半圆柱壳挠曲问题解析解精确性的研究

壳体力学已于上世纪由多位专家发展成熟,其中简支柱壳挠曲问题采用改进莱维解法的三角级数法解出,但是其解法复杂,手算难以完成．为讨论其结果的精确性,通过编写运行基于MATLAB的运算程序导出实例化解析解,与基于力学基本理论的推想假设对比,再引入有限元计算结果进行比较研究．最终发现,理论解析解应力和位移具有分布形式大致准确性,但仍存在不容忽视的细节与局部性问题．研究表明,理论解法工程意义有限,结果尚需改进．     

闽江福州河段环境工程地质问题的评价研究

江河环境工程地质问题是环境工程地质学研究的重要课题。江河沿岸环境地质条件是影响和决定沿江城市环境质量的重要背景 ;是控制和影响沿江河岸城市的环境容量和质量的重要因素。本文以闽江下游福州河段为例 ,概要评述了闽江福州河段的水动力条件和流水地质作用类型、强度等状况 ;分析研究了该河段的流水地质作用和地貌环境变化动态及其与沿江河岸人类各种工程建设活动的互相作用的特征和规律。对促进和提高沿江河岸“人—地系统”和谐协调平衡发展水平 ,正确规划、预测和评价沿江河岸各类工程建设发展的经济和社会效益及其前景 ,都具有重要意义.     

STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF A TIMOSHENKO BEAM ON AN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE UNDER A MOVING LOAD

By introducing the equivalent stiffness of an elastic half-space interacting with a Timoshenko beam, the displacement solution of the beam resting on an elastic half-space subjected to a moving load is presented. Based on the relative relation of wave velocities of the half-space and the beam, four cases with the combination of different parameters of the half-space and the beam, the system of soft beam and hard half-space, the system of sub-soft beam and hard half-space, the system of sub-hard beam and soft half-space, and the system of hard beam and soft half-space are considered. The critical velocities of the moving load are studied using dispersion curves. It is found that critical velocities of the moving load on the Timoshenko beam depend on the relative relation of wave velocities of the half-space and the beam. The Rayleigh wave velocity in the half-space is always a critical velocity and the response of the system will be infinite when the load velocity reaches it. For the system of soft beam and hard half-space, wave velocities of the beam are also critical velocities. Besides the shear wave velocity of the beam, there is an additional minimum critical velocity for the system of sub-soft beam and hard half-space. While for systems of (sub-) hard beams and soft half-space, wave velocities of the beam are no longer critical ones. Comparison with the Euler-Bernoulli beam shows that the critical velocities and response of the two types of beams are much different for the system of (sub-) soft beam and hard half-space but are similar to each other for the system of (sub-) hard beam and soft half space. The largest displacement of the beam is almost at the location of the load and the displacement along the beam is almost symmetrical if the load velocity is smaller than the minimum critical velocity (the shear wave velocity of the beam for the system of soft beam and hard half-space). The largest displacement of the beam shifts behind the load and the asymmetry of the displacement along the beam increases with the increase of the load velocity due to the damping and wave radiation. The displacement of the beam at the front of the load is very small if the load velocity is larger than the largest wave velocity of the beam and the half space. The results of the present study provide attractive theoretical and practical references for the analysis of ground vibration induced by the high-speed train.     

复合柔性结构全局模态函数提取与状态空间模型构建

随着航空航天等领域中实际工程结构的大型化和柔性化,结构的非线性振动和主动振动控制问题越来越凸显.分析和处理此类结构出现的复杂振动问题的关键在于建立系统的非线性动力学模型与状态空间模型.对于由柔性部件、刚体、连接部件构成的复合柔性结构,由于各部件之间的振动耦合效应,单个柔性部件在悬臂、简支和自由等静定边界下的模态与结构的真实模态有较大差异.为此,本文提出复合柔性结构全局模态的解析提取方法,通过全局模态离散得到系统非线性动力学模型,从而构建状态空间模型.该方法采用笛卡尔坐标描述系统的运动,建立系统的运动方程;结合描述柔性部件的偏微分方程、刚体的常微分运动方程、连接界面处力、力矩、位移和转角的匹配条件以及系统的边界条件,利用分离变量法给出统一形式的频率方程,获取系统的固有频率和解析函数表征的全局模态.这里提出的全局模态提取方法不仅便于复合柔性结构固有频率和全局模态的参数化分析,而且为建立复合柔性结构低维非线性动力学模型和状态空间模型提供了有效的途径,对于推进这类结构的非线性动力学分析与主动振动控制研究具有重要意义.      

THE HISTORY OF DEPARTMENT OF WATER CONSERVANCY OF PEIYANG UNIVERSITY 1)

本文基于部分历史史实,对北洋大学(今天津大学)水利系的发展进行了简要的梳理,并扼要地回顾了那些年,北洋大学水利那些事儿、那些人。重点从北洋大学-天津大学水利学科、水利系的历史延续及其在中国水利高等教育中的地位、中国第一水工试验所及 其发展过程、天津大学水利馆及知名教授和杰出校友的相关故事出发,以期较为全面地展示北洋大学-天津大学水利系125年的历 史传承和现代化发展成就,激励新一代天大水利人,续写北洋雄风,并深刻缅怀余元君等已故校友。     

风沙运动力学机理研究的历史、进展与趋势

回顾了风沙运动力学机理研究历史,阐述了中国在风沙运动力学机理研究方 面所取得的最新进展，提出了目前存在的问题和今后发展的趋势.     

低频弹性波超材料的若干进展

超材料是一类新兴的具有超常物理性质的人造周期/拟周期材料, 能够改变电磁波、声波以及弹性波等在介质中的传播特性. 因在航天、国防以及民用科学等方面的巨大应用潜力, 超材料自被提出后便受到极大的关注并引发研究热潮. 弹性波超材料是超材料的一种, 能够基于弹性波与超材料结构的相互耦合作用实现对弹性波的操控. 带隙是评估弹性波超材料实现弹性波操控的重要工具, 其性质与超材料的材料参数、晶格常数以及局域振子的固有频率相关. 受制于超材料的承载能力、外观尺寸以及局域振子结构等因素, 利用传统超材料开启低频(约100 Hz)弹性波带隙依然存在较大困难. 文章首先简要介绍超材料开启弹性波带隙的基本原理, 然后从低频弹性波超材料基本结构与低频带隙实现方法、低频带隙优化与调控策略、低频带隙潜在应用等三个方面详细总结低频弹性波超材料的研究工作. 其中, 低频带隙超材料的基本结构主要包括布拉格散射型超材料、传统局域共振型超材料以及准零刚度局域共振超材料. 文章通过总结低频弹性波超材料的研究进展, 分析了目前研究中的不足并对未来低频弹性波的研究方向进行了展望.      

页岩储层应力敏感性定量评价: 思路及应用

应力敏感性定量评价是页岩油气勘探开发中公认的关键工程难题之一, 然而变应力条件下页岩孔缝尺寸及渗透率下降规律等问题至今尚无定论, 亟待深入探索. 本文从Griffith经典弹性力学解出发, 在充分刻画非均质页岩孔隙和微裂缝的基础上, 通过建立横截面为椭圆的柱体管束模型, 推导得到应力作用下岩石渗透率保持水平的计算公式, 基于此给出适宜于非均质页岩油储层的应力敏感性评价思路及覆压渗透率计算公式, 最后在中国西部和中部典型页岩油储层中开展了工程应用. 研究显示: (1) 相同应力状态下, 页岩油储层应力敏感程度由储渗空间初始长短轴比值、杨氏模量及泊松比共同控制; (2) 裂缝型页岩由于发育长短轴比值较高, 其应力敏感程度略高于裂缝发育程度较低的基质型页岩, 且杨氏模量越小, 两类页岩应力敏感程度差异性越大; (3) 在40 MPa的有效应力作用下, 裂缝型和基质型页岩油储层渗透率损耗程度最高值分别不足10%和8%, 证明页岩应力敏感程度总体较低. 应力敏感性对于页岩油原位储量及实际产能的影响程度亟需在工程实际中予以重新审视. 研究成果将为页岩油储量的精确评估和采收率的高效提升提供新的理论与实践依据.      

Three-dimensional supersonic flow of ideal gas past a body with tail fins

The results are given of numerical and experimental investigations of the steady supersonic flow of an ideal gas past a model of a body with + and X fins. The angle of attack varied from 0 to 20 °. A study is made of the physical structure of the flow, and the pressure distributions, the coefficients of the normal force and the pitching moment of the complete body and the individual fins, and also the increment of the coefficient of the normal force acting on the body due to the influence of the fins are found. A comparison with linear theory and the experimental data is made. The agreement between the calculated results and the experimental data is satisfactory.     

深井提升动力学研究

随着浅部煤炭资源的日益枯竭, 我国煤炭开采朝着深部化和大型化方向发展, 新建和改扩建的大型立井年生产能力已达1000万吨, 开采最大深度已达1500 m. 千米深井在提升过程中, 造成提升钢丝绳、容器振荡, 特别是自由悬挂平衡尾绳大幅度摆动, 严重影响多绳摩擦提升系统向高速度、深度化发展. 在国家重点研发计划“深地资源勘查开采”重点专项“煤矿深井建设与提升基础理论及关键技术”支持下, 建立了单元数量自动调整的自由悬挂平衡尾绳提升系统动力学模型, 揭示了传统提升系统诱发平衡尾绳大摆动的机理; 提出了深井SAP提升新模式, 构建了多元耦合下的SAP提升系统动力学模型与非光滑动力学模型, 揭示了多参数影响下系统的非光滑动力学特性及非线性振动演化规律; 研发了适用于深部提升的SAP提升技术与装备, 开展了SAP提升技术与装备的现场研究, 解决了大强煤矿立井提升系统运行过程中尾绳大摆动、提升容器大振动等关键问题, 提高了提升系统高速运行的安全性, 消除了尾绳大摆动难控制的问题.      

Parametric analysis of the regimes of shock-wave action on gas-liquid media

The salient features of shock and isentropic action on gas-liquid media are investigated using a wide-range equation of state for water and vapor. The effect of the pressure and the vapor (gas) content on the speed of sound in the gas-liquid mixture is considered. The parameters of incident and reflected wave in the gas-liquid medium are obtained on the basis of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations for the cases of isothermal, adiabatic, and shock compression of the gas component. It is shown that when the Rankine-Hugoniot equations of the shock compression of the mixture are used within the framework of the single-velocity, two-temperature model with the same pressure and under the condition of the additivity-in-mass of the internal energy of the mixture, each fraction is compressed in accordance with its own individual shock adiabat equation. The calculated and experimental data on the acoustic and shock wave propagation in vapor- and gas-liquid media and their reflection from barriers are compared.     

Effects of Geometry and Dimension of Specimen and Rig on Small Punch Creep Property

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the geometries and dimensions of the rig and specimen of a small punch (SP) test on the determined creep property. The SP creep property of a specimen was evaluated using finite element analysis by varying the specimen thickness and diameter, diameter of the spherical and hemispherical indentation punches, inner diameter of the lower die, and dimensions of the chamfer of the lower die. We observed that the rupture time decreased with decreasing specimen thickness and punch diameter and with increasing chamfer size and inner diameter of the lower die. Under similar analytical conditions of static average equivalent stress in steady state, the SP creep curves reasonably agreed even in the case where the specimens or rigs have different geometries, which implied the possibility of direct comparison of the test results obtained from specimens and rigs with different dimensions and geometries.     

不同速度段弹体侵彻岩石靶体的理论分析

随着撞击速度的增加,弹体对岩石类靶体的侵彻机制会发生显著变化,由刚体侵彻逐步转变为半流体侵彻和流体侵彻,3种侵彻机制各自适用的理论模型完全不同。在半流体侵彻阶段,弹体质量损失开始显著增加,造成侵彻效率严重下降,侵彻深度随撞击速度的增加急剧减小。基于提出的弹体质量与速度的理论模型以及弹体刚体段的侵彻阻抗,推导出考虑弹体质量损失的半流体侵彻深度计算公式。对于超高速撞击时的流体动力学侵彻段,通过对流体区和刚性区进行假定,建立动量守恒和伯努利方程,推导给出该阶段弹体的侵彻阻抗,结合弹体质量变化方程推导出侵彻深度的表达式。最后将3个阶段的理论计算结果与花岗岩侵彻试验数据进行了对比验证,侵深和弹体质量变化规律均吻合良好,而且各阶段模型计算结果反映出的侵彻变化规律与实验结果完全一致。     

两种水基摩擦改性剂对轮轨黏着和损伤性能的影响

利用MJP-30A滚动磨损与接触疲劳试验机研究了两种水基摩擦改性剂(分别记为FM1和FM2)的最佳涂敷量,分析了FM1和FM2在最佳涂敷量下对轮轨磨损和损伤的影响. 结果表明:FM1和FM2单次的最佳涂敷量分别为14和8 μl. FM1介质下轮轨试样的磨损率明显降低,仅为干态下的23%和41%;FM2介质下车轮试样的磨损率略高于干态下,钢轨试样的磨损率为干态下的64%. 干态和FM2介质下轮轨试样表面出现起皮、剥落及明显的疲劳裂纹,试样剖面出现多层裂纹、支裂纹和次表层裂纹;FM1介质下轮轨试样损伤轻微,试样表面出现轻微起皮和点蚀,试样剖面出现少量的单层微裂纹,FM1可有效减缓轮轨的磨损与损伤.      

液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响

为了研究液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响,采用CE/SE方法对以汽油/富氧空气为燃料的CRDE进行数值模拟,分析了不同液滴半径、当量比对爆轰性能参数的影响。计算结果表明:随着液滴半径增大,爆轰压力峰值、温度峰值以及爆轰波速度均降低,且压力峰值与温度峰值在爆轰波传播过程中出现不稳定现象;当增大到70 μm时,爆轰波将无法成功起爆。随着当量比的增大,CRDE爆轰波速度及平均推力增大,爆轰压力、温度以及气相周向速度的峰值均先增大后减小。在当量比1.1附近,爆轰压力与温度的峰值出现极大值;而气相周向速度峰值的极大值出现在当量比0.9附近。基于燃料的比冲随着当量比增大而减小。     

Transport of dissolved oxygen at the sediment-water interface in the spanwise oscillating flow

The distribution and concentration of dissolved oxygen(DO)play important roles in aerobic heterotroph activities and some slow chemical reactions,and can affect the water quality,biological communities,and ecosystem functions of rivers and lakes.In this work,the transport of high Schmidt number DO at the sediment-water interface of spanwise oscillating flow is investigated.The volume-averaged Navier-Stokes(VANS)equations and Monod equation are used to describe the flow in the sediment layer and the sediment oxygen demand of microorganisms.The phase-averaged velocities and concentrations of different amplitudes and periods are studied.The dependence of DO transfer on the amplitude and period is analyzed by means of phase-average statistical quantities.It is shown that the concentration in the sediment layer is positively correlated with the turbulence intensity,and the DO concentration and penetration depth in the sediment layer increases when the period and amplitude of the oscillating flow increase.Moreover,in the presence of oscillating flow,a specific scaling relationship exists between the Sherwood number/oxygen consumption of aerobic heterotrophs and the Reynolds number.     

利用有限元法计算径向磁轴承性能

利用非线性有限元方法(FEM)计算了一种径向磁轴承(定子具有8磁极常规结构)的转子在无偏心以及偏置电流分别为0.5 A、1.0 A和1.5 A下的电磁力及其电流刚度与位置刚度,预测了径向磁轴承的承载力,给出了其磁场分布图,并与磁轴承的线性化模型参数进行了比较.结果表明,基于有限元方法得到的计算值同试验结果一致,可以为径向磁轴承的设计和分析提供依据.     

叠片式气体箔片推力轴承热特性分析

叠片式气体箔片推力轴承具有制造工艺简单、散热能力强等优点，针对该新型轴承提出了相应的热特性分析模型，通过数值仿真分析得到轴承气膜及各元件的温度，并对关键影响参数进行了重点分析. 研究结果表明:由于气膜在半径较大位置处的线速度大，其剪切产热效果明显，温度越高，气膜的高温区分布在靠近周向末端和顶箔侧；气膜、顶箔和推力盘温度均会随推力盘转速和轴承载荷的增大而升高；向箔片结构中通入冷却气流可以获得良好的降温效果，轴承温度随着箔片内通入冷却气流量的增大，先迅速下降后趋于平缓.      

A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATION, REORIENTATION AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

A constitutive model is developed for the transformation, reorientation and plastic deformation of shape memory alloys (SMAs). It is based on the concept that an SMA is a mixture composed of austenite and martensite, the volume fraction of each phase is transformable with the change of applied thermal-mechanical loading, and the constitutive behavior of the SMA is the combination of the individual behavior of its two phases. The deformation of the martensite is separated into elastic, thermal, reorientation and plastic parts, and that of the austenite is separated into elastic, thermal and plastic parts. Making use of the Tanaka’s transformation rule modified by taking into account the effect of plastic deformation, the constitutive model of the SMA is obtained. The ferroelasticity, pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of SMA Au-47.5 at.%Cd, and the pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect as well as plastic deformation and its effect of an NiTi SMA, are analyzed and compared with experimental results.     

Optimization of the take-off movement of ski jumping with the method of mathematical programming

This paper is based on the finite and dispersed data which were obtained from the experiments of the wind tunnel and of the force measurement and from the high-speed photography. It analyses and optimizes the take-off movement of ski jumping with the theory of dynamics of systems of rigid bodies and with the method of mathematical programming. The paper describes the optimal take-off movement of ski jumping. Furthermore, it presents an example and compares the result with those of other papers published at home and abroad. The comparison shows that our computation and optimization are reasonable and well-grounded.