表面力仪的改进及超薄膜流变特性的实验研究

在对原表面力仪进行较大改进的基础上 ,以 5 0 0 SN基础油和十六烷为研究对象 ,进行了超薄膜流变特性的实验研究 .结果表明 :在超薄膜润滑条件下 ,5 0 0 SN和十六烷均表现出明显的非牛顿剪切响应 ,即剪切稀释现象 ;摩擦力幅值随剪切速度的增大急剧上升到最大值 ,然后下降至某一固定值附近并产生波动 ;剪切挤压下的临界膜厚小于静态挤压的临界膜厚 ,剪切运动对吸附层有序结构产生破坏作用     

纳米尺度边界滑移的分子动力学模拟研究

利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了纳米尺度超薄膜润滑的边界滑移现象,分别模拟考察了固液作用势、固液密度差异和温度对滑移长度的影响.结果表明:在固液作用势较强的情况下,滑移长度随着温度的增加而增大;当固液作用势较弱时,滑移长度随着温度的增加反而下降;滑移界面上、下的层状有序化差异程度是导致滑移的主要原因;应用所建立的方法可以较好地解释不同物理参数条件下的壁面滑移问题.     

薄膜润滑中双电层效应的理论分析与实验研究

建立了考虑双电层效应的有限宽组合滑块薄膜润滑数学模型,并利用组合滑块与圆盘的滑动摩擦试验对双电层效应进行研究,利用实验结果修正了润滑过程中双电层效应的计算,给出电粘度的计算公式并进行数值分析.结果表明:在薄膜厚度较薄的情况下,双电层效应使得流体的等效粘度随膜厚减小而迅速增加;随着膜厚增加,双电层的电粘度效应逐渐减弱;随着电场强度增加,双电层的电粘度效应增加,当电场强度达到一定程度时,双电层的电粘度效应开始减弱.     

自旋对界面滑移弹流油膜的影响

应用旋滑式光干涉弹流薄膜测量系统研究了自旋对界面滑移条件下玻璃盘-钢球形成的反常弹流油膜的影响,通过弹流接触副与玻璃盘旋转中心距离的调节,在弹流润滑中实现不同程度的自旋,即引入不同的旋滑比.结果表明,随着旋滑比的增加,油膜整体厚度减小,油膜形状呈现明显的非对称性,人口凹陷的深度有所减小;最小油膜厚度的速度指数随旋滑比的增加而增加;固定偏心距,随着载荷的增加,最小膜厚先增加后减小,油膜形状的非对称性增强.对上述观察到的试验现象,也进行了相应的理论解释,认为自旋引起的卷吸速度变化及气穴区的不对称是主要诱因.     

Ti过渡层对NbSe2薄膜润滑-导电性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射技术制备了系列金属钛(Ti)为过渡层的NbSe_2薄膜,分析了Ti过渡层的厚度对薄膜成分、结构和机械性能的影响,并研究了在大气环境下薄膜的润滑-导电性能.结果表明:改变Ti过渡层的厚度,可实现对薄膜中Se/Nb原子比和结晶度的调控.随着Ti过渡层厚度的增加,薄膜的致密度、膜-基结合强度及力学性能得到了明显改善.同时,NbSe_2薄膜维持原有(002)面择优取向,这利于薄膜的侧向滑移,从而提升了薄膜的减摩耐磨性能.然而,过厚的Ti过渡层会导致薄膜中Se/Nb原子比和结晶度下降,致使薄膜中游离金属元素含量升高. Ti过渡层的厚度超过30 nm时,虽然薄膜的结构仍然致密,且导电性能也有所增强,但其减摩耐磨性能却明显减弱.可见,适当厚度的Ti过渡层,才有助于提高NbSe_2薄膜的润滑-导电性能.     

基于Circular模型的大剪应变率点接触弹流界面滑移数值分析

采用Circular流变模型,将假定的流体的极限剪应力特性模型拟合入Reynolds方程,编写Fortran语言程序,数值模拟界面滑移效应.计算从弹流润滑(EHL)延展到动压润滑(HL)区域.随着速度增加,摩擦系数曲线出现反常波动,表现为两个异常拐点.在中、高速度下,模拟获得的接触轮廓等值线图中观测到入口凹陷及中心区下凸.进一步讨论了载荷、速度、综合弹性模量、滑滚比等因素对滑移的影响.界面滑移效应被认为是产生反常接触轮廓和摩擦力波动的主因,与试验结果互为验证.     

动压载荷下受限纳米水膜流动特性的分子动力学仿真研究

利用分子动力学模拟方法探究了外加载荷作用下纳米尺度受限水膜的流动特性.仿真结果表明:受限空间内的水膜随着载荷的增加,其出现分层现象和黏度增加,当黏度超过一个临界值后,在分层和黏度增加共同作用下,水膜的流动状态将由层流和湍流的混合状态过渡到单一的层流状态.同时,随着受限空间壁面的切向运动,受限水膜均会出现边界滑移现象,且随着载荷的增加,滑移现象越发显著.但当水膜单一层流状态形成后,受限空间壁面的滑移速度,对水膜的边界滑移长度影响并不显著.     

不同速度及载荷作用下焦粉润滑特性的试验研究

将焦粉导入摩擦副间,研究不同速度及载荷作用下钢、焦粉、耐火砖三体接触状态下焦粉润滑特性. XRD测试结果表明焦粉微晶结构发生石墨化.通过对比无润滑及焦粉润滑对摩擦界面的影响,进一步验证了焦粉具有良好的润滑性能.此外,通过改变试验的速度及载荷,探究不同速度及载荷作用下粉末层成形机理及焦粉润滑特性.结果表明:载荷为5 MPa,速度分别为0.05、0.20和0.40 m/s时,速度越大,粉末层越厚,焦粉润滑性能越好;而速度为0.55 m/s时,由于速度过大,焦粉被抛出摩擦界面,表面发生严重磨损,并引发振动发生.速度为0.40 m/s,载荷分别为5和15 MPa时,载荷越大,越不利于形成粉末层,载荷分别为20和25 MPa时,粉末层发生不同程度的破坏,表面磨损严重.     

高压条件下界面滑移长度的定量测量

采用光干涉技术对高压条件下的界面滑移现象进行了试验研究.通过追踪冲击封油核心的运动位移,实现了对滑移长度的定量测量.结果表明:在纯滑条件下封油核心并不以卷吸速度运动,而是在盘纯滑时小于卷吸速度、球纯滑时大于卷吸速度,从而说明了滑移发生在玻璃盘表面.对封油核心的运动特征进行分析,得出了油膜界面滑移长度及剪应变率.试验分析表明滑移长度随油膜厚度、初始封油压力和润滑油黏度的增加而增加;随速度的增加而呈现减小趋势.     

考虑界面滑移效应的组合裂纹梁弯曲解析解

将上部子梁的裂纹等效为线性扭转弹簧,考虑组合梁连接面的滑移位移,建立了以组合裂纹梁挠度和滑移位移为基本未知量的组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型．利用Laplace变换及其逆变换,给出了组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型的解析通解．在此基础上,研究了均布载荷作用下简支组合裂纹梁的弯曲变形问题,数值分析了连接面剪切刚度、裂纹深度、数目和位置等参数对组合裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响,结果表明：在裂纹处,组合裂纹梁挠度曲线存在尖点,而横截面转角曲线存在跳跃,且随着裂纹数目和深度的增加,挠度和横截面转角跳跃值增大;随着连接面剪切刚度的增加,挠度和横截面转角减小,并最终趋于定值．并且,随着组合梁跨高比的增加,连接面剪切刚度对梁挠度影响逐渐减弱．     

Stress and Moisture Effects on Thin Film Buckling Delamination

Deposition processes control the properties of thin films; they can also introduce high residual stresses, which can be relieved by delamination and fracture. Tungsten films with high 1–2 GPa compressive residual stresses were sputter deposited on top of thin (below 100 nm) copper and diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. Highly stressed films store large amounts of strain energy. When the strain energy release rate exceeds the films' interfacial toughness, delamination occurs. Compressive residual stresses cause film buckling and debonding, forming open channels. Profiles of the buckling delaminations were used to calculate the films' interfacial toughness and then were compared to the adhesion results obtained from the superlayer indentation test. Tests were conducted in both dry and wet environments and a significant drop in film adhesion, up to 100 times was noticed due to the presence of moisture at the film/substrate interface.     

纳米尺度通道内的界面流体粘性研究

含液微纳米孔隙在自然界中普遍存在,在发展 日趋精密化、微型化的工业中也有着广泛的应用,深刻理解流体在微纳米通道内的物性变化对于相关自然现象以及工业应用具有重要的指导意义.本文基于分子动力学方法,建立了由金属铂板构成的二维纳米尺度通道分子模型,分别考察了受限Lennard-Jones流体和水的物性变化.根据密度、剪切应力和粘性在通道高度方向的分布情况,确定了两种流体的边界层厚度约为4.8 ?和4.6 ?.针对边界层内的流体,发现界面流体的粘性相比宏观尺度体态流体粘性明显提高,且随着固-液相互作用强度的增加而增加,但随着通道壁面晶格常数的增加而减少.基于计算结果,给出了由接触角表征的具有一定普适性的流体界面粘性计算公式.研究工作为微纳米尺度通道输运性能及其调控提供了有价值的参考和指导.     

Interface crack between a compressible elastomer and a rigid substrate with finite slippage

We study the deformation of a crack between a soft elastomer and a rigid substrate with finite interfacial slippage. It is assumed that slippage occurs when the interfacial shear traction exceeds a threshold. This leads to a slip zone ahead of the crack tip where the shear traction is assumed to be equal to the constant threshold. We perform asymptotic analysis and determine closed-form solutions describing the near-tip crack opening displacement and the corresponding stress distributions. These solutions are consistent with numerical results based on finite element analysis. Our results reveal that slippage can significantly affect the deformation and stress fields near the tip of the interface crack. Specifically, depending on the direction of slippage, the crack opening profile may appear more blunted or sharpened than the parabola arising from for the case of zero interfacial shear traction or free slippage. The detailed crack opening profile is determined by the constant shear traction in the slip zone. More importantly, we find that the normal stress perpendicular to the interface can increase or decrease when slippage occurs, depending on the direction of slippage and the shear traction in the slip zone.     

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of liquid film thickness in annular flow. Part II: Analysis and comparison to models

Film thickness distributions in upward vertical air–water annular flow have been determined using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Film thickness data are frequently used to estimate interfacial shear and pressure loss. This film roughness concept has been used in a number of models for annular flow of varying complexity. The PLIF data are presently applied to the single-zone interfacial shear correlation of Wallis; the more detailed model of Owen and Hewitt; and the two-zone (base film and waves) model of Hurlburt, Fore, and Bauer. For the present data, these models all under-predict the importance of increasing liquid flow on pressure loss and interfacial shear. Since high liquid flow rates in annular flow induce disturbance wave and entrainment activity, further modeling in these areas is advised.     

Boundary slippage for generating hydrodynamic load-carrying capacity

Boundary slippage is used to generate the load-carrying capacity of the hydrodynamic contact between two parallel plane surfaces. In the fluid inlet zone, the fluidcontact interfacial shear strength on a stationary surface is set at low to generate boundary slippage there, while in the fluid outlet zone the fluid-contact interfacial shear strength on the stationary surface is set at high enough to prevent the occurrence of boundary slippage. The fluid-contact interfacial shear strength on the entire moving surface is set at high enough to prevent boundary slippage on the moving surface. These hydrodynamic contact configurations are analyzed to generate the pronounced load-carrying capacity. The optimum ratio of the outlet zone width to the inlet zone width for the maximum load-carrying capacity of the whole contact is found to be 0.5.     

Strain recovery of model immiscible blends without compatibilizer

Strain recovery after the cessation of shear was studied in model immiscible blends composed of polyisobutylene drops (10–30% by weight) in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. Blends of viscosity ratio (viscosity of the drops relative to the matrix viscosity) ranging from 0.3 to 1.7 were studied. Most of the strain recovery was attributable to interfacial tension, and could be well-described by just two parameters: the ultimate recovery and a single retardation time. Both these parameters were found to increase with the capillary number of the drops prior to cessation of shear. For blends that had reached steady shear conditions, the ultimate recovery decreased with increasing viscosity ratio, whereas the retardation time increased with increasing viscosity ratio. The retardation time was well-predicted, but the ultimate recovery was over-predicted by a linear viscoelastic model developed previously by Vinckier et al. (Rheol Acta 38:65–72, 1999).     

Pure steam condensation model with laminar film in a vertical tube

A new physical model for calculating the liquid film thickness and condensation heat transfer coefficient in a vertical condenser tube is proposed by considering the effects of gravity, liquid viscosity, and vapor flow in the core region of the flow. To estimate the velocity profile in the liquid film, the liquid film was assumed to be in Couette flow forced by the interfacial velocity at the liquid–vapor interface. For simplifying the calculation procedures, the interfacial velocity was estimated by introducing an empirical power-law velocity profile. The resulting film thickness and heat transfer coefficient from the model were compared with the experimental data and the results obtained from the other condensation models. The results demonstrated that the proposed model described the liquid film thinning effect by the vapor shear flow and predicted the condensation heat transfer coefficient from experiments reasonably well.     

Forced convective film condensation inside vertical tubes

A theoretical study of forced convective film condensation inside vertical tubes is presented. We propose a unified procedure for predicting the pressure gradient and condensation heat transfer coefficient of a vapor flowing turbulently in the core and associated with laminar or turbulent film on the tube wall. The analysis for the vapor flows is performed under the condition that the velocity profiles are locally self-similar. The laminar and turbulent film models equate the gravity, pressure and viscous forces, and consider the effect of interfacial shear. The transition from laminar to turbulent film depends not only on the liquid Reynolds number but also on the interfacial shear stress. In this work we also proposed a new eddy viscosity model which is divided into three regions: the inner region in liquid condensate near the wall; the interface region including both liquid and vapor; and the outer region for the vapor core. Comparisons of the theory with some published experimental data showed good agreement.     

Heat transfer in a power-law fluid film over a unsteady stretching sheet

In this paper the problem of momentum and heat transfer in a thin liquid film of power-law fluid on an unsteady stretching surface has been studied. Numerical solutions are obtained for some representative values of the unsteadiness parameter S and the power-law index n for a wide range of the generalized Prandtl number, 0.001 ≤ Pr ≤ 1000. Typical temperature and velocity profiles, the dimensionless film thickness, free-surface temperature, and the surface heat fluxes are presented at selected controlling parameters. The results show that increasing the value of n tends to increase the boundary-layer thickness and broadens the temperature distributions. The free-surface temperature of a shear thinning fluid is larger than that of a Newtonian fluid, but the opposite trend is true for a shear thickening fluid. For small generalized Prandtl numbers, the surface heat flux increases with a decrease in n, but the impacts of n on the heat transfer diminish for Pr greater than a moderate value (approximately 1 ≤ Pr ≤ 10, depending on the magnitude of S).     

Research on particle dispersion in a plane mixing layer with coherent structures

The numerical simulation with two-way coupling was performed in a liquid -particle mixing layer and the corresponding experiment study was made. In the process of vortex rolling up and vortices pairing, the particles with different St number have a very different pattern of dispersion. The mean velocity of particle with St = 1 is higher than that of the fluid phase on the low-speed side, and lower than that of the fluid phase on the high-speed side. The RMS of particle approaches that of the fluid phase with decreasing particle St number. The RMS in the transverse direction is smaller than that in the streamwise direction. The velocity fluctuation correlation of particle is smaller than the Reynolds shear stress, the “overshoot“ phenomenon that the velocity fluctuation correlation of particle is larger than the Reynolds shear stress does not appear. The larger the St number of particle is, the wider the range of the particle dispersion will be. The computed results are in agreement with the experimental ones.