Fast Estimation of Scatter Components Using the Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Scatter Compensation

In this work we propose a method for scatter compensation in single photon emission computed tomography imaging, by which we can estimate the scatter components in projections in high speed with good accuracy. The method is that we first estimate the scatter components in projections based on scatter response kernels by one time of ordered subsets expectation maximization iterative reconstruction, and then subtract the estimated scatter components from the projections and complete reconstruction by filtered back-projection method. The principle is that the image corresponding to the scatter components in projections consists largely of low-frequency components of an activity distribution; these low-frequency components will converge faster than the high ones in iterative reconstruction. Therefore, we can estimate the low-frequency component image before the image converges with the high-frequency ones, and obtain the scatter components by re-projecting the low-frequency component image with scatter response kernels. The effects of the proposed method were compared with the dual- and triple-energy window methods using experimental measurements. The results show that good accuracy in estimated scatter components, good uniformity of scatter compensation at the center and the side of an object, and good noise property can be acquired by this method.     

Robust scatter correction method for cone-beam CT using an interlacing-slit plate

Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) has been widely used in medical imaging and industrial nondestructive testing,but the presence of scattered radiation will cause significant reduction of image quality.In this article,a robust scatter correction method for CBCT using an interlacing-slit plate(ISP) is carried out for convenient practice.Firstly,a Gaussian filtering method is proposed to compensate the missing data of the inner scatter image,and simultaneously avoid too-large values of calculated inner scatter and smooth the inner scatter field.Secondly,an interlacing-slit scan without detector gain correction is carried out to enhance the practicality and convenience of the scatter correction method.Finally,a denoising step for scatter-corrected projection images is added in the process flow to control the noise amplification The experimental results show that the improved method can not only make the scatter correction more robust and convenient,but also achieve a good quality of scatter-corrected slice images.     

基于全变分最小化和交替方向法的康普顿散射成像重建算法

康普顿散射成像技术利用射线与物质作用后的散射光子信息对物质的电子密度进行成像.与传统的透射成像方式相比,康普顿散射成像具有系统结构灵活、成像对比度高、辐射剂量低等优势,在无损检测、医疗诊断、安全检查等领域有着广阔的应用前景.但其重建问题是一个非线性的逆问题,通常是不适定的,其解对噪声和测量误差非常敏感.为解决此问题,本文结合全变分最小化正则化方法和交替方向法提出了一种新的康普顿散射成像重建算法.该算法首先将问题对应的TV模型转化为与之等价的带约束的优化问题,然后利用增广拉格朗日乘子法将优化问题分解为两个具有解析解的子问题,并通过交替求解子问题使增广拉格朗日函数达到最小,进而得到重建的图像.在仿真实验中,通过与主流的ASD-POCS方法进行对比,证明了该算法在重建精度和重建效率方面的优势.     

基于多分辨分析的合成孔径声纳相干斑抑制研究

相干斑噪声的存在使合成孔径声纳图像不能正确反映目标的反射特性,严重影响了图像的质量,降低了对图像的分析和理解性能。一个良好的合成孔径声纳图像相干斑抑制算法,必须在有效抑制相干斑噪声的同时,尽量保持图像中的边缘、点目标等细节信息。小波变换具有多分辨特性,可以利用其多分辨特性进行图像噪声消除。由于合成孔径声纳图像相干斑具有乘性噪声的性质,这就需要对其合成孔径声纳图像进行对数变换,把乘性噪声转换成加性噪声。然后对加性噪声进行小波多分辨分析和阈值处理,剔除小于阈值的小波系数后进行逆小波变换和指数变换,从而获得抑制相干斑噪声后的新的合成孔径声纳图像。从相干斑抑制的结果可以看出,基于多分辨分析的相干斑噪声抑制算法能够有效降低合成孔径声纳图像中的相干斑噪声。     

针对多散斑图的差分压缩鬼成像方案研究

鬼成像方案实现所需设备、成像的质量以及成像所花的时间是决定鬼成像技术可实用化的重要因素. 本文提出一种针对多散斑图的差分压缩鬼成像方案. 该方案通过连续探测多个独立的散斑图, 降低了热光鬼成像方案对探测器高时间分辨力的要求; 通过采用差分方法, 抑制了背景噪声和其他噪声源的干扰; 通过使用压缩感知重建算法, 有效地降低了鬼成像所需时间并同时提升成像的质量. 数值仿真结果表明, 对于二灰度“N” 图, 本方案在8000次的采样情形下与多散斑图鬼成像方案35000次采样的结果相比, 均方误差降低了96.9%、峰值信噪比提升15.1 dB. 对于八灰度“Pepper”图, 本方案与多散斑图鬼成像方案相比, PSNR提升11.4 dB. 本方案可降低探测设备的要求、提高成像质量、降低重建时间, 具有广阔的应用前景.     

A Compton scattering image reconstruction algorithm based on total variation minimization

Compton scattering imaging is a novel radiation imaging method using scattered photons.Its main characteristics are detectors that do not have to be on the opposite side of the source,so avoiding the rotation process.The reconstruction problem of Compton scattering imaging is the inverse problem to solve electron densities from nonlinear equations,which is ill-posed.This means the solution exhibits instability and sensitivity to noise or erroneous measurements.Using the theory for reconstruction of sparse images,a reconstruction algorithm based on total variation minimization is proposed.The reconstruction problem is described as an optimization problem with nonlinear data-consistency constraint.The simulated results show that the proposed algorithm could reduce reconstruction error and improve image quality,especially when there are not enough measurements.     

基于平板探测器的2D-CT成像技术的研究

大面积非晶硅平板探测器(flat panel detector-FPD)在透射射线成像领域得到越来越多的应用。基于FPD的圆轨道FDK型三维计算机层析成像技术(Computed Tomography,3D-CT)检测速度快,但成像质量不及2D-CT。为发挥3D-CT速度优势,同时提高系统对物体感兴趣区域CT成像的性能,研究了一种基于FPD的、配合3D-CT功能的高像质2D-CT成像技术;提出了一种集噪声抑制、散射校正和高频细节增强于一体的2D-CT投影预处理方法,并完成了基于FPD的2D/3D-CT集成原型系统的研制。系统性能测试结果表明,基于FPD的2D-CT技术成像空间分辨率达3lp/mm,密度分辨率达5‰。     

A statistical iteration approach with energy minimization to sinogram noise reduction for low-dose X-ray CT

Low-dose CT imaging has been particularly used in modern medical practice for its advantage on reducing the radiation dose to patients. However, excessive quantum noise is present in low dose X-ray imaging along with the decrease of the radiation dose; thus, there are obvious streak-like artifacts in reconstructed images. The statistical iterative reconstruction approach applied to the noisy sinogram before a filtered back-projection (FBP) is a resolution to deal with the noisy problem. In this paper, the statistical property of the noise sinogram was considered to achieve a satisfactory image reconstruction and a statistical iterative method with energy minimization was proposed to address the problem of streak-like artifacts. Simulations were performed and indicated that the proposed method could suppress noise and obviously decrease streak-like artifacts in reconstructed images.     

改正重谱中噪声偏差的正性约束方法和天文高分辨率像复原实验

虽然斑纹掩模法能有效地消除大气流噪声引起的像质衰变,实现望远衍射极限分辨率像复原,但实际的斑纹探测器都不同程度地存在着多种噪声,它们在斑纹图平均功率谱和重谱中产生的偏差将使模和位相的复原受到严重干扰而最终导致像复原的失败。本文讨论了斑纹掩模法像复原中的噪声问题。提出正重谱噪声偏差的正性约束方法,报道了对天文目标：双星ＡＤＳ１６８００和三星Ｈｌｄ１７１ＡＤＳ１６６４８）的高分辨率像复原观测。     

A compressed sensing approach for enhancing infrared imaging resolution

This paper presents a novel approach for improving infrared imaging resolution by the use of Compressed Sensing (CS). Instead of sensing raw pixel data, the image sensor measures the compressed samples of the observed image through a coded aperture mask placed on the focal plane of the optical system, and then the image reconstruction can be conducted from these samples using an optimal algorithm. The resolution is determined by the size of the coded aperture mask other than that of the focal plane array (FPA). The attainable quality of the reconstructed image strongly depends on the choice of the coded aperture mode. Based on the framework of CS, we carefully design an optimum mask pattern and use a multiplexing scheme to achieve multiple samples. The gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) algorithm is employed to recover the image. The mask radiation effect is discussed by theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. Experimental results are presented to show that the proposed method enhances infrared imaging resolution significantly and ensures imaging quality.     

基于凸优化的傅里叶叠层成像技术研究

在傅里叶叠层成像（FPM）过程中采集的低分辨率图像会对重建图像质量产生直接影响,已有的研究提出用图像超分辨率重建技术和对低分辨率图像进行传统去噪处理的方法来解决该问题,但超分辨率重建的方法需要采集大量的原始图像,会加大采集端的时间损耗,而传统去噪算法会造成原始信息丢失,严重影响重构图像质量。因此论文引入凸优化算法,噪声图像的恢复可以通过求解一个凸优化模型来实现,并用迭代收缩阈值算法来求解该模型,算法中采用Barzilai-Borwein（BB）规则在每次迭代时初始化线搜索步长,加快收敛速度,选用软阈值函数,使图像去噪时原始信息丢失减少,最终重构图像的PSNR为27.634 6 dB,SSIM为0.926 1,所需处理时间为5.850 s,因此基于凸优化的傅里叶叠层成像技术具有时间损耗不大的情况下提高重构图像质量的优点。     

光学稀疏孔径系统的成像及其图像复原

由多个小口径成像系统通过特殊排列综合而成的光学稀疏孔径系统是实现高分辨率天文目标成像观测的一种新方法.建立了光学稀疏孔径系统的衍射受限非相干成像模型,并针对某一具体的光学稀疏孔径系统,运用图像复原维纳滤波器完成了系统成像和图像恢复处理的计算机仿真实验.结果表明,光学稀疏孔径系统可以等效实现单个大口径成像系统的成像观测效果.     

Bayesian image processing in magnetic resonance imaging.

In the past several years, image processing techniques based on Bayesian models have received considerable attention. In our earlier work, we developed a novel Bayesian approach which was primarily aimed at the processing and reconstruction of images in positron emission tomography. In this paper, we describe how the technique has been adopted to process magnetic resonance images in order to reduce noise and artifacts, thereby improving image quality. In this framework, the image is assumed to be a statistical variable whose posterior probability density conditional on the observed image is modeled by the product of the likelihood function of the observed data with a prior density based our prior knowledge. A Gibbs random field incorporating local continuity information and with edge-detection capability is used as the prior model. Based on the formalism of the posterior density, we can compute an estimate of the image using an iterative technique. We have implemented this technique and applied it to phantom and clinical images. Our results indicate that the approach works reasonably well for reducing noise, enhancing edges, and removing ringing artifact.     

闪光照相散射定量技术初步研究北大核心CSCD

高能MeV闪光照相所针对的客体通常具有极高的面密度。当X射线穿过客体时,直穿X射线的强度将被极大衰减,到达成像面的直穿信号可能被散射“噪声”所淹没,若直接对图像进行反演将严重影响照相重建精度。从散射抑制角度出发,目前主要采用网柵相机即阵列型准直孔阻挡散射,但网栅相机的应用效果受光源位置稳定性影响较大,且网栅不易加工。提出了一种可实时定量散射强度的照相方案,该方案利用狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力不随散射强度变化而改变这一特点,对现有照相布局进行小改进,利用已知客体实验结果标定狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力,进一步自洽确定待测客体的散射量大小。基于蒙卡方法的仿真照相实验结果表明,当采用低面密度客体标定散射抑制系数时,高面密度客体散射强度的估计值与模拟真实值偏差可小于2%。     

基于多相组重建的航空图像超分辨率算法

为提高航空图像的空间分辨率, 提出一种基于多相组重建的超分辨率算法. 融合图像间的互补信息, 将多帧低分辨率图像作为图像基, 参考帧分解为多相组, 利用差异采样特性构建图像基与参考帧之间的的多相组线性关系重建得到高分辨率图像的多项组, 经图像多相分解逆变换获得融合的高分辨率图像. 根据该融合图像的局部内容和结构信息自适应调整控制核核函数, 应用改进的控制核回归算法去除图像模糊和噪声得到清晰的超分辨率图像. 与传统算法相比, 该算法无需图像配准和迭代过程, 计算效率极大地提高. 实验结果表明, 本文算法能够有效提高航空图像的空间分辨率, 在定量评价指标和主观视觉效果方面都有显著提高.     

一种用于中子散射成像的快速反投影重建方法

针对中子散射成像建立了一种快速反投影重建方法,这种方法首先根据每一个散射事件确定粒子可能所在的空间范围,然后该空间范围中进行重建,大大减少了重建的运行时间。应用所建立的方法对模拟的成像数据进行处理,结果表明:重建源与实际源的位向一致,对1000个散射数据进行处理,用时约3 s;对5探测单元成像得到的模拟数据处理,得到重建后点源的位向分辨为8.0°;重建源的位向分辨不随设定重建平面的位置而改变,但重建平面距探测平面越近,重建速度越快;当重建平面达到一定尺寸时,继续增加大重建平面尺寸,重建的运行时间增加不明显,该方法在大视场空间探测成像应用中,具有较高的重建效率。     

TOMOGRAPHY FORMULA FOR BIOCHEMICAL IMAGING OF THIN TISSUE WITH DIFFUSE-PHOTON DENSITY WAVES

Using the transport theory to describe the near infrared light propagating in tissue with finite parallel-plane geometry, and taking the zero-boundary condition, we obtain the analytical expression of average photon density and Green's function incorporating the boundary effects in the homogeneous tissure. Making use of perturbation theory we also obtain the analytical expression of scattered wave induced by the heterogeneity, and present the 2-dimensional spatial transform of scattered wave with respect to transverse coordinate. If the information of heterogeneity on depth and thickness is available, diffraction tomography formula is presented to save the time of image reconstruction; if the information is unknown, we suggest to obtain the inhomogeneous function from the one-dimensional integral equation of 2-dimensional spatial transform of scattered wave applying the direct matrix method or iterative method for image reconstruction. This approach avoids directly solving three-dimensional integral equation of scattered wave. In our proposed approach the strong points of the direct matrix method, iterative method, and diffraction tomography are fully combined.     

天光背景下混浊大气中成像质量的分析方法

调制传递函数(MTF)定量描述混浊介质对图像质量的影响,它是混浊介质的固有光学特性,利用等效原理可以获得MTF从低频到高频的完整特征.在实际应用中,混浊介质中的图像质量不仅取决于介质的MTF,还与图像的背景辐射密切相关.本文从混浊大气中图像退化机理出发,理论分析了空间频域中天光背景下图像质量的退化过程.参考等效原理,提出了一种考虑天光背景的表观MTF,得到了表观MTF与介质MTF和天光背景的定量关系,从而得到了一种分析背景辐射下混浊介质中图像质量的有效便捷方法.针对图像质量优化方法,从空间频域的角度提出了一种评价原则.     

基于能谱CT的材料组分彩色表征研究

基于光子计数探测器的X射线能谱CT,通过增加能谱分辨率实现了CT图像由灰度向彩色的转变,提高了材料识别能力。然而随着能谱通道数量的增加,通道中的噪声也显著增加,降低了材料识别的准确性。为充分利用能谱CT图像的稀疏性以及能谱通道之间图像的相关性,提出一种多约束窄谱CT迭代重建算法,可在降低噪声的同时有效保留图像的边缘及细节部分。进一步利用主成分分析对窄谱CT图像中的能谱信息进行估计,并建立主成分图像与R,G和B颜色分量之间的映射关系,最后获取彩色CT图像。该方法通过材料组分的彩色表征可以有效识别材料,同时降低图像中的背景噪声。仿真实验和实际实验结果验证了多约束窄谱CT迭代重建算法的有效性以及利用主成分分析进行材料组分彩色表征的可行性。     

中子散射成像探测角分辨研究

中子散射成像技术是近年来国外正在发展的一项新型辐射成像技术, 在深空宇宙探测、核材料监控等方面具有广阔的应用前景. 角分辨是衡量该技术成像能力的一项重要参数. 研究了位置不确定度和能量分辨对角分辨的影响. 理论分析表明: 以不同角度散射, 成像的角分辨不同; 位置不确定不仅直接影响角分辨, 还通过影响能量不确定度对角分辨间接贡献; 位置分辨主要来源于探测器的结构尺寸, 当探测器尺寸小于5 cm, 影响角分辨的主要来源是能量不确定度. 利用所获得的理论结果指导设计了原理探测系统, 并对设计的原理系统开展了初步实验研究. 结果表明, 分析结果与实验得到的角分辨参数基本一致.