凝结水处理用树脂溶出物问题研究

本文在自选设计的树脂溶出物动态循环溶茁测试装置上,试验了常用的各种凝结水处理用离子交换树脂短、长期动态溶出行为、发现各种树脂的溶出物量及行为相差很远,对树脂溶出物进行的高压釜试验表明,高压釜试验前后溶的的红外光谱变化不大,溶出物主要结构、基团变化也不明显,但是,树脂溶出物在高温、高压下酸化较明显。因此,对树脂溶出物进行检测是必要的。     

PVC塑料包装中化学物总迁移的研究

食品包装安全是食品安全的一个重要环节.食品容器、包装等接触材料与食品长期接触会发生"迁移",分为总迁移(overall migration)和特定迁移(specific migration)[1].其中,特定迁移是指某一特定物质在食品包装或容器与食品接触过程中发生的迁移;总迁移是从塑料材料或制品样品到试验媒介的组分总体迁移量.就物质而言,有可知物与未知物,就过程而言,有包装向食品的迁移,也有食品向包装的渗透、吸收等.进行总迁移实验有助于更全面了解一种材料与食品接触会发生的总体变化,对特定迁移的研究起有辅助与补充作用.欧盟对于食品模拟物、样品及前处理[2]、迁移测试方法[3]都有相应规定[4],本实验采用整体浸泡法,研究了PVC材料中化学物在不同食品模拟物中的总迁移.1 实验部分1.1 实验试剂和器材     

伊维菌素缓释微球片剂的体外释放评价

【目的】研究不同缓冲体系对以玉米醇溶蛋白为载体制备的具有缓释性能的伊维菌素微球片剂药物溶出速度的影响;【方法】体外模拟大鼠胃肠道环境,测定伊维菌素微球片剂在不同缓冲体系中药物溶出以及释放动力学;【结果】在0.1mol/LHCl和磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(pH=2.2)中,2h药物溶出率分别为19.60±0.95%和25.62±5.17%(p>0.05);在0.1mol/LHCl 0.32%胃蛋白酶(w/v)、磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(pH=2.2) 0.075%胃蛋白酶(w/v)和磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(pH=2.2) 0.0375%胃蛋白酶(w/v)中,2h药物溶出率分别为62.00±3.76%、74.18±8.26%和64.61±3.20%;在含有大鼠5%胃内容物的0.1mol/LHCl体系中,IVM在2h内溶出的百分率为42.27%,然后转移到含有大鼠4%小肠内容物的PBS体系中继续溶出3h,溶出百分率为88.03%;【结论】胃蛋白酶可以加速伊维菌素从微球片剂中的溶出。     

玩具材料在四种人体模拟液中特定元素迁移方法探讨

选择塑料、纺织品和油漆涂层三类常见玩具材料,采用模拟胃液、酸性汗液、碱性汗液和唾液浸泡提取样品,使用ICP-AES法测试提取液中17种欧盟玩具新指令限制元素(铝、锑、砷、钡、硼、镉、铬、钴、铜、铅、锰、汞、镍、硒、锶、锡、锌)迁移量,试验了前处理过程中不同振荡频率对金属元素迁移量的影响。试验结果表明：胃液对金属元素溶出能力最大,汗液溶出能力最弱,样品提取过程中,恒温水浴振荡器振荡频率在80-160U/min范围内时,特定元素溶出量基本不受振荡频率的影响。     

褐煤在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐中热溶及热溶产物的分离与分析

基于离子液体对煤的高效解聚性能,对先锋褐煤(XL)、锡林郭勒褐煤(XLGL)和胜利褐煤(SL)在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)中的热溶性能进行了研究.同时,对XL在离子液体[Bmim]Cl中的热溶产物进行了分离,并对分离所得各组分进行了分析表征来研究褐煤的结构信息.研究发现,在相同条件下离子液体[Bmim]Cl对不同褐煤的萃取性能显著不同,其顺序为XL>SL>XLGL.先锋褐煤离子液体热溶物可分离为丙酮可溶物、吡啶可溶物和吡啶不溶物,其中,丙酮可溶物(AS)为15.9%、吡啶可溶物(PS)为56.0%、吡啶不溶物(PI) 为28.1%.分析表明,丙酮可溶物中含有长链的脂肪化合物及部分三环、四环等芳香化合物,吡啶可溶物和吡啶不溶物中大多以三环及五环芳香化合物的形式存在.     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究Ⅹ.PVC膜通用阴离子电极的研制

目前,每一种离子选择电极通常均有其特征的活性膜和内参比体系,因此一般说来离子选择电极是专用的。若对某一些离子能采用一种通用的活性膜和内参比体系,使电极能“一极多用”,这对电极的制造和使用都会带来方便。离子缔合型阴离子电极目前有上百种,其活性材料有鎓盐、碱性染料、金属与有机试剂的络阳离子及其他有机大阳离子。这些活性材料的共同特点是其“广谱性”,即一种大阳离子可与一系列阴离子形成缔合物从而构成电极,这种离子交换的广谱性在本质上是与离子缔     

耗散粒子动力学在多组分复杂物系中的应用进展

耗散粒子动力学(DPD)模拟方法是一门新兴的、研究复杂物系介观结构和性质方面最有前途的介观数值模拟技术之一.本文综述了其在包括复杂液体体系、复杂聚合物体系和生物膜等复杂物系中的应用进展,并对其发展方向进行了分析预测.     

聚离子液体材料在分离科学中的研究进展

离子液体作为新型离子化试剂,具有诸多优越的物理化学性质,比如:良好的溶解性、导电性、热稳定性、生物相容性及低蒸气压和不易燃等特点,近年来在分析化学领域得到广泛关注。聚离子液体材料结合了离子液体和聚合物的双重性质,已经成为分离科学研究的前沿领域。本文详细讨论了离子液体与目标物之间的多种作用机制,比如亲/疏水作用、氢键作用、离子交换、π - π 堆积及静电吸附作用等等,总结了聚离子液体材料在固相萃取、液相色谱、气相色谱、毛细管电泳及毛细管电色谱等领域的研究进展;最后,对聚离子液体材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

三元聚合物共混体系的微观结构与力学性能模拟

建立一种构型模拟与力学性能模拟相结合的连续模拟方法研究了三元共混物(两种均聚物与一种共聚物)中交替共聚结构与嵌段共聚结构对力学性能的影响。通过蒙特卡罗模拟获得其构型,然后将该构型作为弹簧格子模型的数据输入,模拟三元共混体系的微观结构与力学性能。模拟结果表明:交替共聚物在体系中更倾向于在两种均聚物的界面处自我缠绕,而嵌段共聚物的两端分别渗透进与之相容的均聚物体相中;三元共混物的力学性能与其内部的两相界面结构相关;应变在交替共聚物体系中均匀分布,导致更多的断裂发生在体相中,交替共聚物体系比嵌段共聚物体系力学性能更强且更具韧性。这种连续模拟方法为研究材料组成与力学性能之间的关系提供了一种新方案。     

对凝结水处理用离子交换树脂的有机溶出物的研究

对具有代表性的凝结水处理阳、阴各十种离子交换树脂有机溶出物的量及溶出规律进行了测定,同时就阳树脂溶出物对阴离子交换树脂的污染,以及通过再生、碱性盐水复苏对此污染的去除,也作了试验测定。     

Wetting for self-healing and electrowetting for additive manufacturing

Advanced additive manufacturing actively widens its tool box of wettability-related phenomena to be used in production of new items. Novel self-healing engineering materials incorporate vascular networks with two types of nanochannels: the one containing a resin monomer, whereas another one — a curing agent. If such nanocomposites are damaged locally, both types of channels are locally broken, and they release resin monomer and curing agent droplets. These droplets spread by wettability over the nanotextured matrix, touch each other, and coalesce, which triggers polymerization reaction and crack stitching. Wettability-facilitated droplet spreading is accompanied by liquid imbibition in the pores in the nanofiber network. Such process peculiarities are in focus in the present review. An additional process relevant in direct writing and 3D printing is electrowetting (EW). It stems from the change in the contact angle in response to the electric polarization of dielectric substrates. EW allows movement of droplets on horizontal, vertical, and inverse surfaces, which can significantly facilitate the existing direct writing and 3D printing technologies. Accordingly, EW is also in focus in the present review.     

Supercomputing and supercomputers for science and engineering in general and for chemistry and biosciences in particular

We start by pointing out relationships between production of information, global simulation, and supercomputing, thus placing our research activities in today's society context. Then we detail the evolution in hardware and software for 1CAP, our experimental supercomputer, which we claim to be especially well suited for supercomputing in science and engineering. A preliminary discussion of 1CAP/3090 (our latest experimental effort) is included. Many examples from different disciplines are provided to verify our assertions. We “prove” our point by presenting an example of global supercomputing. Starting with 3 nuclei and 10 electrons, building up to a single water molecule, then to a few hundred, we learn, for example, about Raman, infrared, and neutron scattering; we then move up to a few hundred thousand molecules to analyze particle flow and obstructions; finally we experiment, but only preliminarily, with a few million particles to learn more on nonequilibrium dynamics as in the Rayleigh-Benard systems. In this way, quantum mechanics is overlapped with statistical mechanics and expanded into microdynamics. The entire paper is finally reanalyzed from a different perspective, presenting rather systematically, even if most briefly, our ideas on “modern” computational chemistry, where quantum mechanics is as much needed as fluid dynamics and graphics. In this section the main computational techniques are analyzed in terms of computer programs and their associated flow diagrams to solve the basic equations using parallel supercomputers.     

Indicator organisms for safety and quality--uses and methods for detection: minireview

Indicator organisms have been used for nearly a century to assess the microbiological status of water and foods. Beginning with their use in water sanitation programs, their applications have been extended over the years to other products, and they have become important components of the microbiological testing programs of both industry and regulatory agencies. Functionally, they may be viewed as safety or quality indicators. Safety indicators suggest the presence of conditions associated with increased risk of exposure to a pathogen. Quality indicators assess conditions of importance to product manufacture or consumer acceptability. This minireview summarizes the history, use, and analytical methods for the most commonly used indicator organisms, including the aerobic plate count, yeasts and molds, the coliform groups,     

Perspectives for microelectrode arrays for biosensing and membrane electroporation

Electrochemical microelectrode devices are among the great challenges for bioelectrochemistry, cell biology and recently also for biomedical research and new clinical electrotherapies. Two representative cases in cell biology and medical research for new trends in the technical devices are selected, heading at new diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. One example is from the field of biosensing cholinergic neurotransmitter substances by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) in solid-supported lipid bilayer membrane and the other one refers to new developments of electrode systems for the electrochemical delivery of drugs and genes to biological cell aggregates and tissue by the powerful method of membrane electroporation. In both cases addressed to, the new developments include the use of electrical feedback control of electrode arrays for biosensing processes as well as for the extent and duration of tissue electroporation. In line with the impressive advances in medical microsurgery, where increasingly smaller organ targets become accessible, microelectrode systems have become a continuous technical challenge for bioanalytical purposes and, as discussed here in some detail, for the new field of the electroporative delivery of effector substances like drugs and genes, using miniaturized electrochemical electrode arrays.     

Radionuclides used for therapy and suggestion for new candidates

Summary Targeted radiotherapy has the potential to provide radiation doses from a wide range of radionuclides, some of them suitable for killing single cells while others are more suitable for killing tumor cell clusters of various sizes. A list of 64 radionuclides, including 20 new potential candidates for therapy (⁷³Ga, ⁷⁵Se, ^87mSr, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹¹³Sn, ^113mIn, ¹¹⁷Sb, ¹²³Sn, ¹³¹Cs, ¹³⁹Ce, ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹⁴⁹Eu, ¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁷⁰Tm, ¹⁷³Tm, ¹⁹⁵Au, ^195mPt, ¹⁹⁷Pt and ¹⁹⁷Hg) were analyzed in terms of the suitability of their energies for killing tumor cells which grow as single, small, intermediate and large clusters. In addition, their possible production routes were studied.     

A high-frequency apparatus for chromatographic recording and for titration

Summary A high-frequency device, using the Q-meter principle, has been tested. It is compared with a simple crystal oscillator. It was found that the stability is increased about 100 times. The new device can find application in chromatographic recording and for monitoring purposes. A titration cell with a defined cell-constant is also described.

---

Zusammenfassung Ein Hochfrequenzgerät nach dem Q-Meter-Prinzip wurde getestet und mit einem einfachen Kristalloszillator verglichen. Die Stabilität des ersteren ist etwa 100fach größer. Das neue Gerät kann zur chromatographischen Registrierung und für Zwecke der Betriebsüberwachung verwendet werden. Eine Titrationszelle mit definierter Zellkonstante wurde gleichfalls beschrieben.

---

Résumé On a mis à l'essai un dispositif haute-fréquence mettant en application le principe du compteur-Q. On le compare avec un oscillateur simple à cristal. On a trouvé que la stabilité est augmentée d'environ cent fois. Le nouveau dispositif peut trouver une application dans l'enregistrement chromatographique et pour des usages de contrôle. On décrit également une cuve de titrage avec une constante de cellule définie.

     

Keto-coumarin scaffold for photoinitiators for 3D printing and photocomposites

The purposes of this paper are moving toward (a) the development of a new series of photoinitiators (PIs) which are based on the keto-coumarin (KC) core, (b) the introduction of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as inexpensive and safe sources of irradiation, (c) the study of the photochemical mechanisms through which the new PIs react using different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible or fluorescence spectroscopy, and so on, (d) the use of such compounds (presenting good reactivity and excellent photopolymerization initiating abilities) for two specific and high added value applications: 3D printing (@405 nm) and preparation of thick glass fiber photocomposites with excellent depth of cure, and finally (e) the comparison of the performance of these KC derivatives versus other synthesized coumarin derivatives. In this study, six well-designed KC derivatives ( KC-C , KC-D , KC-E , KC-F , KC-G , and KC-H ) are examined as high-performance visible-light PIs for the cationic polymerization of epoxides as well as the free-radical polymerization of acrylates upon irradiation with LED@405 nm. Excellent polymerization rates are obtained using two different approaches: a photo-oxidation process in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and a photo-reduction process when associated with an amine (N-phenylglycine or ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate). High final reactive conversions were obtained. A full picture of the involved photochemical mechanisms is provided.     

Molecularly imprinted polymers for bisphenol A for HPLC and SPE from water and milk

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for bisphenol A (BPA) were prepared by two synthetic routes: semi-covalent and noncovalent methodology. The molecular imprinting effect was evaluated using the polymers in HPLC and SPE. Polymers prepared with noncovalent mode were proven more effective. These polymers were applied in SPE facilitating selective retention of BPA from bottled water and milk. The developed sample preparation was simple and efficient comprising only dilution of milk and MISPE prior to LC-MS analysis. Overall MISPE enhanced sample clean-up. Compared with control nonimprinted polymers and conventional C18 SPE cartridges, the MIPs exhibited selective analyte recognition. The method provided quantitative BPA recoveries, very good reproducibility (% RSDs lower than 7%), and low LOD (0.2 ng/g). MIP interacts similarly with deuterated BPA allowing its use as internal standard in LC-MS. The most critical parameters of MISPE were the organic content in loading-washing medium and the washing volume. Low flow rates in the elution step enhanced extraction recovery. Important advantages of the MIP were: the high breakthrough volumes (> 500 mL of water), high mass capacity (> 10 ng/mg of MIP sorbent), good linearity, and good stability in performance for over 35 cycles of use.     

A procedure for sampling and analysis of air for energetics and related compounds

A procedure for the sampling and analysis of energetics and related compounds in the atmosphere is described. The basic procedure consists of the collection of air samples using sampling cartridges containing XAD-2 resin, extraction of the resin with isoamyl acetate, and an analysis of the extract using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Modifications and additions to this procedure are discussed, such as the use of a prefilter before the resin sampler to collect particulates and the use of a mass selective detector to analyze for some propellant compounds of interest or for quantitative confirmation purposes. Two differing sizes of samplers are evaluated according to the air volumes required for collection. The procedure is tested through the analysis of spiked resin samples, which had air pulled through them for periods of time corresponding with the required sampling volumes. This procedure has application toward the measurement of energetic residues in atmospheres resulting from weapons testing and operations during training exercises involving munitions.