石墨烯与柔性基底界面载荷传递的拉曼光谱实验

本文研究了CVD制备的大尺寸石墨烯与柔性PET基底在拉伸变形过程中切向界面载荷传递的问题,采用原位拉曼光谱实验给出了加载过程中石墨烯的正应变、正应力以及界面切应力的分布曲线。分析表明,石墨烯与PET基底间的载荷传递存在四个阶段,分别是初始阶段、粘附阶段、滑移阶段和界面脱粘破坏阶段。在此基础上,本文对50μm、140μm、270μm和600μm四种尺寸石墨烯试件的界面力学性能进行测量,得到了不同尺寸石墨烯试件的界面力学性能参数,并初步给出了基底变形引起的石墨烯切向界面粘接能的变化,同时分析了试件尺寸对石墨烯界面力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,石墨烯材料和柔性基底最大切应力与临界脱粘切向界面粘接能等界面强度指标受到尺寸的显著影响,尺寸越小切向界面强度越高,反之,尺寸越大则越低。     

搭载实践十号卫星的蒸发液滴空间实验研究

实践十号蒸发对流实验以微重力环境中的蒸发相变流体界面过程为主要研究内容,利用空间微重力条件下浮力对流消失和热毛细对流起主导作用的特殊环境,实验研究置于加热底板的蒸发液滴相变过程中表面蒸发与表面张力驱动对流的耦合机理.利用研制的空间蒸发对流装置完成了在轨工况的科学匹配实验,得到了不同工况(温度、液滴大小、加热底板材料)下蒸发液滴形貌和热流量、蒸发速率等变化规律.为后续空间实验结果的比对分析提供了前期结果.     

界面张力梯度驱动对流向湍流转捩的研究

作为空间自然对流热质输运的基本形式,界面张力梯度驱动对流是流动和传热强耦合的复杂非线性过程,也是一个多控制参数耦合作用的过程,表现出丰富的流动时空特征.界面张力梯度驱动对流是微重力流体物理的重要研究内容和学科前沿,同时在空间燃料输运过程和空间能源或热管利用等空间流体管理问题中均有重要应用.本文综述了界面张力梯度驱动对流...     

CTOD试验焊缝表面开缺口试样裂纹前沿平直度研究

对于裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验,焊缝试样中预制疲劳裂纹前沿平直度直接影响了试样制备的合格率,是试验的关键难题之一．试验中常对试样进行预处理以提高裂纹前沿平直度,但由此也使试验结果与实际情况产生一定差异．本文深入研究规范BS7448: Part2中对焊缝试样取样方向的规定,对表面开缺口试样裂纹尖端焊接残余应力进行分析,运用大型有限元软件ANSYS模拟90mm厚钢板焊接过程,求解了横向残余应力沿板厚方向及焊缝方向的分布规律,研究出横向残余应力分布是影响焊缝试样预制裂纹前沿平直度的主要原因,并通过试验进行验证．试验结果表明,表面开缺口试样可不经过局部韧带压缩等预处理而得到合格的裂纹前沿平直度,试验不改变原焊缝残余应力,可测得更加接近焊缝实际情况的CTOD韧度值,给CTOD试验中合理选取焊缝试样取样方向提供了新思路．     

硬质沙粒对TC4钛合金冲击磨损的损伤行为的研究

在新型冲击磨损试验机上,以TC4钛合金作为研究对象开展了在硬质沙粒条件下的冲击试验.考察了沙粒粒径(120~380μm)、冲击次数对TC4钛合金冲击磨损行为的影响.研究结果表明:粒径能显著影响TC4钛合金的冲击磨损行为.在冲击过程中硬质沙粒会不断切削、挤压试样表面,造成较大的材料损失.随着沙粒粒径的增加,磨损面积增加,冲击力峰值、磨损深度和界面的能量吸收率都呈现先增加后减小的趋势.随着冲击次数的增加,冲击力峰值和界面能量吸收率增加,磨损加剧.硬质沙粒冲击作用下TC4钛合金的磨损机制主要表现为沙粒棱角对试样表面的微观切削和挤压剥落.     

水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化形成机理

为深入认识水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化的形成机理,采用自行研制的转镜式分幅相机,获得了炸药水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化效应的光学图像,结合数值模拟和Taylor平面波理论、空泡动力学理论,分析了近壁面空化效应的形成过程。结果表明：界面反射的稀疏波作用和水中空化核的膨胀发展是水下爆炸近壁面流场空化效应形成的原因;外界流场压力对空泡初期膨胀运动影响较小,对空泡后期运动行为影响较大;低压环境下不同尺度空泡的运动行为存在较大差异,小尺度空泡（半径小于10μm）在低压环境下处于快速膨胀、溃灭状态,对流场空化影响较小;大尺度空泡（半径大于10μm）可失去稳定性,半径持续增大,对流场空化区的形成影响较大;水中不同尺寸空泡空间分布的随机性可导致空化区成长过程中呈现非规则形状。     

表面织构对重载线接触条件下40Cr钢摩擦性能的影响

利用激光微造型技术在环形试样表面加工出直径在20μm到80μm之间,且具有相同深度和面积占有率的圆凹坑,通过Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪测量试样表面,并采用ISO 25178参数对各试样表面进行三维表征,最后利用JPM-1双盘磨损试验机,在重载条件下(赫兹接触压力≥1 GPa)研究各组试样在不同工况下的摩擦特性及表面三维形貌参数对摩擦学性能的影响.试验结果说明:直径为80μm和20μm的织构表面润滑效果优于光滑表面.载荷、转速、滑滚比对摩擦系数的影响具有一定的规律性,且不同的工况下呈现的规律有所差别,在高速低载大滑滚比条件下,织构表面对提高摩擦副润滑效果最为显著,还进一步探索了表面三维表征参数Sa、Vv、Spc、Vmp、Vxp与重载条件下40Cr钢摩擦特性的关系.     

扩散型气柱界面R-M失稳中混合率的实验研究

Richtmyer-Meshkov(R-M)不稳定性普遍存在于众多工程问题中,激波管实验是研究R-M失稳问题的主要手段.高精度的平面激光诱导荧光(planar laser-induced fluorescence,PLIF)技术具有分子量级的示踪能力,可获得界面气体浓度(摩尔分数)分布,为研究界面失稳混合问题提供了有力工具.在弱激波(Ma=1.25)冲击扩散型气柱界面实验中,采用PLIF技术对R-M失稳引起的SF6-Air界面混合问题进行了研究.通过改变椭圆形初始界面的长短轴比,得到了3种扩散型初始界面失稳演化过程中气体摩尔分数,观察到了斜压机制下界面的简单拉伸、二次不稳定性、挤压射流等现象.利用浓度分布进一步得到了界面的瞬时混合率,通过瞬时混合率、界面整体平均混合率以及混合率的概率密度分布,分析了界面在不同演化阶段的界面混合特征,初步讨论了界面失稳混合的机制.演化初期,界面在斜压涡的作用下发生拉伸卷曲,通过增大浓度梯度来促进界面的混合.当演化进一步发展,二次不稳定性出现后,界面通过小尺度对流的方式达到湍流混合状态,而浓度梯度驱使的分子间混合逐渐减弱.由浓度梯度引起的扩散与由二次不稳定性引起的对流存在着"竞争"关系,二者共同主导了界面的混合.     

PVDF探针在低压测量中的应用

应用两种以PVDF膜为敏感元件的探针分别测量了某平面冲击装置的冲击波出减压层波形和减压层与铁电陶瓷之间的界面压力。得到冲击波到达时间总平均值为48．696μs，标准偏差为0．147μs，极差为0．409μs；得到减压层与铁电陶瓷之间的界面平均峰值压力为3.449GPa。为此冲击装置的结构性能改进提供了参考数据。     

压剪联合冲击下K9玻璃中的失效波

对K9玻璃进行了冲击速度为150~400 m/s,倾斜角为10、15的纵剖试样斜撞击实验。结果表明，在加载剪切横波(S+)和卸载纵波(P-)之间有波速超过了纵波波速的波阵面存在，此波的存在对卸载纵波和卸载横波的幅值有一定的影响。由于失效波的产生与材料的表面性质密切相关，为消除纵剖试样中间界面的影响，模拟VISAR的实验条件，进行了冲击速度为70~300 m/s、倾斜角为10的横剖试样斜撞击实验。可以确定在此冲击范围失效波的波速在0.98~1.4 km/s，产生失效波的临界状态为:压应力0.86~1.01 GPa，对应剪应力0.053~0.071 GPa。表明剪应力的存在极大降低了失效波产生的阈值。在此基础上初步分析了撞击面的动摩擦因数和相对滑移速度。     

Combined forced and free convective flow of water at 4°C past a semi-infinite vertical plate

Effects of buoyancy forces on forced and free convective flow of water at 4°C past a semi-infinite vertical plate at constant temperature are studied. Flow is assumed to be vertically upwards. Similarity solutions are derived and the resulting equations are solved numerically on a computer. Velocity and temperature profiles are shown graphically and numerical values of the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are entered in tables. It is observed that the skin friction and the Nusselt number increase with increasing Gr/Re², where Gr is the Grashof number and Re is the Reynolds number     

On Mixed Oscillatory and Steady Modes of Nonlinear Convection in Mushy Layers

We consider the problem of mixed oscillatory and steady modes of nonlinear compositional convection in horizontal mushy layers during the solidification of binary alloys. Under a near-eutectic approximation and the limit of large far-field temperature, we determine a number of two- and three-dimensional weakly nonlinear mixed solutions, and the stability of these solutions with respect to arbitrary three-dimensional disturbances is then investigated. The present investigation is an extension of the problem of mixed oscillatory and steady modes of convection, which was investigated by Riahi (J Fluid Mech 517: 71–101, 2004), where some calculated results were inaccurate due to the presence of a singular point in the equation for the linear frequency. Here we resolve the problem and find some significant new results. In particular, over a wide range of the parameter values, we find that the properties of the preferred and stable solution in the form of particular subcritical mixed standing and steady hexagons appeared to be now in much better agreement with the available experimental results (Tai et al., Nature 359:406–408, 1992) than the one reported in Riahi (J Fluid Mech 517:71–101, 2004). We also determined a number of new types of preferred supercritical solutions, which can be preferred over particular values of the parameters and at relatively higher values of the amplitude of convection.     

Transient natural convection in a cavity with heat input and a constant temperature wall on opposite sides

The transient natural convection of a fluid with Prandtl number of order 200 in a two-dimensional square cavity has been numerically studied. One of the vertical walls of the cavity is kept at a constant (ambient) temperature and a constant heat flux is applied on the opposite wall. The other walls are adiabatic. Initially, a boundary layer is formed near the heated wall; subsequently, a large vortical structure is generated, together with an upper intrusion layer. As time progresses, the average temperature in the cavity increases, and a descending boundary layer is formed near the constant temperature wall. During the transition to the steady-state regime, a thermal stratification pattern is formed. The results are compared with the scale analysis presented by Patterson and Imberger (1980).     

Non-Rayleigh Convection Caused by Ground Surace Topography

Non-Rayleigh convection is studied in aquifers, where the lateral variations of the temperature field are caused by the ground surface. Analytical solutions for the stream function, the Darcy velocities and the excess water pressure are found for a confined, rectangular and homogeneous aquifer situated at a given depth. The Darcy velocity field and the excess pressure are also found for an unconfined aquifer with a prescribed fluid potential at the top surface of the aquifer. Approximate solutions for excess pressure and Darcy velocities are found for the unconfined aquifer with a free surface. General estimates for the convective Darcy velocities are derived from these solutions. It is also shown that non-Rayleigh flow is unlikely in an unconfined aquifer.     

Darcy-Forchheimer natural,forced and mixed convection heat transfer in non-Newtonian power-law fluid-saturated porous media

The governing equation for Darcy-Forchheimer flow of non-Newtonian inelastic power-law fluid through porous media has been derived from first principles. Using this equation, the problem of Darcy-Forchheimer natural, forced, and mixed convection within the porous media saturated with a power-law fluid has been solved using the approximate integral method. It is observed that a similarity solution exists specifically for only the case of an isothermal vertical flat plate embedded in the porous media. The results based on the approximate method, when compared with existing exact solutions show an agreement of within a maximum error bound of 2.5%.Nomenclature A cross-sectional area - b _i coefficient in the chosen temperature profile - B ₁ coefficient in the profile for the dimensionless boundary layer thickness - C coefficient in the modified Forchheimer term for power-law fluids - C ₁ coefficient in the Oseen approximation which depends essentially on pore geometry - C _i coefficient depending essentially on pore geometry - C _D drag coefficient - C _t coefficient in the expression forK ^* - d particle diameter (for irregular shaped particles, it is characteristic length for average-size particle) - f _p resistance or drag on a single particle - F _R total resistance to flow offered byN particles in the porous media - g acceleration due to gravity - g _x component of the acceleration due to gravity in thex-direction - Grashof number based on permeability for power-law fluids - K intrinsic permeability of the porous media - K ^* modified permeability of the porous media for flow of power-law fluids - l _c characteristic length - m exponent in the gravity field - n power-law index of the inelastic non-Newtonian fluid - N total number of particles - Nux,_D,F local Nusselt number for Darcy forced convection flow - Nux,_D-F,F local Nusselt number for Darcy-Forchheimer forced convection flow - Nux,_D,M local Nusselt number for Darcy mixed convection flow - Nux,_D-F,M local Nusselt number for Darcy-Forchheimer mixed convection flow - Nux,_D,N local Nusselt number for Darcy natural convection flow - Nux,_D-F,N local Nusselt number for Darcy-Forchheimer natural convection flow - pressure - p exponent in the wall temperature variation - _Pe c characteristic Péclet number - _Pe x local Péclet number for forced convection flow - _Pe x modified local Péclet number for mixed convection flow - _Ra c characteristic Rayleigh number - _Ra x local Rayleigh number for Darcy natural convection flow - _Ra x local Rayleigh number for Darcy-Forchheimer natural convection flow - Re convectional Reynolds number for power-law fluids - Reynolds number based on permeability for power-law fluids - T temperature - T _e ambient constant temperature - T w,_ref constant reference wall surface temperature - T _w(X) variable wall surface temperature - T _w temperature difference equal toT w,_ref–T _e - T ₁ term in the Darcy-Forchheimer natural convection regime for Newtonian fluids - T ₂ term in the Darcy-Forchheimer natural convection regime for non-Newtonian fluids (first approximation) - T _N term in the Darcy/Forchheimer natural convection regime for non-Newtonian fluids (second approximation) - u Darcian or superficial velocity - u ₁ dimensionless velocity profile - u _e external forced convection flow velocity - u _s seepage velocity (local average velocity of flow around the particle) - u _w wall slip velocity - U c _M characteristic velocity for mixed convection - U c _N characteristic velocity for natural convection - x, y boundary-layer coordinates - x ₁,y ₁ dimensionless boundary layer coordinates - X coefficient which is a function of flow behaviour indexn for power-law fluids - effective thermal diffusivity of the porous medium - shape factor which takes a value of/4 for spheres - shape factor which takes a value of/6 for spheres - ₀ expansion coefficient of the fluid - _T boundary-layer thickness - T ₁ dimensionless boundary layer thickness - porosity of the medium - similarity variable - dimensionless temperature difference - coefficient which is a function of the geometry of the porous media (it takes a value of 3 for a single sphere in an infinite fluid) - ₀ viscosity of Newtonian fluid - ^* fluid consistency of the inelastic non-Newtonian power-law fluid - constant equal toX(2 ^2–n )/ - density of the fluid - dimensionless wall temperature difference     

矩形液池内热毛细对流的流动不稳定性

热毛细对流及其不稳定性是微重力流体科学研究的重要内容. 对该问题的研究不仅有利于人们对微重力环境下流体行为、对流不稳定性和湍流转捩过程等基础物理现象的进一步认识,而且也将促进晶体生长、薄膜制备等空间和地面高新技术的发展. 实验研究了矩形液池中浅液层在水平温度梯度作用下产生的热毛细对流及其稳定性. 实验中,成功地利用PIV (particle image velocimetry) 技术对1mm²/s 硅油液层内的浮力热毛细对流流场结构进行了大量观测. 结果表明,液层中的流场结构经历了多种状态的转变,该过程会受到液层厚度的影响. 当液层厚度较小时,比如当d=2:8mm 时,随着液池两端温差的增大,液层中的流场结构会经历单胞对流到双胞对流再到多胞对流的转变,到达多胞对流状态之后,继续增大温差,对流涡胞的数量会有所减少,而当温差进一步增大到一定程度以后,整个液层转变为三维非定常流动;当液层厚度较大时,比如当d=4:5mm 时,随着温差的增大,流动模式的转变主要体现在水平截面流场截面上面,当温差增大到一定程度以后,在靠近高温端的附近区域会出现具有明显三维效应的"梭形结构",该梭形结构的尺寸随着温差的增大而增长,并在温差超过某个临界值时失去对称性,整个液层转变为三维非定常流动.     

Instabilities in two-liquid layers subject to a horizontal temperature gradient

We study theoretically the stability of two superposed fluid layers heated laterally. The fluids are supposed to be immiscible, the interface undeformable and of infinite horizontal extension. Combined thermocapillary and buoyancy forces give rise to a basic flow when a temperature difference is applied. The calculations are performed for a melt of GaAs under a layer of molten B₂O₃, a configuration of considerable technological importance. Four different flow patterns and five temperature configurations are found for the basic state in this system. A linear stability analysis shows that the basic state may be destabilized by oscillatory motions leading to the so-called hydrothermal waves. Depending on the relative height of the two layers these hydrothermal waves propagate parallel or perpendicular to the temperature gradient. This analysis reveals that these perturbations can alter significantly the liquid flow in the liquid-encapsulated crystal growth techniques. PACS 47.20.Dz, 47.20.Bp, 47.54.+r, 47.27.Te, 44.25.+f, 47.20.Ma     

Sharp entry and transition effects for laminar combined convection of water in vertical tubes

In previous work the authors showed a sharp entry to have a definite effect on laminar forced convection to water in a vertical circular tube. The study has been extended to situations of strong aiding natural convection, and new experimental data and numerical predictions are reported. The expected entry effect is confirmed, but it is found to be less marked in a strong combined convection field than in the previous forced convection study. The experimental data also include evidence of transition from laminar flow, and a possible criterion of transition is investigated, based on the axial location of minimum local Nusselt number. This is experimental and predictive data for this criterion are compared with the experimental correlation of Lawrence and Chato based on a criterion of temperature fluctuations     

Radiation and laminar forced convection of non-Newtonian fluid in a circular tube

Interaction of radiation with thermally developing laminar forced convection of power-law, non-Newtonian, absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering, gray fluid through an isothermal circular tube with a black boundary is investigated. The energy equation is solved by an implicit finite-difference scheme, while the radiation part of the problem is solved by the collocation method. Results are presented for the effects of conduction-to-radiation parameter, single scattering albedo, optical thickness and the inlet temperature on the local Nusselt number along the tube for the case of power-law index n=1/3, 1 and 3, where the case n=1 corresponds to the Newtonian fluid.     

Dual solutions in mixed convection with variable physical properties

Assisting and opposing flows in a mixed convection boundary layer flow over an isothermal vertical plate are studied for the case of variable physical properties and uniform free stream. Fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are assumed to be linear functions of temperature. Using local similarity the flow and heat transfer quantities are found to be functions of four parameters, i.e. Richardson number, Prandtl number, a viscosity variation parameter and a thermal conductivity variation parameter. Numerical solutions are obtained by two methods, a shooting technique and Nachtsheim-Swigert technique, for selected values of parameters appropriate for the fluids considered and specific temperatures of the plate and ambient fluid. For assisting flows, there exist solutions for all values of Richardson number while for opposing flows solutions exist only for a finite set of its values and, in addition, there also exist dual solutions. Important flow and heat transfer quantities of practical interest are determined and the influence of different parameters is discussed.