Circular radiation heat shields with temperature dependent emissivities: transient and steady-state analyses

Radiation heat loss is an important type of heat loss in thermal systems. In this work, a numerical study of the transient response of two circular radiation heat shields inserted between two parallel and circular surfaces of emissivities ε₁ and ε₂ is presented. The same dimensions have been assumed for the two main radiating surfaces and the two radiation shields. The radiation shields are assumed to have different emissivities on their top (ε₃ and ε₅) and bottom ( ε₄ and ε₆) surfaces, and both are assumed to be different but linear functions of temperature. A specific configuration is investigated in detail to highlight the transient temperature and heat transfer characteristics of the system. Some new results for the transient temperature and heat transfer characteristics of the system such as the effect of shield location, shield emissivities, the temperature dependence of shield emissivities, system dimensions, temperatures of the hot and cold surfaces and emissivities of the hot and cold surfaces are presented for future references. It has been observed that increasing the temperature of the first radiation shield by changing a parameter such as surface emissivity or distance between the radiation shield or the temperature of the hot surface, will not necessarily decrease the temperature of the second radiation shield.     

基于激光旋转加热的非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试方法与装置

光谱发射率是表征材料热物理性能的重要参数。对于非导电材料的高温光谱发射率测试,一般采用高温加热炉加热或辐射加热的方式来进行发射率测试,存在的问题是采用高温石墨炉加热时,样品可能会与高温石墨发生化学反应,从而破坏材料原有物性;采用辐射加热,一般是单向静止加热,会存在样品温场梯度非均匀分布的问题。基于激光旋转加热和样品/黑体整体一体化设计,提出了一种“样品动中测”的非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试新方法,建立了相应的测量模型,突破了传统的 “样品静中测”的局限,样品与参考黑体共形一体化设计,采用微区域光谱辐射成像方法,同时测量参考黑体和样品的光谱辐射能量与温度。建立了激光旋转加热状态下的热传导方程,对典型样品材料的温度分布进行了仿真计算,结果表明旋转样品温场分布较为均匀,分析了温场分布与红外光谱发射率测量误差间的关系,给出了适用于本测试方法的材料的热导率下限值。基于该方法,搭建了相应的测量装置,对典型材料碳化硅在1 000 K时的光谱发射率进行了测试,在4 μm处对各个典型高温温度点的光谱发射率进行了测试,得到了碳化硅材料在红外波段的光谱发射率波长变化和温度变化规律特性。与国外的测量结果进行了比对,结果较为一致,验证了激光旋转加热光谱发射率测试方法的可行性。采用此方法,不破坏样品本身的理化特性,样品加热升温速度快,测量温度范围上限高,有效减小了激光静止单向加热带来的温度不均匀性,可同时测量出样品和参考黑体的光谱辐射亮度及温度,无需另外再设计标准高温黑体,解决了现有非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试中非均匀加热和辐射能量同步比对测量的问题,可应用于多种非导电材料高温光谱发射率的测试。     

辐射测温中光谱发射率的表征描述

实际物体的光谱发射率表现复杂,给辐射测温的深入研究和实际应用带来了很多困难和不确定性,发射率问题即成为了辐射测温研究中的关键点。文章基于光谱发射率的泰勒多项式展开、波长的无量纲参数、弯曲度指数等分析,描述了谱色测温法中光谱发射率的数学表征,建立了窄波段内的光谱发射率通用函数形式。并通过对不同温度下几种金属的实际光谱发射率进行拟合分析,对此给予了实验上的验证,表明了所提出光谱发射率模型具有应用的适用性,该模型是谱色测温方法应用研究的基础。     

高温空气电阻炉内强化传热性能实验研究

本文对基于碳化硅泡沫陶瓷的高温空气电阻炉内的传热性能进行了实验研究。通过在高温空气电阻炉内插入不同数量的泡沫陶瓷片,研究陶瓷片数量对空气出口温度的影响。同时研究了泡沫陶瓷片的位置对空气出口温度的影响。实验结果表明:当炉膛内不插入泡沫陶瓷片时,在空气流量为200 m~3/h时,空气出口温度为650℃,当炉膛内插入五块泡沫陶瓷片时,空气出口温度达到980℃。本文从实验方面验证了将碳化硅泡沫陶瓷应用到太阳能热发电的吸收器中,强化空气与吸热材料之间的换热的可行性。     

Simulation of heat transfer processes in an unconventional furnace

Heat transfer simulation is of great significance for the heating equipments control. In this paper, a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a furnace, including radiation and convection. The heat transfer models are integrated with a furnace model to simulate the heating process. The heating rate is increased due to enhanced heat transfer at the surfaces by changing furnace chamber geometry. A fixed grid enthalpy formulation is applied to model heat transfer for an oval geometry. The heating temperature was found to increase linearly with curvature of the interior.     

基于辐射光谱法的高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量方法研究

针对在高温燃烧环境中的颗粒辐射传热问题,基于普朗克辐射定律,提出了用于高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量的辐射光谱法,根据高温颗粒可见波段辐射光谱随波长变化情况,通过参数拟合方法直接获得颗粒温度及辐射强度等辐射传热参数。为验证该方法测量准确性,搭建了高温黑体炉辐射测量系统,实验测量结果显示：温度测量值与设定温度相对偏差小于3%;辐射强度测量值与理论计算值相对偏差小于5%。以此为基础,设计了应用于高温燃烧环境下的颗粒辐射传热参数测量的水冷结构探针,并利用该探针开展了高温燃烧环境气固两相流200～1 100 nm波段辐射光谱测量,基于上述方法,直接获得了高温颗粒温度、辐射强度等辐射传热参数沿截面分布情况,有效剥离了高温气体对流传热的影响,为高温颗粒辐射传热研究提供数据支撑。     

温度对AZO薄膜红外辐射性能的影响

随着全球资源的减少和环境的恶化,节能减排已成为人们关注的焦点,具有保温隔热功能的低辐射玻璃成为研究的热点。提高玻璃保温隔热性能最有效的方法就是在其表面涂覆低辐射率层。原材料丰富、导电性能好、可见光透过率高等优势使得Al掺杂ZnO (AZO)薄膜成为最具潜力的低辐射率层。系统研究了温度对AZO薄膜红外辐射性能的影响,分析了变化机理。首先研究了在一定的温度下持续一段时间后,AZO薄膜的红外比辐射率的变化情况。然后研究了在变温环境中红外比辐射率的变化情况。采用直流磁控溅射法在室温下玻璃基片上沉积500 nm厚的AZO薄膜,将薄膜放到马弗炉中进行热处理,在100～400 ℃空气气氛下保温1 h,随炉冷却。采用X射线衍射仪对AZO薄膜进行物相分析,采用扫描电子显微镜观察薄膜表面形貌变化。利用四探针测试法测量AZO薄膜的电阻率,采用红外比辐射率测试仪测试薄膜红外比辐射率, 可见分光光度计测量可见光谱。测试的结果表明,薄膜热处理前后均为六角纤锌矿结构,(002)择优取向。300 ℃及以下热处理1 h后,(002)衍射峰增强,半高宽变窄,晶粒尺寸长大。随着热处理温度的升高,薄膜的电阻率先减小后增大,200 ℃热处理后的薄膜具有最小的电阻率(0.9×10-3 Ω·cm)。热处理温度升高,晶粒长大使得薄膜电阻率降低。热处理温度过高,薄膜会从空气中吸收氧,电阻率下降。薄膜的红外比辐射率变化趋势和电阻率的一致,在200 ℃热处理后获得最小值(0.48)。自由电子对红外光子有较强的反射作用,当电阻率低,自由电子浓度高的时候,更多的红外光子被反射,红外辐射作用弱,红外比辐射率小。薄膜的可见光透过率随着热处理温度的升高先减小后增大,200 ℃热处理后的薄膜的可见光透过率最小,但仍高达82%。这种变化是由于自由电子浓度变化引起的,自由电子对可见光有很强的反射作用。选取未热处理和200 ℃热处理后的样品进行变温红外比辐射率的测量,将样品放在可加热的样品台上,位置固定,在室温到350 ℃的升温和降温过程中每隔25 ℃测量一次红外比辐射率,结果表明,在室温到350 ℃的温度范围内,AZO薄膜的红外比辐射率在升温过程中随着温度的上升而增大,在降温过程中减小,经过整个升、降温过程后,薄膜的红外比辐射率增大。     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of heat transfer enhancement on a loaded heat treatment furnace

Heat transfer simulation within heating furnaces is of great significance for prediction and control of the performance of furnaces. In this paper, a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a loaded furnace. Furthermore, a 2-dimensional algorithm based on a finite difference method is presented. The heat transfer models are integrated with a furnace model to simulate the heating process of workpieces. Temperature variation of the workpiece with time is predicted by the system. An experiment is carried out for validation of the system. Themain objective of this work is to evaluate the behavior of a heated enclosure, when variable radiant panels are introduced. Experimental investigation shows that their efficiency depends on their position.     

Effect of the heat treatment on the infrared emissivity of indium tin oxide (ITO) films

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films were deposited on glass substrates at temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 400 °C by direct current magnetron sputtering. The mean infrared emissivities at the waveband of 8-14 μm were measured in process of heating and cooling between room temperature and 350 °C. Microstructure and phases of ITO films before (Group A) and after (Group B) heat treatment were characterized by SEM and XRD, respectively. Electrical properties were characterized with a four-point probe method and by Hall measurement system. During heat treatment, the infrared emissivity of the film increases with the increase of temperature, and decreases with the decrease of temperature. While, the infrared emissivity of the films decreases slightly around 250 °C in heating process. On the other hand, after heat treatment, the crystalline phases of the films have no obvious change. However, both the resistivity and the infrared emissivity of all films decrease.     

纯钨红外光谱发射率特性研究

光谱发射率是一个重要的热物性参数,在辐射测温、热传输计算等领域有着广泛的应用。钨作为一种重要的金属,关于其光谱发射率的研究报道较少。利用黑体炉、傅里叶红外光谱仪、加热装置和光学系统搭建了一套能量对比法光谱发射率测量装置,该装置能够测量3~20μm的光谱发射率,测量装置的整体不确定度优于5%。利用该装置测量了纯钨在4个温度点(573, 673, 773和873 K)的法向光谱发射率,重点探讨了氧化、温度、波长和加热时间对纯钨光谱发射率的影响。研究结果表明:纯钨在表面未氧化的情况下,光谱发射率在几个温度点的变化规律基本一致,且数值相差较小,而当其表面发生氧化后光谱发射率迅速增加,在某些波长处出现了强烈的振荡。表面未氧化时纯钨的光谱发射率受温度的影响较小,随着温度的增加仅出现微小的增加,但是当表面发生氧化后,随温度的升高而迅速增大。纯钨的光谱发射率整体上随着波长的增加而减小,但是当表面发生氧化后,由于表面氧化膜与钨金属基底发生干涉效应,在4, 9, 12.5和16.5μm处均出现了峰值。在573和673 K,纯钨的光谱发射率随着加热时间的增加无明显变化。然而,随着温度的升高,在773和873 K时,光谱发射率随着加热时间增加而增大,在773 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较大,因为在该温度点,纯钨表面刚开始发生氧化,氧化速率较大,在873 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较为平缓,并且随着加热时间的增长呈现稳定的趋势。综上,纯钨的光谱发射率在温度较低和表面未氧化时较为稳定。随着温度的升高,当表面发生氧化后,光谱发射率迅速增大,并且在多个波长位置出现了强烈的振荡。由此可见,纯钨光谱发射率受温度、波长、加热时间的影响较大,在实际应用过程中,特别是在辐射测温过程中,如果把纯钨的光谱发射率看做常数将会带来较大的测量误差。该研究将进一步丰富钨的光谱发射率数据,并为其在科学研究和应用中提供数据支持。     

Investigation of the effects of Ni-based alloy K465 on the normal spectral emissivity during oxidation

The normal spectral emissivity of Ni-based alloy K465 during oxidation is experimentally measured at 810, 914 and 998 °C for 12 h in air over the wavelength from 1.3 to 2.4 μm. The combined standard uncertainty of the normal spectral emissivity is less than 3%. The oscillations of the emissivity and the effects of oxidation temperature, heating time and wavelength on the emissivity are investigated. The oscillations of the emissivity are formed by the interference effect between the radiation from the surfaces of the substrate and the oxidation film. The oscillation extremums of the emissivity shift towards larger wavelengths as the oxidation process proceeds. The results show that the normal spectral emissivity increases as the temperature increases at the initial time. The normal spectral emissivity decreases as wavelength increases except for the occurrence of the oscillations of the emissivity. The normal spectral emissivity increases rapidly at the initial heating time, and the change of emissivity becomes slow when the oxidation tends to be saturated gradually. Besides, the emissivity fitting models versus heating time and wavelength are established, which fit the experimental results very well. The emissivity relative errors of the fitting models are less than 4%.     

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Coil Heating in Hydrogen Annealing Furnace for Optimum Arrangement of Charge

Annealing furnace heat transfer mechanisms were investigated both experimentally and numerically to determine optimum stacking arrangements of coils in one charge. Heating order of the coils in one charge was first determined from experimental conditions in order to interpret temperature differences between coils. A mathematical model and annealing furnace heat transfer relations were used to predict the thermal behavior of coils during the heating process. When the accuracy of the model had been ensured, the heating of the coils was simulated with different stacking arrangements and the best arrangement with the shortest heating time possible was determined. A saving of 1 to 5% was observed in the burning time of furnaces for certain stack arrangements.     

Application of hemisphere radiation shields with temperature-dependent emissivity for reducing heat transfer between two concentric hemispheres

The radiation network method has been applied to calculate the net radiation heat transfer between two concentric hemispheres separated by two hemispherical radiation shields with temperature-dependent surface emissivities. Three different materials are chosen for radiation shields: aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and tungsten. The reduction in heat transfer with shields depends not only on the surface characteristics of the two shields, but also on the locations of the shields. Three illustrative examples are presented to illustrate the effects of temperature dependent emissivities and shield locations on the percentage heat transfer reduction. The analysis can be used to study other cases as warranted.     

多目标普朗克极小值优化法的多光谱真温反演研究

光谱发射率是辐射体辐射能力的重要参数,通过光谱发射率可以建立辐射体与黑体的之间的桥梁,从而黑体辐射的相关理论就可以应用于辐射体。采用普朗克公式,光谱高温计的每一个光谱通道可以构成一个方程,这个方程中包含有真温、亮度温度和光谱发射率。对于N个光谱通道可以构成N个方程,这N个方程中也包含一个真温、N个亮度温度和N个光谱发射率,其中亮度温度是已知量,真温和光谱发射率是未知量。由于方程组是欠定的,理论上存在着大量的解。为了求解这个方程组常需要假设光谱发射率与波长和温度之间的数学模型,使方程组未知数的个数降为N个,实现真温的求解。当光谱发射率与波长或温度之间的规律被正确获得后,多光谱辐射测温法才能反演出正确的真温。通过对上述较为常用两种光谱发射率模型的分析可知,这两种方法的基本思想都是试图找到光谱发射率与波长或温度之间的函数关系,确立光谱发射率与波长或温度之间数学模型。用含有波长或温度的表达式代替光谱发射率,实现方程的求解。由于光谱发射率具有一定的不确定性,假设的光谱发射率模型与实际光谱发射率的变化之间存在一定的差异,有可能导致真温反演产生较大的误差。光谱发射率与波长或温度之间的数学模型是需要通过大量的实验和经验才能获得的,而且这种数学模型通用性较差,尤其是当待测辐射体发生改变时,这种数学模型也就失去了意义。为了解决多光谱高温计在实际测量中存在的问题,找到一种无需假定光谱发射率与波长或温度之间数学模型而且又具有一定通用性的多光谱真温反演方法成为一种迫切的需要。为此,将优化的思想引入到了多光谱求解过程中,将多光谱真温的求解问题转化为多目标普朗克极小值优化(MMP)问题,从而不再需要建立光谱发射率与波长或温度之间的数学模型,降低了系统的复杂性与难度。该方法以普朗克公式和光谱发射率之间的等式约束条件为基础,构造了六个目标函数,实现了真温的求解。新方法在反演精度上得到了较大幅度的提高,仿真数据的误差都小于1%。借助于以往的真实测量数据,利用多目标普朗克极小值优化法实现了真温的反演。     

Errors assessment for spectral emissivity measurements collected from a SiNC ceramic matrix composite material using a 1.6 μm single wavelength pyrometer

The effective spectral emissivities for a SiNC ceramic matrix composite material are measured as a function of temperature and duration of the heat cycle. After several heat cycles an increase in the value of the average spectral emissivity was observed. The increase in the value of the effective spectral emissivity was attributed to the formation of SiO₂ layer on the surface area of the SiNC sample.     

Unsteady regimes of hydrodynamics and heat transfer at production of high-temperature silicate melts

An absolutely new setup for production of high-temperature silicate melts with application of energy of low-temperature plasma is considered in this paper. The mathematical model “stream function — vorticity” was developed and numerically implemented in transformed variables. This model describes the unsteady regimes of convective heat transfer in the melting furnace. The effect of time and electric current density on the flow structure and heat transfer was studied. The features of hydrodynamics caused both by unsteady character of the process and significant dependence of thermal-physical characteristics on temperature were identified.     

漫反射各向异性散射介质内的温度热流场

本文采用射线踪迹结合节点分析法和谱带模型,研究了漫反射不透明边界下吸收、发射、各向异性散射介质内的热辐射传递过程。考虑介质辐射能的入射和散射方向,导出漫反射、不透明边界、各向异性散射介质的辐射传递系数。在辐射平衡的情况下,考察了表面发射率和散射反照率对介质内辐射热流和温度场的影响。研究表明,介质不透明边界处存在温度跃迁现象,而且,内界面发射率越大,相应界面温度跃迁越小。     

Calculation of combined conduction-radiation heat transfer reduction using thick concentric spheres with temperature-dependent emissivity as radiation shields

In this study, the rate of conduction-radiation heat transfer between two thick concentric spheres is analytically investigated because of the ever-increasing importance of radiation shield applications. The heat transfer rate, the percentage of reduction in heat transfer, temperature and emissivity of surfaces are calculated when one and two thick radiation shields are placed between two thick spheres. The calculations show that the use of a radiation shield with a lower emissivity is better than two radiation shields with a higher emissivity to reduce the heat transfer rate. In addition, optimal combinations of radiation shields with different materials are proposed.     

Effect of the wavelength dependence of the emissivity on inferred soot temperatures measured by spectrally resolved laser-induced incandescence

Flame-generated soot was heated using a pulsed laser, and temperatures of the irradiated soot were inferred by fitting the Planck function to spectrally resolved laser-induced incandescence with the temperature as an adjustable parameter. The effect of the wavelength dependence of the emissivity on the inferred temperatures of the irradiated soot was studied using selected expressions for the soot emissivity in the fit. Depending upon the choice of the functional form of the emissivity, the maximum temperature reached by the soot during the laser pulse was calculated to span a range of 341 K (3475–3816 K) at a 1064-nm laser fluence of 0.1 J/cm² and 456 K (4115–4571 K) at a 1064-nm laser fluence of 0.4 J/cm² with a 1σ standard deviation about the mean of ∼25 K. Comparison of the present results with temperature measurements from previous studies suggests that the emissivity may depend on flame conditions and that further investigation on the subject is needed. The use of two-color or spectrally resolved LII to infer the soot temperature during or after laser heating requires a careful characterization of the wavelength dependence of the emissivity. The spread in temperature leads to large uncertainties regarding the physico-chemical processes occurring at the surface of the soot during the laser heating.     

Simultaneous measurement of emittance, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials at elevated temperature

A two-substrate method is developed to simultaneously determine emissivity, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials with a single measurement under the same environment at elevated temperature. The three quantities can be obtained through the emissivities of substrates and the apparent emissivities resulting from the radiance of the sample heated by substrates. The two-substrate method is compared with the conventional method by measuring sapphire samples with various thicknesses, resulting in good agreements for all the samples. The present method will be useful to measure the temperature dependence of optical properties of porous ceramic materials.