真空中微波等离子体喷流电子数密度分布规律实验研究

为了准确诊断真空中微波等离子体喷流的电子数密度，利用统一的发射和单郎缪尔探针测量等离子体的空间电位，再测量等离子体的电流-电压特性曲线.根据空间电位测量结果，在等离子体的电流-电压特性曲线上能准确地获取饱和电流，从而处理出电子数密度.最后的诊断实验表明，当真空环境压强为2—6 Pa、等离子体发生器以60 W以下的微波功率击穿流量范围是42—106 mg/s的氩气时，所产生的微波等离子体喷流中电子数密度分布在1×10¹⁶—7.2×10¹⁶/m³范围内.     

二次发射微波电子枪的模拟计算及其特性分析

 采用URMEL-T程序进行了二次发射微波电子枪的腔内电磁计算和特性分析。同时利用URMEL-T得出的腔内轴向电场及自编程序,模拟电子在该高频场作用下的运动。计算表明二次发射微波电子枪确实具有相位选择性,进而探讨了腔形尺寸、射频电场强度对相位选择性和产生二次倍增的有关条件的影响,以及输出电子的能量稳定性。模拟结果表明,这类电子枪（MPG）可得到高电流密度（5303A/cm²）及短脉冲（3.15~10ps）的电子束。     

托卡马克微波预电离等离子体

使用回旋管系统产生的电子回旋波段的大功率微波在托卡马克中得到无电流等离子体。其电子密度达8×10¹²cm^-3,电子温度达50eV,粒子约束时间约为0.5ms,加热效率达25％以上。研究了对环向击穿的影响及加热机制。     

多晶LaB6阴极的脉冲热发射特性

 采用多晶LaB₆材料制成平板二极管阴极，阳极采用钼材料，阴极采用热传导与热辐射加热，加热体为石墨。实验研究了不同阴极温度、不同真空度下的脉冲发射特性，并对热发射稳定性进行了分析。结果表明： 在动态真空系统中， 阴极发射面积为0.012 1 cm²， 工作真空度为2×10^-4 Pa， 阴极温度分别为1 600， 1 650和1 700 ℃，在脉冲宽度为40 ms、重复频率为107 Hz的条件下，最大脉冲发射电流密度分别为34.0，44.0和53.8 A/cm²; 2×10^-4，5×10^-4和2×10^-3 Pa压强下的发射能力没有明显的差异;脉冲宽度的变化不影响发射电流密度的变化。     

场致发射的温度效应对微波管爆炸电子发射的影响

为研究场致发射的温度效应对微波管中爆炸电子发射过程的影响,在对比分析低温条件下的场致发射电流密度Fowler-Nordheim（FN）和一般的电子发射电流密度积分公式的基础上,利用细长圆柱形微凸起模型,重点考虑焦耳加热和热传导两个因素,编程计算得到了微凸起内部的温度分布和不同位置处温度随时间的变化。结果表明:场致发射的温度效应是一个重要影响因素,考虑温度对场致发射的影响后,微凸起内部各点的温度随时间呈非线性增长,且增长速率越来越大;在微波电场强度较弱时,若不考虑场致发射的温度效应而直接用FN公式表示的电流密度代入计算,会使爆炸发射延迟时间变短;当微波电场很强时,温度效应对爆炸发射延迟时间的影响则较小。     

新型大气压微波等离子体炬的仿真研究

 设计了一种新型的大气压微波等离子体炬结构。入射主频为2 450 MHz,基于HFSS软件对其进行了仿真研究。在仿真过程中,对该结构的各个参数进行了优化,并得出对场强分布的影响规律。结果表明,探针的使用对腔内场分布有很大影响。根据优化参数对微波等离子体炬进行了仿真模拟,在等离子体发生腔产生了高幅值的电场强度,品质因数达到2×10⁴,可以在大气压下激发等离子体。     

碳化硅纳米线的电子发射特性

 以聚碳硅烷为原料,通过1 200 ℃高温裂解工艺制备了碳化硅纳米线,并采用碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极材料,进行了电子发射实验。结果表明：与天鹅绒阴极材料相比,碳化硅纳米线具有更高的电子发射电流密度,在115 kV外加激励脉冲高压下,电子发射密度为23.7 kA/cm²,而天鹅绒材料为14.0 kA/cm²,并具有更好的电子发射品质及更长的使用寿命。因此碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极,具有很好的应用潜力。     

基于碳纳米管场致发射的电子枪的初步研究

给出了基于碳纳米管场致发射电子枪的初步研究结果. 碳纳米管场致发射试验证明碳纳米管是一种很好的场致发射材料. 试验中, 在极间场强2.7MV/m的情况下得到的电流发射密度为0.5mA/cm².     

高功率微波介质击穿中X射线和紫外线的初步诊断

 研制了一套宽光谱探测系统,该系统包括紫外成像探测器和X射线成像探测器两个工作单元。利用该系统对高功率微波（HPM）源运行及聚四氟乙烯介质窗受微波场作用而发生击穿时实验环境中的紫外线和X射线进行了初步诊断。结果表明：HPM源运行参数为重复频率100 Hz,运行时间5 s,介质窗未发生击穿时,微波源二极管区产生的X射线剂量为9.28×10²～1.64×10³ Gy,介质窗发生击穿时,环境中X射线剂量为5.38×10²～1.09×10³ Gy;随着微波脉冲重复频率和运行时间的增加,产生的X射线剂量明显增加。此外,利用该系统证实了实验环境中紫外线的存在。     

电子回旋共振离子源等离子体的密度测量

 诊断电子回旋共振离子源等离子体的传统方法是采用传统的单探针无发射时测量伏安曲线,并根据曲线的拐点由理论公式计算出的等离子体密度。本文设计并研制了等离子体密度的测量装置。采用单根朗缪尔探针（该探针可以用来发射电子）测量等离子体的伏安特性。在探针有发射和无发射两种状态下测量得到两条伏安曲线,根据这两条曲线的"分叉点"得到等离子体电位,然后根据该电位直接由计算机计算出电子温度、电子密度。采用该新方法,测量得到的等离子体参量空间电位约为17 V,悬浮电位约为-5 V,电子温度约为4.4 eV,离子密度为1.10×10¹¹cm^-3,与传统方法计算出的等离子体1.12×10¹¹cm^-3相比,两者相差仅1.8％,但新方法效率和精度更高。     

Synchronization of high-frequency vibrations of slipping phase centers in a tin whisker under microwave radiation

Current-voltage characteristics of a system with a variable number of slipping phase centers resulting from phase separation in a tin whisker under external microwave field with a frequency Ω/2π≅35–45 GHz have been studied experimentally. Emergence and disappearance of steps with zero slope in a whisker’s current-voltage characteristic at U _m/n =(m/n)U _Ω, where m and n are integers and U _Ω is determined by Josephson’s formula _ℏΩ=2eU _Ω, have been investigated. Microwave field generated by slipping phase centers is nonharmonic, and the system of slipping phase centers permits synchronization of internal oscillations at a microwave frequency by an external field with a frequency which is the n-th harmonic of internal oscillations. The estimated microwave power generated by a whisker is 10⁻⁸ W. Stimulation of superconductivity in a current-carrying whisker has been detected. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 1364–1375 (April 1998)     

Theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves of the microwave range in a turbid medium

The coefficient of extinction of electromagnetic waves of the microwave range due to their scattering from clusters suspended in an amorphous medium and responsible for turbidity is calculated. Turbidity resembles the case when butter clusters transform water into milk. In the case under investigation, the clusters are conductors (metallic or semiconducting). The extinction coefficient is connected in a familiar way with the cross section of light scattering from an individual cluster. A new formula is derived for the light scattering cross section in the case when damping of oscillations of an electron is due only to spontaneous emission of light quanta. In this case, the resonant scattering cross section for light can be very large. It is shown that this can be observed only in a whisker nanocluster. In addition, the phonon energy on a whisker segment must be higher than the photon energy, which is close to the spacing between the electron energy levels in the cluster.     

Resonances in ferromagnetic gratings detected by microwave photoconductivity

We investigate the impact of microwave excited spin excitations on the dc charge transport in a ferromagnetic (FM) grating. We observe both resonant and nonresonant microwave photoresistance, which are caused, respectively, by spin and charge dissipations of the microwave power into the FM. A macroscopic model based on Maxwell and Landau-Lifschitz equations reveals the mixing of spin and charge dissipations, which shows that the ferromagnetic anti-resonance is shifted when the conductivity is anisotropic. We find that the microwave photoconductivity provides a powerful new tool to study the interplay between photonic, spintronic, and charge effects in FM microstructures.     

Observation of weak-limit quasiparticle scattering via broadband microwave spectroscopy of a d-wave superconductor

There has long been a discrepancy between microwave conductivity measurements in high temperature superconductors and the conductivity spectrum expected in the simplest models for impurity scattering in a d-wave superconductor. Here we present a new type of broadband measurement of microwave surface resistance that finally shows some of the spectral features expected for a d(x2-y2) pairing state. Cusp-shaped conductivity spectra, consistent with weak impurity scattering of nodal quasiparticles, were obtained in the 0.6-21 GHz frequency range in highly ordered crystals of YBa2Cu3O6.50 and YBa2Cu3O6.99.     

Conical antennas as coupling structures for microwave and infrared devices

Conclusion This paper has been devoted to conical antennas considered as possible coupling structures for microwave or infrared devices. According to geometrical parameters and to the operating frequency band, the radiation properties of such structures have been illustrated by means of numerical or experimental results. Several exact or approximate methods have been used and compared together in such a way it is possible, in a given situation, to choose the most efficient approach for calculating the radiation patterns. Such easy calculations have proved to be usefull in coupling optimisation of laser beams to whisker detectors or mixers.This work has been done in the frame of the CNRS Research Program GRECO Microondes.     

The microwave photoconductivity of electrons flying over natural diamond

Natural diamonds of IIa type were studied by the methods of dc photoconductivity and microwave photoconductivity. Their optical absorption spectra under normal conditions and the low-pressure (≈10⁻⁵ Pa) photoemission were measured. The microwave conductivity of diamond (having the negative surface electron affinity) was treated in terms of a model including both internal and external photoelectric effects.     

Small-field D.C. conduction inn-type germanium in the presence of large microwave field

Small-field d.c. conduction inn-type germanium in the presence of large microwave field is theoretically studied assuming a Maxwellian distribution function for the carriers. Scattering by intra-valley acoustic and optical phonons and by equivalent inter-valley phonons have been taken into account, but the effect of non-equivalent inter-valley scattering has been neglected. The small-field d.c. conductivity is found to be appreciably different from the d.c. conductivity corresponding to the r.m.s. value of the microwave field and nearly frequency-independent up to a frequency of 35 Gc/s. The anisotropy in its values is also found to be of the same order as in the values of the high-field d.c. conductivity. The calculated values show close agreement with the experimental results in the field range 1 to 3 kV cm^?1 and for frequencies between 2.85 to 35 Gc/s.     

The coaxial tip as a nano-antenna for scanning near-field microwave transmission microscopy

A novel scanning-probe setup is reported that maps the complex transmission of microwaves. Response to topographic features as small as 15 nm was observed. The sharpened coaxial probe tip serves as a microwave antenna and, at the same time, as a tunnel tip to warrant precise distance control by STM (scanning tunneling microscope) feedback. The instrument can be applied to map the microwave conductivity of, e.g. thin films or low-dimensional semiconductors. Consequences for the development of an infrared microscope are outlined.     

Complex conductivity of solid electrolytes in the microwave range

Experimental results of the microwave complex conductivity of β-CuBr solid electrolyte are presented along with a simple model which closely fits the data. The mean duration of the jumps is estimated to be roughly 2 × 10^-11 s.     

Resonant microwave conductivity response to ac current in La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 crystals

An experimental study of the effect of low-frequency transport current on the microwave conductivity of single-crystal La_0.7Pb_0.3MnO₃ is reported. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the microwave conductivity response to a current follows a relaxation behavior. In a nonzero external magnetic field, the response spectrum exhibits a peak of resonant amplitude enhancement. The resonant response has a nonlinear nature. The temperature and field dependences of the main parameters of the microwave response correlate directly with the behavior of the magnetoresistance. The results obtained are analyzed within the oscillator approximation. Electronic phase separation is proposed as a possible mechanism for the current action. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 2187–2192 (December 1999)