单晶有限变形的热力耦合计算模型

以弹性变形梯度作为基本变量,结合热力学理论构造了单晶有限变形的热、力耦合计算模型。该模型考虑了温度、变温速率以及塑性耗散等条件对单晶有限变形的影响,相对于传统的以弹性变形梯度为基本变量的晶体塑性模型,算法能够体现温度效应的影响。采用隐式的积分方法对建立的控制方程进行计算以保证求解过程的稳定。以1100Al单晶为例计算了不同升温、降温速率,以及不同应变率影响下的材料应力-应变的响应。结果表明,模型能较好地反映变温过程中,单晶各向异性性质的演化以及应力、应变之间关系的变化。     

Plasticity and fracture of martensitic boron steel under plane stress conditions

Two series of multiaxial experiments are performed to characterize the mechanical behavior of a hot formed martensitic 22MnB5 boron steel. In the first series, flat specimens of uniform cross-section are subjected to various combinations of tensile and shear loading to characterize the elasto-plastic response. Butterfly-shaped specimens of non-uniform cross-section are used for the second series to study the onset of fracture in the martensitic steel. It is found from the analysis of the experimental results that the planar isotropic Hill’48 yield function along with an associated flow rule provides good estimates of the stress–strain response over a wide range of loading paths. The fracture experiments demonstrate that the crack initiation depends strongly on the loading state. A simple stress triaxiality dependent phenomenological fracture model is calibrated to describe the onset of fracture. Using the proposed plasticity and fracture model, numerical simulations of the fracture of tensile specimens of different notch radii are performed and compared with experiments.     

A new integration algorithm for finite deformation of thermo-elasto-viscoplastic single crystals

An algorithm for integrating the constitutive equations in thermal framework is presented, in which the plastic deformation gradient is chosen as the integration variable. Compared with the classic algorithm, a key feature of this new approach is that it can describe the finite deformation of crystals under thermal conditions. The obtained plastic deformation gradient contains not only plastic defor- mation but also thermal effects. The governing equation for the plastic deformation gradient is obtained based on ther- mal multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation gradient. An implicit method is used to integrate this evo- lution equation to ensure stability. Single crystal 1 100 aluminum is investigated to demonstrate practical applications of the model. The effects of anisotropic properties, time step, strain rate and temperature are calculated using this integration model.     

有限变形下单晶变温本构模型

本文构造了单晶热弹粘塑性的本构模型,模拟材料在不同温度下的力学行为。该模型以晶体热运动学作为分析变形的基础,即考虑温度变化情况下总体变形梯度的乘式分解,建立温度影响下的以弹性变形梯度为基本变量的控制方程来描述单晶材料的变形,算法采用隐式积分方法来求解控制方程以保证计算的稳定性。模型能反映单晶材料变形过程中温度对应力-应变响应的影响。     

应变控制的热机械疲劳行为的数值模拟

根据高温合金材料的力学性能，以弹粘塑性本构模型为基础，用数值模拟方法研究材料的热机械疲劳循环特性，模型将应变分为弹性应变、温度应变和粘塑性应变三部分，认为材料在高温循环载荷下呈现明显的弹粘塑性特征，根据虚位移原理建立轴对称体的弹粘塑性计算有限元格式，对于循环机械载荷和循环温度载荷，程序中采用了增量法迭代求解，在非线性项中不仅考虑了机械载荷增量的影响，同时也考虑了温度增量的影响，根据应变控制热机械疲劳的特点，发展了应变增量法的有限元计算方法、通过数值模拟，得到材料在各种循环载荷下的应力—应变响应，数值模拟较好地反映了粘塑性变形过程以及温度变化的效应，所描述的不可逆系统在某一时刻的状态完全由当时的状态参数、内变量、承载时间及塑性应变累积量决定，对带缺口试件的模拟结果显示了程序对复杂轴对称结构进行热机械疲劳计算的有效性。     

STUDY OF TEXTURE EFFECT ON STRAIN LOCALIZATION OF BCC STEEL SHEETS

Using elastic crystalline viscoplastic finite element (FE) annlysis, the formability of BCC steel sheets was assessed. An orientation probability assignment method in the FE modeling procedure, which can be categorized as an inhomogenized material modeling, was newly proposed. In the study, the crystal orientations of three materials, mild steel, dual phase steel and the high strength steel, were obtained by X-ray diffraction and orientation distribution function (ODF) analyses. The measured ODF results have revealed clearly different textures in the sheets, featured by orientation fibers, skeleton lines and selected orientations in Euler angle space, which are closely related to the plastic anisotropy. Then, the crystal orientations were assigned to FE integration points by using this ODF data, individually. The FE analyses of the standard limiting dome height(LDH) test show how the fiber textures affect the extent of strain localization in the forming processes. It was confirmed by comparison with experimental results that this FE code could predict the extreme strain localization and assess the sheet formability. The third author is indebted to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support (Grant No. 59875025) to the research cooperation with OIT, Japan.     

Ductility of interstitial-free steel under high strain rate tension: Experiments and macroscopic modeling with a physically-based consideration

In this paper, an experimental investigation and a constitutive modeling of the mechanical response of an interstitial-free (IF) steel over a wide range of strain rates (from 0.001/s to 750/s) are presented. Tensile tests at relatively high strain rates, exceeding 100/s, are performed at an initial room temperature, using the so-called one bar technique developed on the basis of the Hopkinson bar method. At a high strain rate, a distinct upper yield limit is observed, and the subsequent flow stress increases remarkably. Furthermore, the ductility is reduced significantly in comparison to the case of low strain rate tension. In order to express such a complicated material response of IF steel, we develop a new constitutive model that takes into account effects of a change in the mobile dislocation density and thermal softening. The model can be easily applicable to large-scale engineering computations, because it is macroscopically formulated. We try to reproduce the tensile response including a diffuse neck formation at high strain rates, using the proposed constitutive model and finite element method. The results indicate that a change in the mobile dislocation density, together with thermal softening, has substantial effects on apparent work hardening behavior at high strain rates, although the change in the mobile dislocation density is transcribed at macroscopic scale in the model. Finally, we discuss characteristics of true stress–true strain curves at various strain rates, and their correlation with the plastic instability behavior.     

A framework for numerical integration of crystal elasto-plastic constitutive equations compatible with explicit finite element codes

In this paper we summarize the elements of a numerical integration scheme for elasto-plastic response of single crystals. This is intended to be compatible with large-scale explicit finite element codes and therefore can be used for problems involving multiple crystals and also overall behavior of polycrystalline materials. The steps described here are general for anisotropic elastic and plastic response of crystals. The crystallographic axes of the lattice are explicitly stored and updated at each time step. A plastic predictor–elastic corrector scheme is used to calculate the plastic strain rates on all active slip systems based on a rate-dependent physics-based constitutive model without the need of further auxiliary assumptions. Finally we present the results of numerous calculations using a physics-based rate- and temperature-dependent model of copper and the effect of elastic unloading, elastic crystal anisotropy, and deformation-induced lattice rotation are emphasized.     

基于连续体损伤理论的硼钢高温成形极限确定法

为了应对节能减排及汽车安全性的双重要求,先进高强钢的开发和应用受到愈来愈高的重视. 超高强度钢板热冲压成形技术是减轻车身重量、提高汽车抗冲击和防撞性能的重要途径,目前已经成为世界汽车制造行业的热门技术. 成形极限是硼钢热冲压成形过程中一个非常重要的表征参数,但由于高温半球形凸模胀形试验(Nakazima) 的复杂性造成实验测试面临诸多困难. 针对硼钢热冲压成形过程特点,提出将韧性损伤模型与有限元数值模拟技术结合起来预测硼钢高温成形极限的方法. 在连续体损伤力学基础上,建立了考虑有效应力和等效塑性应变对微孔损伤影响的勒迈特(Lemaitre) 韧性损伤演化方程,在损伤耗散势函数中引入了等效塑性应变因子,从而寻找到能够准确反映硼钢在奥氏体状态下的成形特性的勒迈特耗散势函数. 选取基于遗传算法的基于非支配排序的多目标优化算法(NSGA-II) 与有限元分析软件“FORGETM” 相结合的方法优化韧性损伤模型中材料的损伤因子,并利用优化后的损伤因子准确预测到板料成形过程的拉伸失稳和断裂现象. 将建立的韧性损伤模型引入到硼钢高温半球形凸模胀形有限元仿真模型中,通过预测的成形极限与实验测定结果的比较,验证了所提韧性损伤模型预测硼钢高温成形极限的可靠性.      

半晶态聚合物拉伸变形的微观机理

应用大规模分子动力学方法,采用粗粒化聚乙烯醇模型,模拟了晶区与非晶区随机交杂的半晶态聚合物模型系统,研究了半晶态聚合物在单轴拉伸变形过程中的应力-应变行为和微观结构演变.应力-应变曲线表现出4个典型变形阶段:弹性变形、屈服、应变软化和应变强化.在拉伸变形过程中,主要存在晶区折叠链之间的滑移、晶区破坏、非晶区的解缠结,以及分子链沿拉伸方向重新取向等4种主要的微结构演变形式.在屈服点附近,晶区分子链之间排列紧密程度减小而发生滑移,之后晶区变化需要的应力变小,从而形成应变软化现象.随着应变的增大,经各分子链段协同作用使非晶区分子链的解缠结和重新取向行为扩展到相对宏观尺度,导致拉伸应力增大而形成应变强化现象.      

A new crystal plasticity scheme for explicit time integration codes to simulate deformation in 3D microstructures: Effects of strain path,strain rate and thermal softening on localized deformation in the aluminum alloy 5754 during simple shear

The predominant deformation mode during material failure is shear. In this paper, a crystal plasticity scheme for explicit time integration codes is developed based on a forward Euler algorithm. The numerical model is incorporated in the UMAT subroutine for implementing rate-dependent crystal plasticity model in LS-DYNA/Explicit. The sheet is modeled as a face centered cubic (FCC) polycrystalline aggregate, and a finite element analysis based on rate-dependent crystal plasticity is implemented to analyze the effects of three different strain paths consisting predominantly of shear. Finite element meshes containing texture data are created with solid elements. The material model can incorporate information obtained from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and apply crystal orientation to each element as well as account for texture evolution. Single elements or multiple elements are used to represent each grain within a microstructure. The three dimensional (3D) polycrystalline microstructure of the aluminum alloy AA5754 is modeled and subjected to three different strain rates for each strain path. The effects of strain paths, strain rates and thermal softening on the formation of localized deformation are investigated. Simulations show that strain path is the most dominant factor in localized deformation and texture evolution.     

延性单晶非均匀变形的三维有限元模拟

对延性单晶在拉伸载荷作用下的应变局域化和颈缩等非均匀变形过程进行了三维有限元数值模拟。将相关晶体塑性本构模型及一种新的数值积分方法补充到ABAQUS6.1商用有限元软件中。该方法的特点是，利用晶体塑性的动力学方程，获得一个关于晶体弹性变形梯度的演化方程，采用半隐式积分方案进行求解。本文推导出一种新的应力变本构矩阵。按此方式更新本构矩阵，计算速度和计算稳定性大大提高。加载方式，边界条件和变形程度等因素影响着滑移系的启动状况，这是平面模型所不能预测的。本文利用三维有限元方法模拟了不同取向下滑移系的启动状况，全面地考虑了FCC单晶材料12个可能滑移系在变形过程中的启动状况，合理地模拟了FCC面心立方单晶沿不同取向加载时晶轴旋转导致的应变局域化和颈缩等非均匀变形过程。     

基于有限变形单晶塑性滑移的微观热-力耦合模型及其有限元计算

基于率相关的晶体塑性滑移理论,论文考虑晶体内部塑性变形产生的热以及快速热冲击作用下温度急剧变化产生热应力的热-力双向耦合效应,建立起微观单晶的瞬态热-弹-塑性耦合模型,推导出与温度有关的剪应变率和弹塑性切模量公式.根据论文建立的模型,对ABAQUS软件进行二次开发[1],数值模拟出<001>/{100}单晶Cu在单轴拉伸状态下的应力、应变与温度的关系和弹性模量的变化,结果如下:轴向应力随温度升高先呈线性增加再呈非线性减小,轴向应变随温度增加而增加;弹性模量随塑性变形的增加而降低,与分子动力学模拟的趋势[2]是一致的.数值实验表明,论文建立的模型和算法是正确合理的,且计算量远远小于分子动力学模拟.     

Thermoelastic stresses in a cylinder or disk with cubic anisotropy

The thermoelastic stresses in a crystal in the shape of a circular cylinder or disk are considered. The crystal is a cubically-orthotropic linear elastic solid, with three independent elastic properties. The cubic anisotropy renders the problem asymmetric, despite the axisymmetry of the geometry and thermal loading. This problem is motivated by a thermoelastic model used for certain crystal growth processes. Two simplifying assumptions are made here: (a) the problem is two-dimensional with plane strain or plain stress conditions, and (b) the elastic properties do not depend on the temperature. A new Fourier-type perturbation method is devised and an analytic asymptotic solution of a closed form is obtained, based on the weak cubic anisotropy of the crystal as a perturbation parameter. A general solution technique is described which yields the asymptotic solution up to a desired order. Numerical results are presented for typical parameter values.     

含水率和围压对安家岭泥岩峰后力学特性影响的试验研究

为分析含水率和围压对泥岩峰后力学特性的影响,从山西安家岭矿取泥岩,制成不同含水率的5组试样,在YAW2000电液伺服试验机上开展了三轴试验,获得了不同含水率泥岩试样三轴全程应力应变曲线,使用激光共聚焦显微镜观测了泥岩增水过程中微观结构变化。利用试验结果,分析了围压和含水率对泥岩峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量、破坏应变和脆性模量的影响规律和泥岩增水过程中微观结构的变化规律。引入脆性模量系数和强度退化指数来描述围压对泥岩峰后强度退化过程和残余强度的影响,与FLAC中的SS模型结合,建立了考虑围压影响的泥岩应变软化力学模型,模拟了围压对泥岩应变软化行为的影响。研究结果表明:(1)随着围压增加,泥岩的峰值强度、偏应力峰值、破坏应变和残余强度都增长,峰后强度降低速率趋缓,强度退化指数和脆性模量系数可以较好地描述围压对泥岩残余强度和峰后强度退化过程的影响。(2)泥岩增水过程中,岩样内微裂隙及尺寸增长,泥岩的力学性质劣化。随着含水率增加,泥岩的弹性模量、峰值强度和残余强度降低,破坏应变增长。含水率与泥岩的弹性模量、峰值强度和破坏应变之间近似服从线性关系。(3)本文基于脆性模量系数的岩石应变软化模型能较好地描述三轴压缩泥岩的全程变形行为。     

一维声子晶体带隙的非局部辛分析

周期性弹性复合结构(声子晶体)中传播的弹性波存在特殊的色散关系:弹性波只能在某段频率范围内无损耗的传播,该频率范围称为通带.一维声子晶体的色散问题可以看作分层介质中弹性波的传播问题,利用二维弹性理论予以分析.为了研究非局部效应对声子晶体带隙特性的影响,将Eringen的二维非局部弹性理论引入到Hamilton体系下,利用精细积分与扩展的Wittrick Williams算法可获取任意频率范围内的本征解.通过对不同算例的数值计算,分析和对比了非局部理论方法与传统局部理论方法的差别.并进一步指出了该套算法的适用性和优势所在.     

Numerical analysis and elastic–plastic deformation behavior of anisotropically damaged solids

The present paper is concerned with the numerical modelling of the large elastic–plastic deformation behavior and localization prediction of ductile metals which are sensitive to hydrostatic stress and anisotropically damaged. The model is based on a generalized macroscopic theory within the framework of nonlinear continuum damage mechanics. The formulation relies on a multiplicative decomposition of the metric transformation tensor into elastic and damaged-plastic parts. Furthermore, undamaged configurations are introduced which are related to the damaged configurations via associated metric transformations which allow for the interpretation as damage tensors. Strain rates are shown to be additively decomposed into elastic, plastic and damage strain rate tensors. Moreover, based on the standard dissipative material approach the constitutive framework is completed by different stress tensors, a yield criterion and a separate damage condition as well as corresponding potential functions. The evolution laws for plastic and damage strain rates are discussed in some detail. Estimates of the stress and strain histories are obtained via an explicit integration procedure which employs an inelastic (damage-plastic) predictor followed by an elastic corrector step. Numerical simulations of the elastic–plastic deformation behavior of damaged solids demonstrate the efficiency of the formulation. A variety of large strain elastic–plastic-damage problems including severe localization is presented, and the influence of different model parameters on the deformation and localization prediction of ductile metals is discussed.     

Thermoelastic buckling of steel columns with load-dependent supports

The in-plane elastic buckling of a steel column with load-dependent supports under thermal loading is investigated. Two elastic rotational springs at the column ends are used to model the restraints which are provided by adjacent structural members or elastic foundations. The temperature is assumed to be linearly distributed across the section. Based on a nonlinear strain–displacement relationship, both the equilibrium and buckling equations are obtained by using the energy method. Then the limits for different buckling modes and the critical temperature of columns with different cases are studied. The results show that the proposed analytical solution can be used to predict the critical temperature for elastic buckling. The effect of thermal loading on the buckling of steel columns is significant. Furthermore, the thermal gradient plays a positive role in improving the stability of columns, and the effect of thermal gradients decreases while decreasing the modified slenderness ratios of columns. It can also be found that rotational restraints can significantly affect the column elastic buckling loads. Increasing the initial stiffness coefficient α or the stiffening rate β of thermal restraints will increase the critical temperature.     

钢筋混凝土结构改进型分离式数值模型

提出一种考虑粘结滑移效应的钢筋混凝土改进型分离式数值模型。在混合物理论基础上,该模型兼顾混凝土基体和钢筋的力学行为,且基于钢筋混凝土界面粘结滑移模型,获得了钢筋等效模型。改进型分离式数值模型由于对钢筋及其界面无显式离散要求,使得钢筋的运用完全独立于其几何形状,同时对混凝土网格没有约束,并且不增加计算成本,因此该模型可适用于钢筋混凝土宏观结构层面分析。通过钢筋混凝土构件-结构的爆炸实验,对改进型分离式数值模型进行层次化验证。对比结果表明,考虑粘结滑移效应的有限元模型能够更好地预测钢筋混凝土结构的宏观力学行为。     

气泡在液体中运动过程的数值模拟

本文用数值方法预测气泡在液体中的百定常运动。运用位标函数进行界面的隐含跟踪并且与有限体积法相结合构成一种可行的计算方法。本文方法允许在界面处存在很大的物性差，而且较容易将表面张力引入控制方程。我们对气液两相流中单个气泡的运动进行了计算，得到了与实验结果符合很好的数值结果。