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1.
Sean F. Johnston 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2006,8(4):451-465
I trace the history of the physical and applied sciences, and particularly physics, in Glasgow. Among the notable individuals
I discuss are Joseph Black (1728–1799), James Watt (1736–1819), William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872), William Thomson,
Lord Kelvin (1824–1907), John Kerr (1824–1907), Frederick Soddy (1877–1956), John Logie Baird (1888–1946), and Ian Donald
(1910–1987), as well as physics-related businesses.The locations, centering on the city center and University of Glasgow,
include sites both recognizable today and transformed from past usage, as well as museums and archives related to the history
and interpretation of physics. 相似文献
2.
Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Vienna in 1904 and moved with his wife and young
daughter to St. Petersburg in 1907, where he remained until he succeeded Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928) in the chair of
theoretical physics at the University of Leiden in 1912. Drawing upon Ehrenfest’s correspondence of the period, we first examine
Ehrenfest’s difficult and insecure years in St. Petersburg and then discuss his unsuccessful attempts to obtain a position
elsewhere before he was appointed as Lorentz’s successor in Leiden.
Pim Huijnen is writing a doctoral dissertation in history; the present paper is based upon his Master’s Thesis, “‘Die Grenze
des Pathologischen’: Het leven van fysicus Paul Ehrenfest, 1904–1912,” University of Groningen, 2003. A.J.Kox is Pieter Zeeman
Professor of History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam. 相似文献
3.
Benjamin Bederson 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2005,7(4):453-472
I discuss the family background and early life of the German theoretical physicist Fritz Reiche (1883–1969) in Berlin; his
higher education at the University of Berlin under Max Planck (1858–1947); his subsequent work at the University of Breslau
with Otto Lummer (1860–1925); his return to Berlin in 1911, where he completed his Habilitation thesis in 1913, married Bertha
Ochs the following year, became a friend of Albert Einstein (1879–1955), and worked during and immediately after the Great
War. In 1921 he was appointed as ordentlicher Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Breslau and worked there until he was dismissed in 1933. He spent the academic
year 1934–1935 as a visiting professor at the German University in Prague and then returned to Berlin, where he remained until,
with the crucial help of his friend Rudolf Ladenburg (1882–1952) and vital assistance of the Emergency Committee in Aid of
Displaced Foreign Scholars, he, his wife Bertha, and their daughter Eve were able to emigrate to the United States in 1941
(their son Hans had already emigrated to England in 1939).From 1941–1946 he held appointments at the New School for Social
Research in New York, the City College of New York, and Union College in Schenectady, New York, and then was appointed as
an Adjunct Professor of Physics at New York University, where his contract was renewed year-by-year until his retirement in
1958. 相似文献
4.
Maria Cecilia von Reichenbach 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2009,11(3):302-317
Richard Gans (1880–1954) was appointed Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Physics of the National University
of La Plata,Argentina, in 1912 and published a series of papers on quantum physics between 1915 and 1918 that marked him as
the first quantum physicist in Latin America. I set Gans’s work within the context of his education and career in Germany
prior to 1912 and his life and work in Argentina until 1925, as well as the foundation of the Institute of Physics of the
National University of La Plata in 1906–1909 and its subsequent development by Emil Bose (1874–1911). I conclude by commenting
on Gans’s life after he returned to Germany in 1925 and then immigrated once again to Argentina in 1947. 相似文献
5.
Charles H. Holbrow 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2011,13(1):36-57
Horace Richard Crane (1907–2007) was born and educated in California. His childhood was full of activities that helped him
become an outstanding experimental physicist. As a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology (1930–1934),
he had the good fortune to work with Charles C. Lauritsen (1892–1968) just as he introduced accelerator-based nuclear physics
to Caltech. They shared the euphoric excitement of opening up a new field with simple, ingenious apparatus and experiments.
This work prepared Crane for his career at the University of Michigan (1935–1973) where in the 1950s, after making the first
measurement of the electron’s magnetic moment, he devised the g−2 technique and made the first measurement of the anomaly in the electron’s magnetic moment. A man of direct, almost laconic
style, he made lasting contributions to the exposition of physics to the general public and to its teaching in high schools,
community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities. I tell how he became a physicist and describe some of his early
achievements. 相似文献
6.
We analyze the forgotten communication of Ettore Majorana (1906–1938?) on the Thomas-Fermi statistical model of the atom,
which he presented on December 29, 1928, during the XXII General Meeting of the Italian Physical Society in Rome, and which
was published in Il Nuovo Cimento, the Society’s journal, in 1929. His communication was not mentioned subsequently in any of the numerous publications of
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) and his group in Rome, nor in any of the later accounts of Majorana’s life and work. We place Majorana’s
contribution within the context of contemporary research on the subject, point out its influence on the final formulation
of the Thomas-Fermi statistical model by Fermi and Edoardo Amaldi (1908–1989) in 1934, and discuss Majorana’s other scientific
contributions before his mysterious disappearance in 1938.
Francesco Guerra is Professor of Theoretical Physics in the Department of Physics at the University of Rome “La Sapienza.”
His main fields of research are quantum-field theory, statistical mechanics of complex systems, and the history of nuclear
physics. Nadia Robotti is Professor of History of Physics in the Department of Physics at the University of Genoa. Her main
fields of research are the history of atomic physics, quantum mechanics, and nuclear physics. 相似文献
7.
Ursula Pavlish 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2011,13(2):189-214
I draw on my interviews in 2005–2007 with Gerson Goldhaber (1924–2010), his wife Judith, and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory. I discuss his childhood, early education, marriage to his first wife Sulamith (1923–1965), and his further
education at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1942–1947) and his doctoral research at University of Wisconsin at Madison
(1947–1950). He then was appointed to an instructorship in physics at Columbia University (1950–1953) before accepting a position
in the physics department at the University of California at Berkeley and the Radiation Laboratory (later the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, today the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), where he remained for the rest of his life. He made fundamental
contributions to physics, including to the discovery of the antiproton in 1955, the GGLP effect in 1960, the psi particle
in 1974, and charmed mesons in 1977, and to cosmology, including the discovery of the accelerating universe and dark energy
in 1998. Beginning in the late 1960s, he also took up art, and he and his second wife Judith, whom he married in 1969, later
collaborated in illustrating and writing two popular books. Goldhaber died in Berkeley, California, on July 19, 2010, at the
age of 86. 相似文献
8.
Ruth Lewin Sime 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2006,8(1):3-51
As President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its successor, the Max Planck Society, from 1946 until 1960, Otto Hahn (1879–1968)
sought to portray science under the Third Reich as a purely intellectual endeavor untainted by National Socialism. I outline
Hahn’s activities from 1933 into the postwar years, focusing on the contrast between his personal stance during the National
Socialist period, when he distinguished himself as an upright non-Nazi, and his postwar attitude, which was characterized
by suppression and denial of Germany’s recent past. Particular examples include Hahn’s efforts to help Jewish friends; his
testimony for colleagues involved in denazification and on trial in Nuremberg; his postwar relationships with émigré colleagues,
including Lise Meitner; and his misrepresentation of his wartime work in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. 相似文献
9.
Shaul Katzir 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2005,7(3):268-292
Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) developed a relativistic physics by elevating the empirical inability to detect absolute motion,
or motion relative to the ether, to the principle of relativity, and its mathematics ensured that it would be compatible with
that principle. Although Poincaré’s aim and theory were similar to those of Albert Einstein (1879–1955) in creating his special
theory of relativity, Poincaré’s relativistic physics should not be seen as an attempt to achieve Einstein’s theory but as
an independent endeavor. Poincaré was led to advance the principle of relativity as a consequence of his reflections on late
nineteenth-century electrodynamics; of his conviction that physics should be formulated as a physics of principles; of his
conventionalistic arguments on the nature of time and its measurement; and of his knowledge of the experimental failure to
detect absolute motion. The nonrelativistic theory of electrodynamics of Hendrik A.Lorentz (1853–1928) of 1904 provided the
means for Poincaré to elaborate a relativistic physics that embraced all known physical forces, including that of gravitation.
Poincaré did not assume any dynamical explanation of the Lorentz transformation, which followed from the principle of relativity,
and he did not seek to dismiss classical concepts, such as that of the ether, in his new relativistic physics.
Shaul Katzir teaches in the Graduate Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Bar Ilan University. 相似文献
10.
Trevor C. Weekes 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2010,12(2):146-162
The discovery of the first spiral nebula was a milestone in the history of astronomy, but the initial observations of it are
shrouded in mystery. The discovery came within months of the commissioning of the Third Earl of Rosse’s very large 72-inch
optical telescope at Birr Castle in the center of Ireland. Unfortunately, no observing records have survived, and while there
is no doubt that the observations took place in the spring of 1845, there is some uncertainty as to whom was actually present
when the discovery was made. The construction of the Earl’s telescope (the Leviathan) was a magnificent achievement, since
it was entirely of his design, built with his own funds, and constructed by his own workers who were literally taken “from
the plough” on his estate. The summer of 1845 saw the first appearance of the Irish Potato Famine of 1845–1848, which would
seriously curtail astronomical activity when Lord Rosse’s 72-inch telescope was in prime condition. 相似文献
11.
Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2007,9(1):26-57
The theoretical physicist Philipp Frank (1884–1966) and the applied mathematician Richard von Mises (1883–1953) both received
their university education in Vienna shortly after 1900 and became friends at the latest during the Great War.They were attached
to the Vienna Circle of Logical Positivists and wrote an influential two-part work on the differential and integral equations
of mechanics and physics, the Frank-Mises, of 1925 and 1927, with its second edition following in 1930 and 1935.This work
originated in the lectures that the mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) delivered on partial differential equations
and their applications to physical questions at the University of G?ttingen between 1854 and 1862, which were edited and published
posthumously in1869 by the physicist Karl Hattendorff (1834–1882).The immediate precursor of the Frank-Mises, however, was
the extensive revision of Hattendorff’s edition of Riemann’s lectures that the mathematician Heinrich Weber (1842–1913) published
in two volumes, the Riemann-Weber, of 1900 and 1901, with its second edition following in 1910 and 1912. I trace this historical
lineage, explore the nature and contents of the Frank-Mises, and discuss its complementary relationship to the first volume
of the text that the mathematicians Richard Courant (1888–1972) and David Hilbert (1862–1943) published on the methods of
mathematical physics in 1924, the Courant-Hilbert,which, when it and its second volume of 1937 were translated into English
and extensively revised in 1953 and 1961, eclipsed the classic Frank-Mises. 相似文献
12.
Leslie Foldy’s diminutive stature and modest demeanor gave little clue to the powerful intellect responsible for several significant
advances in theoretical physics.Two were particularly important. His 1945 theory of the multiple scattering of waves laid
out the fundamentals that most modern theories have followed (and sometimes rediscovered), while his work with Siegfried Wouthuysen
on the nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac equation opened the way to a wealth of valuable insights. In this article we recall
some of the milestones along Foldy’s path through a life in physics.
Some of the anecdotes we report here were related to one of the authors (PLT) just before an event in 2000 celebrating Foldy’s
80th birthday, while others were told to us over the course of the nearly forty years during which we were colleagues. Still
others were uncovered during the course of WJF’s research for his book, Physics at a Research University: Case Western Reserve 1830–1990 (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 2006). Other details were provided by Foldy’s widow, Roma.
Philip L. Taylor is the Perkins Professor of Physics and Professor of Macromolecular Science and Engineering at Case Western
Reserve University. William J. Fickinger is Professor Emeritus of Physics at Case Western Reserve University. 相似文献
13.
Ruth Lewin Sime 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2012,14(1):59-94
As the co-discoverer of nuclear fission and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn (1879–1968)
took part in Germany‘s nuclear-fission project throughout the Second World War. I outline Hahn’s efforts to mobilize his institute
for military-related research; his inclusion in high-level scientific structures of the military and the state; and his institute’s
research programs in neutron physics, isotope separation, transuranium elements, and fission products, all of potential military
importance for a bomb or a reactor and almost all of it secret. These activities are contrasted with Hahn’s deliberate misrepresentations
after the war, when he claimed that his wartime work had been nothing but “purely scientific” fundamental research that was
openly published and of no military relevance. 相似文献
14.
Quirino Majorana (1871–1957) was an outstanding Italian experimental physicist who investigated a wide range of phenomena
during his long career in Rome,Turin, and Bologna. We focus on his experiments in Turin during 1916–1921 and in Bologna during
1921–1934 to test the validity of Albert Einstein’s postulate on the constancy of the speed of light and to detect gravitational
absorption. These experiments required extraordinary skill, patience, and dedication, and all of them confirmed Einstein’s
postulate and Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation to high precision. Had they not done so, Majorana’s fame among historians
and physicists no doubt would be much greater than it is today.
Giorgio Dragoni is Professor of History of Physics at the University of Bologna. Giulio Maltese is a Roman member of the Italian
Society for the History of Physics and Astronomy. Luisa Atti is a Bolognese member of the Association for the Teaching of
Physics. 相似文献
15.
John G. Jenkin 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2011,13(2):128-145
In the 1930s Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) repeatedly suggested, sometimes angrily, that the possibility of harnessing atomic
energy was “moonshine.” Yet, as war approached he secretly advised the British government to “keep an eye on the matter.”
I suggest that Rutherford did not really believe his “moonshine” claim but did have profound reasons for making it. If I am
correct, then this casts additional light on his personality, stature, and career. 相似文献
16.
In the centennial of Ettore Majorana’s birth (1906–1938?), we re-examine some aspects of his fundamental scientific production in atomic and molecular physics, including a not well known short communication. There, Majorana critically discusses Fermi’s solution of the celebrated Thomas–Fermi equation for electron screening in atoms and positive ions. We argue that some of Majorana’s seminal contributions in molecular physics already prelude to the idea of exchange interactions (or Heisenberg–Majorana forces) in his later works on theoretical nuclear physics. In all his papers, he tended to emphasize the symmetries at the basis of a physical problem, as well as the limitations, rather than the advantages, of the approximations of the method employed. 相似文献
17.
Per F. Dahl 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2006,8(1):90-101
I first sketch the settlement of Berkeley, California, the founding of the University of California at Berkeley, and the origin
of its Department of Physics. I then discuss the pivotal role that Ernest O. Lawrence (1901–1958) and his invention and subsequent
development of the cyclotron played in physics at Berkeley after his arrival there in 1928 through the Second World War and
beyond. I close by commenting on the Lawrence Hall of Science, the educational center and science museum conceived as a living
memorial to Lawrence. 相似文献
18.
T. James M. Boyd 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2012,14(1):4-32
A century ago, George Hartley Bryan (1864–1928) published his classic book, Stability in Aviation. I draw together some strands from events that awakened his interest in the nascent science of aviation, in particular the
stability of flight. Prominent among those who influenced him was Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), who held Bryan in high esteem
for his contributions to thermodynamics and kinetic theory. I argue that the seeds of Bryan’s interest in aviation were sown
at the British Association meeting at Oxford in the summer of 1894, at which Boltzmann was guest of honor. A joint discussion
between Section A (Mathematical and Physical Science) and Section G (Mechanical Science) was devoted to the problems of flight,
during the course of which Boltzmann revealed a hitherto unsuspected enthusiasm for flying. 相似文献
19.
John Crepeau 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2009,11(4):357-378
Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895) and Josef Stefan (1835–1893) were eminent scientists in the Institute of Physics at the University
of Vienna during the second half of the nineteenth century but are not well known today, as their legacies have been recognized
differently by the scientific community. Loschmidt first described the structure of the benzene molecule and determined the
size of air molecules, from which the number of molecules per unit volume can easily be determined, yet others received the
credit for these achievements. Stefan posited the fourth-power temperature radiation law, but neither he nor his student Ludwig
Boltzmann (1844–1906) calculated the proportionality constant now known as the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. These are instances
of Stigler’s Law of Eponymy. Besides these achievements, perhaps the greatest unheralded contribution of both Loschmidt and
Stefan was the experimental evidence they provided in support of the emerging kinetic theory of gases. 相似文献
20.
Judith R. Goodstein 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2001,3(3):271-313
Along with Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti played a key role in the rebirth of Italian physics in the 1920s and 1930s. In this
interview he talks about his experiments at Caltech on the Raman effect in 1928–1929, mountain climbing, his passion for bugs,
fossils, and flowers, and doing physics in Florence, Rome, Berlin-Dahlem, and Quebec. Rasetti also reminisces about the Rome
school of mathematics and other scientists he has known and worked with in Europe and in North America, including Robert and
Glenn Millikan, Lise Meitner, and O. M. Corbino. 相似文献