E-橙皮素肟类化合物的合成及对SGC-7901的细胞活性

以天然橙皮素(1)为原料,经选择性甲基化和异戊烯基化半合成得到了桃皮素(2)和7-O-异戊烯基橙皮素(3).1~3分别与盐酸羟胺、盐酸甲氧胺、盐酸苄氧胺反应合成了9个E构型的橙皮素肟类化合物.所合成产物通过NMR,HR-ESI-MS方法进行了结构确证.噻唑蓝(MTT)蛋白染色法体外抑制肿瘤增值活性测试发现部分化合物对胃癌细胞SGC-7901有明显的抑制活性.     

四个天然异戊烯基黄酮的全合成研究

利用温和的方法进行了异戊烯基黄酮(±)-abyssinone-VI-4-O-methyl ether,(±)-abyssinone-IV-4’-O-methyl ether,(±)-abyssinone-V-4’-O-methyl ether和(±)-sigmoidin E的全合成研究,同时通过对羟基苯甲醛的异戊烯基化以及在石油醚中低温结晶的方法合成了关键中间体4-羟基-3,5-二异戊烯基苯甲醛.所有新化合物的结构都经过IR,1H NMR,MS,HRMS确认.     

新型C-异戊烯基香豆素的合成

以7-羟基香豆素或7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素为原料,通过异戊烯基化反应合成了四个新的C-异戊烯基香豆素,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征.     

8-异戊烯基黄酮类天然产物的微波促进Claisen重排合成

8-异戊烯基黄酮是一类具有显著生物活性的天然产物.以2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮和3,4-二羟基苯甲醛为原料,用氯甲基甲醚保护羟基,经羟醛缩合、碘催化环合、过氧丙酮(DMDO)氧化、O-异戊烯基化、微波促进的Claisen重排、脱甲氧甲基保护基、O-甲基化和异戊烯基侧链环合等反应步骤,完成了8-异戊烯基槲皮素-3-甲醚(1)、8-异戊烯基槲皮素-3,7,3',4'-四甲醚(2)和ArtochaminC(3)这3种8-异戊烯基黄酮类天然产物的合成.并对由微波促进的由5-O-异戊烯基黄酮类化合物合成8-C-异戊烯基黄酮类化合物的Claisen重排反应的关键步骤进行了探讨.所有合成的化合物经~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和MS等结构确证.     

催化NH吲哚的C2异戊烯基化反应:肽后期多样化和两步全合成tryprostatin B

异戊烯基化吲哚生物碱是一类同时具有吲哚环和类异戊二烯基团的天然产物,主要来源于各种真菌中.异戊烯基的存在可以增强化合物的亲脂性,使其能够更容易地穿过脂溶性的细胞膜与靶蛋白相结合,因此,这类天然产物往往表现出优异的生物活性.例如,从烟曲霉中分离的吲哚生物碱tryprostatins A和B是由L-色氨酸和L-脯氨酸组合而成,在吲哚骨架C2位连有异戊烯基,具有高效的抗肿瘤活性.在已知的全合成中,关键步骤C2位异戊烯基的引入,均是通过多步当量反应实现的.从原子和步骤经济性角度出发,发展高效催化方法实现NH吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化反应具有重要的意义.但是由于吲哚的氮原子和C3位亲核性都较强,使得挑战很大.在生物体中,吲哚生物碱C2位异戊烯基的引入是通过酶催化实现的.二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(DMAPP)先在酶作用下,生成异戊烯基碳正离子,然后与吲哚C2位进行傅克反应,引入异戊烯基.受这一生物过程启发,设想通过化学方法能够生成稳定的异戊烯基碳正离子,也可能实现吲哚C2异戊烯基化反应.本文采用廉价易得的1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为异戊烯基前体,对该想法进行了尝试.首先,以色醇为模板底物,对酸催化剂、溶剂及反应温度进行了筛选.在1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)溶剂中,布朗斯特酸、路易斯酸和固体酸都能促进反应的进行,但会得到吲哚N和C2异戊烯基化两种产物,其中三氯化铝有较好的收率和选择性.通过对不同溶剂考察发现,2-甲基四氢呋喃是最佳溶剂,在80 oC下反应,目标产物收率为75％,产物选择性可达到12:1.随后,对不同类型的3-取代吲哚进行了普适性考察.对于色醇类底物,吲哚苯环上的取代基以及N上的保护基对反应影响不大,都能很顺利地参与反应.在标准条件下,色胺的异戊烯基化反应会发生在C3位,而以氯苯为溶剂时,可以提高C2位选择性,通过该方法可在抗衰老分子褪黑素(melatonin)的C2位引入异戊烯基.3-苯基和烷基取代的吲哚也是合适的底物.肽的后期修饰在生物医药中有着很重要的用途,因此,本文也将该异戊烯基化反应尝试用于修饰色氨酸类衍生物.保护的L-色氨酸酯以及色氨醇都能够顺利发生转化,以中等收率得到目标产物.L-色氨酸与其它各类氨基酸如甘氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、天冬氨酸等形成的肽也可进行C2异戊烯基化反应.此外,该转化过程中,可以完全保持手性,不会发生消旋化.特别是,L-色氨酸与L-脯氨酸酯形成的环二肽brevianamide F,在该条件下,也能发生C2位异戊烯基化反应,快速合成天然吲哚生物碱tryprostatin B.该反应有两种可能的路径,一种是吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化,另一种是吲哚C3位先异戊烯基化,然后再重排到C2位.为进一步探索机理,对其进行了研究.首先,在标准条件下,3-酯基吲哚可以发生反应,C2位异戊烯基化产物收率为25％.然后,预先将异戊烯基引入C3位,合成了3-酯基-3-异戊烯基-3H吲哚,同样反应条件下,也能检测到目标产物,但收率只有5％.其次,以氘代1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为原料时,3-异戊烯基吲哚也能与其发生反应,并且在C3和C2位都观察到了氘代异戊烯基,两种产物比例为1:2,结果表明两种反应路径都是存在的,但吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化是主要路径.此外,以固体酸Nafion为催化剂,离子液体[Bmim]Cl为反应介质,在120 oC时,3-取代吲哚与1,1-二甲基烯丙醇的反应选择性会发生改变,得到C2位异戊烯基异构化的产物.总之,以商业可得的1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为前体,首次实现了化学催化NH吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化反应,获得较好的区域和化学选择性.该方法能够兼容各类官能团,底物适用性广,且可以用于褪黑素以及色氨酸衍生各种肽类化合物的后期修饰.基于该催化方法,可以两步全合成天然吲哚生物碱tryprostatin B,极大提高了合成效率,有助于实现放大生产.在固体酸/离子液体催化体系中,还实现了反应选择性的改变,丰富了产物类型.     

Paratocarpin B的全合成

以对羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经过C-异戊烯基化、保护酚羟基、羟醛缩合、催化环化、去保护基等反应,以18.4％的总收率首次完成了天然异戊烯基查尔酮Paratocarpin B的全合成,中间体3′,4′-(2,2-二甲基吡喃)-2′-羟基-3-异戊烯基-4-甲氧甲氧基查尔酮(10)未见文献报导,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征.     

1,2-Dihydroparatocarpin A的全合成

以对羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经C-异戊烯基化、保护酚羟基、羟醛缩合、DDQ环化及对甲基苯磺酸催化环化等反应,首次完成了天然异戊烯基查尔酮衍生物1,2-Dihydroparatocarpin A的全合成,总收率21.8%。化合物的结构经1H NMR,IR和MS确认。     

7-羟基香豆素类及其烯基醚衍生物的合成

以间苯二酚、乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙酮二羧酸为原料,经Pechmann反应和Knoevenagel反应合成了4个7-羟基香豆素类化合物——7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素(1),7-羟基-4-乙酸甲酯香豆素-(2),7-羟基-3-甲酸乙酯香豆素(5)和7-羟基-3-乙酰基香豆素(6)。以四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,1,2,5和6分别经O-异戊烯基化或O-法尼烯基化反应合成了6个7-羟基香豆素类的烯基醚衍生物,其中5个为新化合物,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征。     

(±)-Glovanon和(±)-5-O-Methylglovanon的首次全合成及其抑菌活性研究

以廉价的异香草醛和2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经过C-异戊烯基化、选择性甲基化、甲氧甲基化、羟醛缩合、去保护基、催化环化以及脱除甲基等步骤,分别以13.3%和23%的总收率首次完成了天然异戊烯基黄烷酮Glovanon(1)和5-O-methylglovanon(2)的全合成.合成的关键步骤是2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮的单C-异戊烯基化.所有新化合物的结构都经过1H NMR,IR,MS确认.抑菌活性研究表明,两种新合成的化合物对藤黄微球菌(M.luteus)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)均有良好的抑制作用.     

酸催化1,3-环二酮的选择性C-,O-异戊烯基化反应（英文）

5-色烯酮类衍生物广泛分布于自然界中,特别是各种天然药材中.例如,传统药材桃金娘和大麻的活性成分都含有这类骨架.因此,发展高效的策略来合成5-色烯酮一直受到科研工作者的关注.传统的方法主要是以1,3-环己二酮与异戊烯基溴或卤代苄溴为原料,经过取代和分子内环化两步反应合成得到.最近,1,3-环己二酮与不饱和分子的形式[3+3]环加成反应,由于其独特的原子和步骤经济性,已被用于构建色烯酮骨架.但这类不饱和分子仅限于α,β-不饱和醛与炔丙基醇.因此,发展新的、简单易得的合成子仍具有很大的吸引力.本文采用廉价易得的工业化学品异戊二烯作为简单高效的合成子,用于构建5-色烯酮骨架.首先,以5-苯基-1,3-环己二酮和异戊二烯为模板底物,通过对固体酸催化剂、溶剂及反应温度等筛选发现,在固体酸Nafion(10 wt%)催化下,以DCE为溶剂,110 ~oC反应24 h,5-苯基-1,3-环己二酮会经过C-异戊烯基化和分子内环化的串联过程,一步生成[3+3]产物5-色烯酮,分离收率达到82%.该反应具有高的区域和化学选择性,以及原子经济性.若以异戊烯基醇为原料,在最优条件下,也可以顺利得到5-色烯酮产物.令人意外的是,当温度降低到70 ~oC时,除了主产物5-色烯酮,还可以检测到少量O-异戊烯基化产物.由于1,3-环己二酮的直接O-异戊烯基化反应至今未有报道,我们对该选择性进行了优化.通过对酸催化剂种类、溶剂和温度等调控发现,以Lewis酸Al Cl_3为催化剂,在DCE中,70 ~oC反应24 h,5-苯基-1,3-环己二酮可以只发生O-异戊烯基化反应,具有专一的选择性.随后,对两种催化体系分别进行了底物普适性考察.在固体酸Nafion催化体系下,未取代和5-取代的1,3-环己二酮都能很好地参与反应.4,4-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮由于其非对称的结构,可以得到两种环化产物.2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3,5-环己三酮(syncarpic acid)是很多天然产物分子的前体,其也可以和异戊二烯发生环化反应,所得产物结构得到了单晶衍射的确定.此外,该反应还适用于1,3-环戊二酮、1,3-环庚二酮以及巴比妥酸等底物.对于Al Cl_3催化体系,五元、六元和七元环状二酮都能顺利地发生O-异戊烯基化反应.特别是,在该体系中,非对称的4,4-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮也只得到一种O-异戊烯基化产物,具有优异的区域选择性.最后,在两种催化体系下,1,3-环己二酮的C-和O-异戊烯基化反应能够很容易放大到克级规模,并且所得到的两类产物在Li HMDS/Ts Cl作用下会发生芳构化过程,得到异戊烯基化的间苯二酚,该结构也是很多具有药理活性分子的核心单元.因此,通过对催化剂种类和异戊烯基源的调节,首次实现了1,3-环二酮的选择性C-、O-异戊烯基化反应.在固体酸Nafion催化下,1,3-环己二酮和异戊二烯经过C-异戊烯基化和分子内环化的串联过程,生成[3+3]产物5-色烯酮.而以异戊烯基醇为原料时,在Al Cl_3催化下,1,3-环己二酮可以专一地进行O-异戊烯基化反应.这种利用廉价易得的原材料合成具有高附加值的结构骨架在有机合成及工业生产中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Computation on IR of Radical Intermediates of Isoprene Reacting with OH Radical

The radical reactions of isoprene, the most abundant natural volatile organic compounds(VOC), is important to understand the atmospheric activities of isoprene and to evaluate the role of VOC in atmospheric pollution. Isoprene reaction with OH radical is such important radical reaction as its contribution to the isoprene decomposing in natural atmosphere. Meantime its radical products also make big contribution to other atmospheric reactions.     

Feedstock recycling of synthetic and natural rubber by pyrolysis in a fluidized bed

An indirect heated fluidized bed process has been used for the pyrolysis of synthetic and natural rubber. The throughput capacity for the continuously running plant was 500–3000 g/h. The results are compared to a pilot plant for the pyrolysis of whole tires. Beside the recovery of oil and carbon black it was another goal of the study to investigate how much monomer material such as isoprene and isobutene can be obtained from synthetic and natural rubber. The pyrolysis parameters were optimized such as pyrolysis temperature, kind of fluidizing gas, and residence time of the gas in the pyrolysis reactor. Main products of the pyrolysis of tires are an aromatic-rich oil and carbon black, which can be reused. While it was possible to obtain only 2–4 wt% of isobutene, the isoprene content reached 22 wt% from natural rubber.     

Les anions-radicaux de l'isoprène et du butadiène intermédiaires de synthèse en chimie organique

We have synthesized a series of alkadiene and dialcohol homologs of terpenoid natural products by using anion-radicals of isoprene and butadiene. The reactions of the two monomers were initiated anionically by use of alkali metal–aromatic hydrocarbon complexes. The polymerization was stopped at the dimer stage. This method constitutes a route of synthesis for numerous organic compounds, such as alcohols and hydrocarbons.     

Determination of oxygenated compounds in secondary organic aerosol from isoprene and toluene smog chamber experiments

The determination of multifunctional oxygenated compounds in secondary organic aerosols (SOA) usually requires a derivatisation protocol prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Our proposed protocol, a combination of O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) plus diluted N-methyl-N-trimethyl-silyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) without catalyst, has improved the determination of carbonyls, polyhydroxyl-compounds, hydroxyl-carbonyls, hydroxyl-carboxylic acids and di-carboxylic acids. The optimised derivatisation protocol has been successfully used for blanks, standard mixtures and photo-oxidation products from isoprene and toluene generated in a high-volume simulation chamber (European Photoreactor, EUPHORE).

Some previously identified degradation products for isoprene including tetrols such as threitol, erythritol; 2-methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid; and for toluene including nitrophenols, methyl-nitrophenols, benzaldehyde, p-cresol, benzoic acid, glyoxylic acid and methyl-glyoxylic acid, have been identified in our aerosol samples, thus confirming the successful applicability of the proposed derivatisation protocol. Moreover, the reduction of artefacts and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, have allowed us to extend the number of multifunctional compounds determined. These findings have demonstrated the validity of this analytical strategy, which will contribute to a better understanding of the atmospheric degradation chemistry of biogenic and anthropogenic pollutants.     

Bi(OTf)3-catalysed prenylation of electron-rich aryl ethers and phenols with isoprene: a direct route to prenylated derivatives

Electron-rich aryl ethers and phenols react with isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) in the presence of catalytic Bi(OTf)(3) at 40 °C to afford the corresponding prenylated or 2,2-dimethylchroman products, respectively, in moderate to good yields. This transformation offers a convenient and expedient entry to prenylated derivatives of electron-rich aromatics that often display enhanced biological activities. The methodology has been employed in the efficient synthesis of a biologically active natural product and related compounds.     

Development and evaluation of a detailed mechanism for the atmospheric reactions of isoprene and NOx

A detailed photochemical mechanism for the atmospheric reactions of isoprene and its major oxidation products in the presence of NO_x, which incorporates the most recent laboratory results and our current understanding of the system, is described. It is evaluated by comparing its predictions against results of NO_x-air irradiations of isoprene and its two major products, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), in five different types of environmental chambers at two different laboratories. In most cases it simulated experimental results within the uncertainty of the data and the chamber and run characterization model. However, the photodecomposition quantum yields of methacrolein and MVK and the organic nitrate yield from the OH + isoprene reaction had to be adjusted to obtain satisfactory simulations of the data. The major discrepancy observed was that the model tended to underpredict PAN by ca. 40% in the isoprene experiments, despite the fact that the model predicted PAN from methacrolein and MVK reasonably well. The uncertainties and additional data needed to completely characterize the isoprene atmospheric photooxidation system are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mechanisms of Methylenecyclobutane Hydrogenation over Supported Metal Catalysts Studied by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization Technique

In this work the mechanism of methylenecyclobutane hydrogenation over titania-supported Rh, Pt and Pd catalysts was investigated using parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) technique. It was found that methylenecyclobutane hydrogenation leads to formation of a mixture of reaction products including cyclic (1-methylcyclobutene, methylcyclobutane), linear (1-pentene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, pentane) and branched (isoprene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, isopentane) compounds. Generally, at lower temperatures (150–350 °C) the major reaction product was methylcyclobutane while higher temperature of 450 °C favors the formation of branched products isoprene, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. PHIP effects were detected for all reaction products except methylenecyclobutane isomers 1-methylcyclobutene and isoprene implying that the corresponding compounds can incorporate two atoms from the same parahydrogen molecule in a pairwise manner in the course of the reaction in particular positions. The mechanisms were proposed for the formation of these products based on PHIP results.     

Acremolin,a new 1H-azirine metabolite from the marine-derived fungus Acremonium strictum

Acremolin (1), a novel modified base, was isolated from the culture broth of the marine fungus Acremonium strictum. Based on combined spectroscopic analyses, the structure of this compound was that of a methyl guanine base containing an isoprene unit. In addition, the presence of a 1H-azirine moiety is unprecedented among natural products. This compound exhibited weak cytotoxicity against an A549 cell line.     

Total syntheses of (+)-polygalolide a and (+)-polygalolide b: elucidation of the absolute stereochemistry and biogenetic implications

The total syntheses of (+)-polygalolide?A and (+)-polygalolide?B have been completed by using a carbonyl ylide cycloaddition strategy. Three of the four stereocenters, including two consecutive tetrasubstituted carbon atoms at C2 and C8, were incorporated through internal asymmetric induction from the stereocenter at C7 by a [Rh(2) (OAc)(4)]-catalyzed carbonyl ylide formation/intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition sequence. The arylmethylidene moiety of these natural products was successfully installed by a Mukaiyama aldol-type reaction of a silyl enol ether with a dimethyl acetal, followed by elimination under basic conditions. We have also developed an alternative approach to the carbonyl ylide precursor based on a hetero-Michael reaction. This approach requires 18 steps, and the natural products were obtained in 9.8 and 9.3?% overall yields. Comparison of specific rotations of the synthetic materials and natural products suggests that polygalolides are biosynthesized in nearly racemic forms through a [5+2] cycloaddition between a fructose-derived oxypyrylium zwitterion with an isoprene derivative.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation: carbonyl allylation from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level employing acyclic 1,3-dienes as surrogates to preformed allyl metal reagents

Under the conditions of ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, commercially available acyclic 1,3-dienes, butadiene, isoprene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, couple to benzylic alcohols 1a-6a to furnish products of carbonyl crotylation 1b-6b, carbonyl isoprenylation 1c-6c, and carbonyl reverse 2-methyl prenylation 1d-6d. Under related transfer hydrogenation conditions employing isopropanol as terminal reductant, isoprene couples to aldehydes 7a-9a to furnish identical products of carbonyl isoprenylation 1c-3c. Thus, carbonyl allylation is achieved from the alcohol or the aldehyde oxidation level in the absence of preformed allyl metal reagents. Coupling to aliphatic alcohols (isoprene to 1-nonanol, 65% isolated yield) and allylic alcohols (isoprene to geraniol, 75% isolated yield) also is demonstrated. Isotopic labeling studies corroborate a mechanism involving hydrogen donation from the reactant alcohol or sacrificial alcohol (i-PrOH).