show that surface tension is essential for an accurate simulation, while inlet width has no effect on the liquid film parameters in the steady-state flow regime. For low flow rates, wetting area and film thickness both are small, and a suggested range of Reynolds number is chosen to simulate further heat transfer in order to balance the film thickness and dry spots generation. It is shown that a ripple surface structure hinders the liquid film movement, reflected in a lower velocity and a larger film thickness compared to the smooth surface. Lateral movement of a liquid film can also be observed at the structured surface.     

Heat transfer and crisis phenomena at boiling in Freon mixture films falling down the structured tube

Investigation results on hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and crisis phenomena in laminar-wave liquid films falling down the surfaces of different geometry are presented in this study. Freon mixture R21/R114 with initial concentration of low-boiling component of 4?C16.6 % was used as the working liquid. The film Reynolds number at the inlet to the experimental section varied from 60 to 700. The heat flux density was changed within 0?C5 W/cm². The images of wave surface of the falling liquid film and formation of dry spots were visualized and recorded by the high-speed video camera. Results of investigation of the wave structure of the film surface, measurements of heat transfer coefficients under the conditions of boiling, and critical heat fluxes in the film flow over the smooth and structured surfaces are presented.     

纳米流体对流换热的实验研究

建立了测量纳米流体对流换热系数的实验系统,测量了不同粒子体积份额的水-Cu纳米流体在层流与湍流状态下的管内对流换热系数,实验结果表明,在液体中添加纳米粒子增大了液体的管内对流换热系数,粒子的体积份额是影响纳米流体对流换热系数的因素之一。综合考虑影响纳米流体对流换热的多种因素,提出了计算纳米流体对流换热系数的关联式。     

Experimental studies on natural convection of water in a closed-loop vertical annulus

Experimental studies on heat transfer and fluid flow of water in a vertical annulus, circulating through a cold leg forming a closed loop thermo-siphon, have been carried out in this article. The annulus has a radius ratio (outer radius to inner radius) of 1.184 and aspect ratio (length to annular gap) equal to 352. The experiments were conducted for constant heat fluxes of 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 kW/m². Transient behavior during the heat-up period of the system until the steady-state condition is attained and discussed. Variation in the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along the annulus height represent the developing boundary layer at the entrance and fully developed flow in the remaining length. A large drop in the differential pressure is experienced when the liquid is circulated through the flow meters, which restrict the flow due to their very small passages. Flow restriction causes mass accumulation and rise of pressure at the exit of the annulus. It also causes a decrease in liquid head in the cooling leg. An increase in the heat flux leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. As a result of the data analysis correlations for the average Nusselt number, Reynolds number and circulation rate have been developed in terms of the heat flux.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in Two-phase Flow Boiling

In this article, an experimental investigation is performed to measure the boiling heat transfer coefficient of water flow in a microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 500 μm. Experimental tests are conducted with heat fluxes ranging from 100 to 400 kW/m², vapor quality from 0 to 0.2, and mass fluxes of 200, 400, and 600 kg/m²s. Also, this study has modified the liquid Froude number to present a flow pattern transition toward an annular flow. Experimental results show that the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient is not dependent on mass flux and vapor quality but on heat flux to a certain degree. The measured heat transfer coefficient is compared with a few available correlations proposed for macroscales, and it is found that previous correlations have overestimated the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient for the test conditions considered in this work. This article proposes a new correlation model regarding the boiling heat transfer coefficient in mini- and microchannels using boiling number, Reynolds number, and modified Froude number.     

Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Equipped with Coiled Circular Wires

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient by inserting coiled wire around the outer surface of the inner tube of the double-pipe heat exchanger. Insulated wires, with a circular cross-section of 2 mm diameter, forming a coil of different pitches (p = 6, 12, and 20 mm), were used as turbulators. The investigation is performed for turbulent water flow in a double-pipe heat exchanger with cold water in the annulus space for both parallel and counter flows. The experiments were performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 4,000 to 14,000. The experimental results reveal that the use of coiled circular wires leads to a considerable increase in heat transfer coefficients compared with a smooth wall tube for both parallel and counter water flows. The mean Nusselt number increases with Reynolds number and pitch. The convective heat transfer coefficient for a turbulent water flow increases for all coiled wire pitches, with the highest enhancement of about 450% for counter flow and 400% for the parallel flow. New correlations for mean relative Nusselt numbers at different coiled wire pitches are provided.     

An experimental study on convective heat transfer performance of steam and air flow in V-shaped rib roughened channels

An experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of steam and air flows in a V-shaped ribbed channels was conducted. The effects of Reynolds numbers and rib angles on heat transfer of steam and air were obtained. The area-averaged Nusselt numbers of steam flow at a Reynolds number of 12,000 were 13.9%, 20.6%, 27.1%, and 27.9% higher than those of air flow for rib angles of 90°, 75°, 60°, and 45°, respectively. The correlations for Nusselt number in terms of Reynolds number and rib angle for steam and air in V-shaped ribbed channels were developed.     

液滴撞击液膜的流热耦合界面追踪方法数值模拟

采用界面追踪方法研究蒸馏过程中液滴撞击高温薄液膜的流动和传热特性，将数值结果与解析解和实验进行比较验证模型的正确性，研究气液界面和热流分布的演变过程.同时，分析液滴We数和无量纲液膜厚度对传热的影响.液滴撞击后的热流密度分布显示：液膜可分为撞击区、过渡区和静态区.由于液滴的撞击作用，强制对流是撞击区内主要的传热机制.增大液滴的韦伯数或减小无量纲液膜厚度会加强热量传递.随着液滴韦伯数的增加，冲击引起的扰动增强，在动量和能量共同作用下，平均热流密度明显增大，撞击区冠状水花越明显.无量纲液膜厚度越小，平均热流密度越大，且有更长的时间保持高热流密度换热.     

Spreading of a viscous liquid film over the corrugated surface and the heat and mass transfer calculations

There are a lot of industrial applications of structured packing. Distillation columns are one of the examples where the liquid flows over the corrugated surface as a thin film to provide a good mass-transfer surface between the liquid and vapor phase. The purpose of the present paper is to study the hydrodynamics and the heat-mass transfer of the liquid film spreading down the corrugated surfaces when the corrugation amplitude is comparable with Nusselt’s film thickness (the amplitude corresponds to a small texture of the structured packing). As a result, a nonlinear type diffusion equation is obtained to describe the evolution of the film thickness profile. The nonlinear diffusion coefficient is obtained for three cases: a smooth inclined plate, a corrugated plate with large ribs, and an inclined corrugated plate with small ribs. The equations are solved numerically. As a result, it has been obtained that the small texture significantly increases the rate of the film thickness evolution in comparison with a smooth plate. To obtain the nonlinear diffusion coefficient in the case of a small texture, the hydrodynamics of the film flow over an inclined corrugated surface are studied. The viscosity, inertia, and surface tension forces are taken into account. The calculations were carried out on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. The influence of the microcorrugations on both the heat transfer from the wall and the mass transfer through the free surface was investigated.