二氢杨梅素对酪氨酸酶抑制作用研究

研究了二氢杨梅素对酪氨酸酶的单酚酶和二酚酶抑制作用和机理。结果表明,二氢杨梅素对单酚酶、二酚酶的抑制率分别为95.87%、69.01%;二氢杨梅素对单酚酶的抑制作用表现为酶催化反应的迟滞时间延长;二氢杨梅素对二酚酶的抑制作用表现为可逆混合型抑制,对游离酶的抑制常数(KI)和对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数(KIS)分别为150μmol.L-1和83μmol.L-1。二氢杨梅素可作为天然的酪氨酸酶抑制剂。     

表面活性剂在水-有机两相体系中对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天苷的影响

采用缓冲液/正己烷为反应体系,比较了几类表面活性剂(CTAB,SDS,SDBS,Tween 20)对酶活的影响.并在该反应体系中,考察了表面活性剂对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天苷的反应中底物转化率以及初始反应速率的影响,确定了反应混合体系的适宜含水量.结果表明,在水/有机两相体系中,HLB值较高的SDS对酶的失活体现出了一定的抑制作用,其余表面活性剂均对酶失活起了不同程度的加速作用.在几类表面活性剂各自最适添加浓度下,CTAB,SDS,Tween 20三组均将底物转化率从9.2%提高到11%左右.不添加表面活性剂所测得的初始反应速率最高,Tween 20组次之,离子型表面活性剂添加组最低.对于SDS添加组,当其含水量为10%时,底物转化率可以达到22.3%.     

羰基还原酶CR2重组酶体系不对称合成(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺

构建了羰基还原酶CR2重组酶体系,并优化了相关的酶促催化反应条件.通过在催化体系中添加辅酶NADP+(0.1 mmol/L)和辅底物葡萄糖(120 g/L),在30℃及p H=8.0的条件下反应4 h,CR2重组酶体系不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DKTP,10 g/L),合成了高光学纯度(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺[(S)-DHTP,e.e.值99.9%],产率为62%.在酶促催化过程中,由于辅酶循环生成葡萄糖酸导致反应体系p H值下降而影响催化效率.通过调控反应体系p H值,(S)-DHTP的产率提高到68%.不同浓度底物的反应过程表明底物对CR2酶促反应具有抑制作用,且在10 g/L底物浓度下反应的时空产率可达1.3 g·L-1·h-1.     

植物体系中甲酯酶的底物专一性的理论研究

酶对天然底物的高度专一性是酶的特点之一. 然而关于酶是如何对底物具有高度专一性以及识别能力, 我们的理解仍然缺乏. 本文以植物体系中发现的一组甲酯酶(MESs)对一些底物[包括水杨酸甲酯(MeSA), 茉莉酮酸甲酯(MeJA)和吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯(MeIAA)]的催化反应为例, 报道了同源建模和理论计算对茉莉酮酸甲酯酶(AtMES10)和水杨酸结合蛋白2(SABP2)的研究结果. 基于简单的锁-钥匙理论(底物与酶结合时不发生基团的碰撞或严重排斥), 以底物对接到酶的活性部位(即底物中—COO的一部分占据可被催化丝氨酸亲核进攻的位置) 为原则, 可以在空间上为酶对底物的专一性提供解释. 模拟结果表明, SABP2可对MeSA有高活性, 对MeJA和MeIAA有低或无活性; AtMES10可对MeJA有高活性, 而对MeSA和MeIAA有低或无活性, 这与实验结果相一致. 因此, 相关酶的结构预测与计算机模拟对了解酶的底物专一性具有重要的意义.     

热动力学研究L-抗坏血酸和Cu~(2+)对过氧化氢酶的协同抑制

在 310 15K ,pH =7 0的 0 1mol·L-1Na2 HPO4 NaH2 PO4 缓冲溶液中 ,利用热动力学方法研究了L 抗坏血酸 ,Cu2 +及二者同时存在时 ,过氧化氢酶催化H2 O2 分解反应的动力学规律 .发现L 抗坏血酸和Cu2 +单独存在时对酶反应没有明显的抑制作用 ,二者共存时 ,对反应有非线性抑制作用 .在一定的酶和底物浓度下 ,L 抗坏血酸和Cu2 +不影响总反应的一级速率方程的形式 ,只减小了一级反应速率常数 .酶活性随抑制剂浓度变化关系呈S形曲线 .结合实验结果和文献 ,提出了一种L 抗坏血酸和Cu2 +协同抑制过氧化氢酶的可能机理     

漆树漆酶的催化氧化作用(ⅩⅠⅠⅠ)-Fe2+离子对漆酶催化氧化反应的影响

以5,6-二溴-2,3-二氰基氢醌为底物,在pH4.50条件下,用分光光度法考察了FeSO4对漆树漆酶催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,在本文实验条件下SO2-4离子对酶促反应的影响基本可以忽略,而Fe2+离子对漆酶的催化氧化反应则有明显的竞争性抑制作用.研究证实,Fe2+离子的抑制作用是通过它还原酶促反应的产物半醌自由基阴离子来实现的.     

羊肝源穿山龙薯蓣皂苷-α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的分离及其动力学特性

对羊肝中含有的水解穿山龙薯蓣皂苷鼠李糖糖基的穿山龙薯蓣皂苷-α-L-鼠李糖苷酶进行了分离、纯化, 并对其动力学特性进行了研究. 结果表明, 粗酶液经DEAE-Cellulose离子交换层析柱纯化后, 其比活提高了19.9倍. 在pH＝6.8、反应温度为42 ℃、反应时间为8 h和底物浓度为23 mmol/L的条件下, 该酶达到其最高活力. 在10—200 mmol/L范围内, Fe3+和Cu2+对酶活力有明显的抑制作用, Mg2+和Zn2+对酶活力有微弱的激活作用, 而Ca2+对酶有较强的激活作用. 采用SDS-PAGE方法测得酶蛋白分子量为71000. 选择穿山龙薯蓣皂苷、人参皂苷Re和芦丁为酶反应底物, 进行酶的底物专一性研究发现, 穿山龙薯蓣皂苷-α-L-鼠李糖苷酶对其底物具有高度专一性.     

促进非水相酶反应的研究进展

198 6年 klibanov[1] 发现 ,许多酶可以在有机相中进行有效的催化 ,而且有些酶在有机相中的活性和稳定性比在水相中还高 .随后十几年 ,对非水相酶反应的研究取得了突破性的进展 ,而且还实现了一些非水相酶反应在工业生产方面的应用 (如油脂改良等 ) .与水相中的酶反应相比 ,非水相中的酶反应有它独特的优越性 ,尤其是在有机合成方面 .主要表现在 :有利于疏水性物质的反应 ;可改变反应的平衡方向 ;可催化水相中不能进行的反应 ;可以控制底物专一性 ;可提高酶的稳定性 ;便于消除底物和产物的抑制作用 ;酶和产物易于回收 ;可减少微生物的污染 .…     

水溶性香豆素荧光底物的制备及在液滴数字式检测中的应用

4-甲基伞形酮磷酸酯(4-MUP)是一类重要的荧光底物, 由于具有较高的疏水性, 荧光信号易在液滴间扩散而限制了其在液滴微流控芯片领域中的应用. 本文首先通过修饰7-羟基香豆素-4-乙酸, 制备了具有较高水溶性的新型底物分子7-二羟基磷酸酯香豆素-4-乙酸甲酯; 进而以7-二羟基磷酸酯香豆素-4-乙酸甲酯为底物, 以球刷酶(荷载大量碱性磷酸酶的聚电解质纳米颗粒, SP-AKP)为模式酶, 建立了基于液滴微流控的单SP-AKP数字式检测体系. 结果表明, 该水溶性香豆素荧光底物具有与传统4-MUP底物相似的荧光光谱和酶催化性能. 传统4-MUP酶促荧光产物5 min即在液滴中发生明显扩散, 而该水溶性香豆素荧光底物酶催化后产生的荧光产物7-羟基香豆素-4-乙酸甲酯在24 h后仍未观察到明显扩散现象, 具有优异的抑制荧光扩散性能. 在基于液滴微流控芯片的单SP-AKP数字式检测中, 对SP-AKP的检测限可达29.9 amol/L, 同时有效提升了检测时间的可操作性与数字式信号读取的准确性. 新型水溶性香豆素荧光底物有望替代4-MUP应用于以基于液滴数字式超敏生物检测为代表, 在液滴分区实现酶促反应进行超灵敏检测的众多检测领域中.     

漆树漆酶的催化氧化作用（ⅫⅡ）

以５,６－二溴－２,３－二氰基氢醌为底物,在ＰＨ４．５０条件下,用分光光度法考察了ＦｅＳＯ４对漆树漆酶催化氧化反应的影响。结表明,在本文实验条件下ＳＯ４＾２－离子对酶促反应的影响基本可以忽略,而Ｆｅ＾２离子对漆酶的催化氧化反应则有明显的竞争性抑制作用,研究证实,Ｆｅ＾２＋离子的抑制作用是通过它还原酶促反应的产物半醌自由基阴离子来实现的。     

Kinetic Studies on the Product Inhibition of Enzymatic Lignocellulose Hydrolysis

In order to understand the product inhibition of enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw was carried out over an enzyme loading range of 2 to 30 FPU/g substrate, and the inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed kinetically based on the reducing sugars produced. It was shown that glucose, xylose, and arabinose were the main reducing sugar components contained in the hydrolysate. The mass ratio of glucose, xylose, and arabinose to the total reducing sugars was almost constant at 52.0?%, 29.7?% and 18.8?%, respectively, in the enzyme loading range. The reducing sugars exerted competitive inhibitory interferences to the enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose, xylose, and arabinose had a dissociation constant of 1.24, 0.54 and 0.33?g/l, respectively. The inhibitory interferences by reducing sugars were superimposed on the enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis could be improved by the removal of the produced reducing sugars from hydrolysate.     

Enzymatic Synthesis of Agmatine by Immobilized Escherichia coli Cells with Arginine Decarboxylase Activity

A new method for the enzymatic synthesis of agmatine by immobilized Escherichia coli cells with arginine decarboxylase(ADC) activity was established and a series of optimal reaction conditions was set down. The arginine decarboxylase showed the maximum activity when the pyridoxal phosphate(PLP) concentration was 50 mmol/L, pH=7 and 45 °C. The arginine decarboxylase exhibited the maximum production efficiency when the substrate concentration was 100 mmol/L and the reaction time was 15 h. It was also observed that the appropriate concentration of Mg2+, especially at 0.5 mmol/L promoted the arginine decarboxylase activity; Mn2+ had little effect on the arginine decarboxylase activity. The inhibition of Cu2+ and Zn2+ to the arginine decarboxylase activity was significant. The immobilized cells were continuously used 6 times and the average conversion rate during the six-time usage was 55.6%. The immobilized cells exhibited favourable operational stability. After optimization, the maximally cumulative amount of agmatine could be up to 20 g/L. In addition, this method can also catalyze D,L-arginine to agmatine, leaving the pure optically D-arginine simultaneously. The method has a very important guiding significance to the enzymatic preparation of agmatine.     

Flow-Microcalorimetric Determination of Cellobiase Activity and Its Inhibition by Glucose

Abstract

A method for measuring cellobiase activity of the Trichoderma reesei CCF 1853 cellulase complex using a Thermal Activity Monitor and a flow - mix mode is described. The kinetic constant K_M and the linear dependence of dQ_max/dt (the maximum heat flow at the total saturation of enzyme with substrate) on the enzyme concentration were determined. The process of the end product inhibition of cellobiase activity by glucose has been observed too. The obtained results allow to determine the mechanism of the inhibition and an inhibition constant for glucose.

The procedure is completely general in nature and is applicable to other enzymatic systems.     

On-line characterization of the activity and reaction kinetics of immobilized enzyme by high-performance frontal analysis

A microreactor by immobilized trypsin on the activated glycidyl methacrylate-modified cellulose membrane packed column was constructed. Immobilized trypsin mirrored the properties of the free enzyme and showed high stability. A novel method to characterize the activity and reaction kinetics of the immobilized enzyme has been developed based on the frontal analysis of enzymatic reaction products, which was performed by the on-line monitoring of the absorption at 410 nm of p-nitroaniline from the hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). The hydrolytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was 55.6% of free trypsin. The apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics constant (Km) and Vmax values measured by the frontal analysis method were, respectively, 0.12 mM and 0.079 mM min(-1) mg enzyme(-1). The former is very close to that observed by the static and off-line detection methods, but the latter is about 15% higher than that of the static method. Inhibition of the immobilized trypsin by addition of benzamidine into substrate solution has been studied by the frontal analysis method. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of BAPNA (Km), the inhibition constant of benzamidine (Ki) and Vmax were determined. It was indicated that the interaction of BAPNA and benzamidine with trypsin is competitive, the Km value was affected but the Vmax was unaffected by the benzamidine concentration.     

Expression,Purification and Characterization of a Bifunctional α‐L‐Arabinofuranosidase/β‐D‐Xylosidase from Trichoderma Koningii G‐39

A gene of α‐L ‐arabinofuranosidase (Abf) from Trichoderma koningii G‐39 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme was purified to > 90% homogeneity by a cation‐exchanged chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibits both α‐L ‐arabinofuranosidase and β‐D ‐xylosidase (Xyl) activities with p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐L ‐arabionfuranoside (pNPAF) and 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐β‐D ‐xylopyanoside (2,4‐DNPX) as substrate, respectively. The stability and the catalytic feature of the bifunctional enzyme were characterized. The enzyme was stable for at least 2 h at pH values between 2 and 8.3 at room temperature when assayed for Abf and Xyl activities. Enzyme activity decreased dramatically when the pH exceeded 9.5 or dropped below 1.5. The enzyme lost 35% of Abf activity after incubation at 55 °C for 2 h, but retained 95% of Xyl activity, with 2,4‐DNXP as substrate, under the same conditions. Further investigation of the active site topology of both enzymatic functions was performed with the inhibition study of enzyme activities. The results revealed that methyl‐α‐L ‐arabinofuranoside inhibition is noncompetitive towards 2,4‐DNPX as substrate but competitive towards pNPAF. Based on the thermal stability and the inhibition studies, we suggest that the enzymatic reactions of Abf and Xyl are performed at distinct catalytic sites. The recombinant enzyme possesses both the retaining transarabinofuranosyl and transxylopyranosyl activities, indicating both enzymatic reactions proceed through a two‐step, double displacement mechanism.     

Thermokinetic Study on the Reversible Competitive Inhibition of Bovine Liver Arginase

Introduction Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) is a widespread and very im-portant enzyme in mammals, which specifically cata-lyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to urea and the non-protein amino acid L-ornithine, a key step in the urea cycle.1 Urea is the principal metabolite for disposal of nitrogen as a neutral and nontoxic waste product formed during amino acid metabolism in mammals. L-ornithine serves as a biosynthetic precursor to L-proline and the polyamines such as putrescine, sper-mine (in eucar…     

L-乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂抑制成因的探讨

应用HF/3 21G研究了抑制剂H2N－CO－COO－对L 乳酸脱氢酶的抑制成因.结果表明,酶被抑制的主要原因有:(1)抑制剂与底物的稳定构象态在结构上极为相似,导致酶不能有效识别底物;(2)模型抑制剂各原子所带净电荷的优势使抑制剂更易与酶活性中心结合;(3)抑制剂通过对酶的诱导契合作用使酶活性中心的空间被缩小;(4)对活性中心有关结构的分析表明,底物的甲基分子片以及酶的氨基酸残基Gln 102,对催化反应能否顺利进行,影响极大.     

稀土离子La3+对精氨酸酶的抑制作用

在37℃、pH=9.4、40 mmol/L的巴比妥钠-盐酸缓冲体系中,利用微量热法研究了稀土离子镧对牛肝精氨酸酶催化L-精氨酸水解反应的影响。实验结果表明,镧离子对精氨酸酶催化反应存在着明显的抑制作用,其抑制类型为非竞争性可逆抑制,求得抑制常数K1为2.74×10-4mol/L。根据其抑制类型和离子半径,推测镧离子与精氨酸酶的结合位置远离酶的活性中心。     

基于室温离子液体的有序多孔金膜葡萄糖传感器

将1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[BMIm][BF4]）、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）与葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）的混合物修饰于三维有序大孔（3DOM）金膜电极上,构建了一种新型的葡萄糖传感器．固定的GOD在pH7．0的磷酸缓冲液（PBS）中展现出一对可逆性好的氧化还原峰,这归因于GOD的活性中心黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）的直接电化学行为．研究表明,离子液体（IL）、DMF以及3DOM金膜对GOD的直接电化学都起到了重要的作用．3DOM金膜修饰电极作为基底提高了酶的负载量,加速了GOD与电极表面的电子传递;IL的应用增加了固定GOD的电化学活性;DMF与IL、GOD的协同作用更好地保持了GOD的生物活性．固定在电极表面的GOD对葡萄糖显示出良好的催化性能,其检测线性范围为10～125nmol／L,检测限为3．3nmol／L（S／N=3）,酶催化反应的表观米氏常数Km为0．018mmol／L．     

Kinetic substrate quantification by fitting the enzyme reaction curve to the integrated Michaelis–Menten equation

The reliability of kinetic substrate quantification by nonlinear fitting of the enzyme reaction curve to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation was investigated by both simulation and preliminary experimentation. For simulation, product absorptivity epsilon was 3.00 mmol(-1) L cm(-1) and K(m) was 0.10 mmol L(-1), and uniform absorbance error sigma was randomly inserted into the error-free reaction curve of product absorbance A(i) versus reaction time t(i) calculated according to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation. The experimental reaction curve of arylesterase acting on phenyl acetate was monitored by phenol absorbance at 270 nm. Maximal product absorbance A(m) was predicted by nonlinear fitting of the reaction curve to Eq. (1) with K(m) as constant. There were unique A(m) for best fitting of both the simulated and experimental reaction curves. Neither the error in reaction origin nor the variation of enzyme activity changed the background-corrected value of A(m). But the range of data under analysis, the background absorbance, and absorbance error sigma had an effect. By simulation, A(m) from 0.150 to 3.600 was predicted with reliability and linear response to substrate concentration when there was 80% consumption of substrate at sigma of 0.001. Restriction of absorbance to 0.700 enabled A(m) up to 1.800 to be predicted at sigma of 0.001. Detection limit reached A(m) of 0.090 at sigma of 0.001. By experimentation, the reproducibility was 4.6% at substrate concentration twice the K(m), and A(m) linearly responded to phenyl acetate with consistent absorptivity for phenol, and upper limit about twice the maximum of experimental absorbance. These results supported the reliability of this new kinetic method for enzymatic analysis with enhanced upper limit and precision.